| 词条 | Włodzimierz Ptak |
| 释义 |
|name = Włodzimierz Ptak |image = Włodzimierz Ptak 2017-12 9.jpg |image_size = 200px |caption = |birth_name = Włodzimierz Wojciech Ptak |birth_date = {{birth date|1928|11|2}} |birth_place = Kraków |death_date = |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = Polish |other_names = |education = Medical Academy in Kraków Medical Academy in Szczecin |employer = |occupation = immunologist microbiologist |home_town = |title = |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = |signature = |footnotes = }} Włodzimierz Wojciech Ptak (born 2 November 1928) is a Polish immunologist and microbiologist, professor of medical sciences, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Learning, one of the most frequently cited Polish scientists in the field of biomedicine after 1965,[1] who was for most of his life professor at the Medical Academy in Kraków, later transformed into Jagiellonian University Medical College. A graduate of Medical Academy in Kraków, he was forcibly drafted into the army between 1952–1957. He obtained Ph.D. in 1962 at the Medical Academy in Szczecin. In 1967 he received British Council scholarship to the National Institute for Medical Research in London. He was a long-time visiting professor at Yale University (1974–1999) and a Vice-Rector of the Medical Academy in Kraków (1978–1981); and later a Secretary (1989–1995) and Vice-President (until 2008) of the Medical Faculty of the Polish Academy of Learning. He was also active as a member of the Presidium (1978–1984) and Chairman (1988–1990) of the Scientific Council by the Minister of Health and Welfare of Poland. In his scientific work he mainly studied the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response. He published about 200 original research papers. He was awarded with a Knight's Cross (1977) and a Commander's Cross (1997) of Polonia Restituta. Life and work1928–1952: Youth and educationHe was born in 1928 Kraków as the son of Wojciech Ptak (1888–1946), an engineer, graduate of the Lviv Polytechnic, and Maria Krawczyk (1904–1986), an official in a public health insurance corporation; the grandson of Franciszek Ptak (1859–1936), an innkeeper, peasant movement activist and member of the Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria,[2] and Józef Krawczyk (1865–1942), a foreman in the cigarette factory "Cygar fabryka" at Dolnych Młynów Street in Kraków. Włodzimierz had younger sister Wanda Ptak-Kollat (1930–1984), who was a master engineer in roads and bridges and a graduate of Kraków Polytechnic. In 1936, Wojciech Ptak was offered a high position in the French-Polish railway company and the Ptak family moved to Bydgoszcz. The father, as his son recalled, was a tough, demanding and strict man, fluent in French and German.[3] In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, the Ptaks returned to Kraków, as Włodzimierz recalled: "We returned from a four-room apartment to a single room with a kitchen. We've lost everything. My father became ill. He died just after the war for a heart attack, before my high school graduation."[2] As a child, Ptak learned to play the violin. He attended the Bydgoszcz Conservatory of Music. In German-occupied Kraków he was a student of the concert master of the Kraków Philharmonic, Stanisław Syrewicz, and attended the school of trade at Brzozowa Street, also taking secret Latin lessons from professor Pardiak. From an early age he was fascinated by biology and astronomy, he read a lot of natural literature. As he said, the book that interested him particularly was The natural history of one protozoan by Jan Dembowski. Włodzimierz had himself a large collection of protozoa at home, except a dog, cat, canary, fish and white mouse. Together with a friend, they constructed a primitive telescope from glasses purchased at the local optical store to observe the night sky.[3] From 1943 he was a physical worker in the construction of the road from Dębniki to Prokocim, and later a hand of a car mechanic in a workshop at Grzegórzecka Street.[2] The necessity of taking a physical job did not disturb his intellectual pursuit. As he recalled: "During the war at the age of thirteen, searching through my grandfather's rich library I came across a book that largely influenced the formation of my worldview. Studies on social doctrines of Christianity by Yves Guyot contributed to the fact that I am irreligious."[3] He attended Jan III Sobieski High School but due to the conflict with a math teacher in the final class he moved to Henryk Sienkiewicz High School and there he passed matura exam in 1946. In the same year he started studies at the Medical Academy in Kraków, from which he graduated in 1952.[4] Among his lecturers was Henryk Niewodniczański, in whom Ptak received an excellent degree in physics. At the end of his studies, his interests began to focus primarily on microbiology and bacteriology. During his studies at the Medical Academy, together with his colleagues from various universities, he founded a music group and earned money by playing at seasonal games and weddings. He was friends, among others with Zbigniew Cybulski – they both lived in the same neighbourhood (at the time Ptak lived at Garncarska Street and Cybulski just around the corner, at Dolnych Młynów). 1952–1970: Service in the army, Ph.D.In the communist Poland, early 1950s was a period of intensified military conscription due to the outbreak of the Korean War. As one of many among Polish youth, Ptak immediately after graduation in 1952 was forcibly drafted into the army. He first served in the Polish People's Army, and later in the Służba Polsce (Service to Poland; SP), a state paramilitary organization for young people. In the army Ptak spent a total of five years. He received an initial allocation in Jelenia Góra, where he worked on the production of viscose fibers. Then he was accepted by Ludwik Hirszfeld as a volunteer at the Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, but he remained there only for a few weeks. He was transferred to Katowice, where he worked as a medical controller of the SP units in Upper Silesia and Opole. In practice, this meant constant mobility and work in various facilities throughout the region. In 1954, Ptak was relocated to Bydgoszcz, where for two months he worked as a pediatrician, having no previous experience in practice with patients. Then, at his own request, he was transferred to Szczecin, where he wanted to continue his education. He began to write applications for release from the army. In 1955, during a two-month sick leave in Kraków, he worked at the Department of Microbiology at the Medical Academy at Czysta Street, where he conducted research together with Jan Bóbr. In 1957 he was dismissed from service and began working at the Department of Pathology at the Medical Academy in Szczecin. In 1961 he submitted his doctoral thesis and moved permanently to Kraków, where his mother lived. He obtained Ph.D. in pathology in 1962 at the Medical Academy in Szczecin. His promoter Janusz Mąkowski, as well as both reviewers, were not present at the thesis defense. Ptak mentioned: "The defense took place very strangely – probably I should not use the title doctor. Promoter Mąkowski went to Paris, two reviewers did not make it. (...) There was no one who knew what was the subject of the work I'd conducted and written. Dean Krechowiecki, anatomist, however, decided: << We will not send you back, I will take over the duties of your promoter >>. However, I had problems with my philosophy exam. My examiner, a philosopher in Szczecin, was a very red Marxist, and I admitted to him at once that I was a believer in logical positivism. It touched him, he started to mangle me.[5] (...) I was already 34 years old – because of the army. I wasted five years of life. At this age my two first collaborators were already associate professors."[2] In 1967 Ptak left for a ten-month British Council scholarship to the National Institute for Medical Research in London. From 1970: Mature careerHe passed his habilitation exam in the field of pathology in 1970. Julian Aleksandrowicz was one of the reviewers of his work. In 1976 Ptak was awarded the title of full professor. From 1974 until 1999 he was a visiting professor at the Department of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine at Yale University. Altogether, he spent there more than seven years by submitting twenty-six visits.[3] At Yale, his direct superior was Richard K. Gershon, with whom Ptak collaborated extensively and made friends. According to Ptak, frequent departures from the Soviet bloc, of which Poland was at the time a part, to the United States were possible thanks to the rector of the Medical Academy in Kraków, Tadeusz Popiela. Ptak said: "We left the country whenever we wanted, not because the regime loved us, but because Popiela often concealed and sent us on his own responsibility." Ptak stopped traveling to Yale at the end of the 1990s, in spite of the repeated invitations. He justified this with his age: "In Kraków I can regulate my work: 3–4 hours a day, and there I worked 14–16 hours a day. I can not take it anymore."[2] Between 1978–1981 Ptak was the Vice-Rector of the Medical Academy in Kraków. In his scientific work he mainly dealt with regulatory mechanisms of the immune response. He was a co-author of the discovery of T-counter-T-lymphocytes, describing regulatory functions of Tγδ lymphocytes; conducted research on the mechanisms of the "early phase" of cellular reactions and the study of regulatory functions of si-RNA. He published about two hundred research papers in international journals. He was a member of the Editorial Board of the European Journal of Immunology (1985–2004), a member of the PAN Immunology Committee and a member of the Presidium of the International Union of Immunological Societies (1983–1986). He was a promoter in ten doctoral dissertations. He was the author of a textbok Podstawy immunologii (Basics of immunology) for Polish students, of which the first edition was published in 1976. A number of reprints was published in the following years (1987, 1999, 2009, 2017). These later editions Ptak co-authored with Maria Ptak and Marian Szczepanik.[6] He was chosen a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (correspondent member in 1986, real member in 1998) and the Polish Academy of Learning (in 1989).[6][7] He was a Secretary (1989–1995) and later a Vice-President (until 2008) of the Medical Faculty of the Polish Academy of Learning. In 1989 he was elected a member and later an honorary member of the Polish Immunological Society. He was a member of the Presidium (1978–1984) and Chairman (1988–1990) of the Scientific Council by the Minister of Health and Welfare. He was awarded with a Knight's Cross (1977) and a Commander's Cross (1997) of Polonia Restituta, and received several awards, including the Award of the Scientific Secretary of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1973, 1984), the Jędrzej Śniadecki Award (1978), the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation Award (1981); the Award of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences of first degree (1982), the State Prize (1984), the Meritorious Teacher of the People's Republic of Poland (1984), "Gloria Medicinae" Medal of the Polish Medical Society (1992), the Prime Minister of Poland Award (1996), the Minister of Higher Education of Poland Award (1999), the Jagiellonian Laurel (1999), the Minister of Health of Poland Award of first degree (seven times, 1973–2009),[6] "Honoris Gratia" Badge (2016).[8] He also had a small acting experience, playing a role in a 2016 short film Hens (Kury).[9] He is an atheist and defines his worldview as leftist.[2][10] Among his hobbies are, among others, history, religion studies and philosophy.[11] He was married three times and had a daughter in the second marriage. Selected papers
References1. ^{{citeweb| url = https://biotechnologia.pl/biotechnologia/najczesciej-cytowani-polscy-naukowcy-z-nauk-biomedycznych,12088| title = Najczęściej cytowani naukowcy oraz prace naukowe w Polsce, raport za lata 1965 - 2001 na podstawie bazy “Science Citation Index” dotyczącej wszystkich światowych publikacji| language = Polish| last = Pilc| first = Andrzej| publisher = Biotechnologia.pl| accessdate = 16 September 2018}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Ptak, Wlodzimierz}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title= Po drogach uczonych | volume = 4|last= Kobos|first= Andrzej|authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2009|publisher= Polish Academy of Learning|location= Kraków|isbn= 978-83-7676-021-6|page= |pages= 383–398|url= |accessdate=}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal| last = Bętkowska| first = Teresa | autor link = | title = Mistrz niszowej dyscypliny| journal = Alma Mater| issue = 126–127| pages = 41–46| date = August–September 2010| publisher = Jagiellonian University| place = Kraków| issn = | url = http://www2.almamater.uj.edu.pl/126/17.pdf| language = Polish}} 4. ^{{citeweb| url = http://nauka-polska.pl/dhtml/raporty/ludzieNauki?rtype=opis&objectId=67218&lang=pl| title = Włodzimierz Ptak w bazie Ludzi nauki| publisher = nauka-polska.pl| accessdate = 2 April 2017| language = Polish}} 5. ^Polish scientific and academic life was at the time highly ideologized because of the primacy of Marxism–Leninism imposed by the authoritarian regime of the Polish People's Party dependent to Soviet Union. 6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://czlonkowie.pan.pl/czlonkowie/sites/Biogram.html?id=3829|title= Włodzimierz Ptak|author= |date= |work= |publisher= Polish Academy of Sciences|accessdate=2 April 2017| language = Polish}} 7. ^{{cite book |title= Wielka Encyklopedia PWN |volume = 22 |last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 2004|publisher= Polish Scientific Publishers PWN|location= Warszawa|isbn= 83-01-14116-6|page= 519|pages= |url= |accessdate=}} 8. ^{{citeweb| url = http://bip.krakow.pl/zarzadzenie/2016/1213/w_sprawie_nadania_odznaki_Honoris_Gratia_prof._dr._hab._Wlodzimierzowi_Ptakowi.html| title = Zarządzenie Nr 1213/2016 Prezydenta Miasta Krakowa w sprawie nadania odznaki Honoris Gratia prof. dr. hab. Włodzimierzowi Ptakowi| publisher = bip.krakow.pl| date = 13 May 2016| accessdate= 2 April 2017| language = Polish}} 9. ^{{citeweb| url = http://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?film=1240550| title = Kury| publisher = FilmPolski.pl| accessdate = 2 April 2017| language = Polish}} 10. ^{{citeweb| url = https://www.tygodnikprzeglad.pl/troche-bakterii-zaszkodzi/| title= Trochę bakterii nie zaszkodzi| author = Tomasz Borejza| date = 22 January 2018| publisher = Przegląd| accessdate = 17 September 2018| language = Polish}} 11. ^{{cite book |title= Kto jest kim w polskiej medycynie. Informator biograficzny|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year= 1987|publisher= Wydawnictwo Interpress|location= Warszawa|isbn= 83-223-2339-5|page= 542|pages= |url= |accessdate=}} 10 : Living people|Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences|Members of the Polish Academy of Learning|1928 births|Polish microbiologists|Polish immunologists|People from Kraków|Knights of the Order of Polonia Restituta|Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta|Polish atheists |
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