“United Nations Economic and Social Council”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; {{lang-fr|Conseil économique et social des Nations unies}}, {{lang|fr|CESNU}}) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, responsible for coordinating the economic and social fields of the organisation, specifically in regards to the 15 specialised agencies, the eight functional commissions and the five regional commissions under its jurisdiction.

The Council serves as the central forum for discussing international economic and social issues and formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states and the United Nations system.^[1] A number of non-governmental organisations have been granted consultative status to the Council to participate in the work of the United Nations.

It holds one four-week session each year in July, and since 1998, it has also held an annual meeting in April with finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

President

The president of the Council is elected for a one-year term and chosen from the small- or mid-sized powers represented on the Council at the beginning pf each new session.^[2] The presidency rotates among the United Nations Regional Groups to ensure equal representation.

Ambassador Inga Rhonda King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was elected as the seventy-fourth President of the Economic and Social Council on 26 July 2018.^[3]

Members

The Council consists of 54 Members States, which are elected yearly by the General Assembly for overlapping three-year terms. Seats on the Council are allocated ensuring equitable geographic rotation among the United Nations regional groups, with 14 being allocated to the African Group, 11 to the Asia-Pacific Group, 6 to the Eastern European Group, 10 to the Latin American and Caribbean Group and 13 to the Western European and Others Group.

Current

Former

Observer Inter-Governmental Autonomous Organisations

Functional commissions

Active

Disbanded

The following commissions were disbanded by the Council and replaced by other bodies:^[11]^[12]

Regional commissions

Specialised agencies

The specialised agencies of the United Nations are autonomous organisations working within the United Nations System, meaning that while they report their activities to the Economic and Social Council, they are mostly free to their own devices. Each individual agency must negotiate with the Council as to what their relationship will look and work like. This leads to a system where different organisations maintain different types of relationships with the Council.^[13]^[14] Some were created before the United Nations existed and were integrated into the system, others were created by the League of Nations and were integrated by its successor, while others were created by the United Nations itself to meet a emerging needs.

The following is a list of the specialized agencies reporting to the Council:^[15]

Other related entities, mechanisms and processes

{{anchor|'The World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation'}}"World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation"

In a report issued in early July 2011, the UN called for spending nearly US$2 trillion on green technologies to prevent what it termed "a major planetary catastrophe", warning that "It is rapidly expanding energy use, mainly driven by fossil fuels, that explains why humanity is on the verge of breaching planetary sustainability boundaries through global warming, biodiversity loss, and disturbance of the nitrogen-cycle balance and other measures of the sustainability of the earth's ecosystem".

Reform of the Economic and Social Council

Governance of the multilateral system has historically been complex and fragmented. This has limited the capacity of ECOSOC to influence international policies in trade, finance and investment. Reform proposals aim to enhance the relevance and contribution of the council. A major reform was approved by the 2005 World Summit on the basis of proposals submitted by secretary-general Kofi Annan.^[17] The Summit aimed to establish ECOSOC as a quality platform for high-level engagement among member states and with international financial institutions, the private sector and civil society on global trends, policies and action. It was decided to hold biennial high-level Development Cooperation Forums at the national-leadership level by transforming the high-level segment of the Council to review trends in international development cooperation and promote greater coherence in development activities. At the Summit it was also decided to hold annual ministerial-level substantive reviews to assess progress in achieving internationally agreed development goals (particularly the Millennium Development Goals). These "Annual Ministerial Reviews" will be replaced by the High Level Political Forum from 2016 onwards after the new post-MDG/post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals are agreed.

Subsequent proposals by the High-Level Panel Report on System-Wide Coherence in November 2006 aimed to establish a forum within the ECOSOC as a counter-model to the exclusive clubs of the G8 and G20. The Forum was to comprise 27 heads of state (L27, corresponding to half of ECOSOC's membership) to meet annually and provide international leadership in the development area. This proposal, however, was not approved by the General Assembly.

{{anchor|Chamber}}Chamber design

The Economic and Social Council Chamber in the United Nations Conference Building was a gift from Sweden. It was conceived by Swedish architect Sven Markelius, one of the 11 architects in the international team that designed the UN headquarters. Wood from Swedish pine trees was used in the delegates' area for the railings and doors.

The pipes and ducts in the ceiling above the public gallery were deliberately left exposed; the architect believed that anything useful could be left uncovered. The "unfinished" ceiling is a symbolic reminder that the economic and social work of the United Nations is never finished; there will always be something more which can be done to improve living conditions for the world's people.^[18]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/about/index.shtml |title=Background Information |publisher=UN Economic and Social Council}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-07/27/c_137350465.htm |title=UN ECOSOC Elects New President |author=Mu Xuequan |date=27 July 2018 |website=Xinhuanet |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=25 February 2019}}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/president-ecosoc |title=President of ECOSOC |date=n.d. |website=United Nations Economic and Social Council |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=26 July 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/content/members |title=Members |author= |date=n.d. |website=United Nations Economic and Social Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 February 2019}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2018/ga12027.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Elects 18 Members of Economic and Social Council to Terms Beginning 1 January 2019 |author= |date=13 June 2018 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage & Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 February 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/ga11922.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Unanimously Adopts Text Creating United Nations Counter-Terrorism Office; Elects 18 Members to Economic and Social Council |author= |date=15 June 2017 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage & Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 February 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/ga11793.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Elects 18 Members of Economic and Social Council, Also Adopts Texts, Including One Designating 29 June International Day of Tropics |author= |date=14 June 2016 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage & Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 February 2019}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2015/ga11710.doc.htm |title=General Assembly Elects 18 Members of Economic and Social Council |author= |date=21 October 2015 |website=United Nations Meetings Coverage & Press Releases |publisher=United Nations |access-date=26 February 2019}}
9. ^¹[https://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd/dsd_pdfs/ECOSOC_IGOs.pdf ECOSOC observers, Part V] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922014130/http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd/dsd_pdfs/ECOSOC_IGOs.pdf |date=22 September 2013 }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/ecosoc/en/content/subsidiary-bodies-ecosoc |title=Subsidiary Bodies of ECOSOC |author= |date=n.d. |website=United Nations Economic and Social Council |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 February 2019}}
11. ^{{cite news |author= |title=UN Creates New Human Rights Body |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4810538.stm |work=BBC |location=London |date=15 March 2006 |access-date=25 February 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100043826 |title=United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) |author= |date=n.d. |website=UIA Open Yearbook |publisher= Union of International Associations |access-date=25 February 2019}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DNweDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=These+specialised+agencies+are+autonomous+organisations+working+with+the+United+Nations+and+each+other+inter+alia+through+the+coordinating+machinery+of+the+Economic+and+Social+Council.&source=bl&ots=sEclIHID64&sig=S36Ui9cl4OYaD_6rOHRVa3qUiio&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjW8cDP6dbZAhULNI8KHVdSAPwQ6AEISzAD#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Global Political Economy: Theory and Practice|last=Cohn|first=Theodore H.|date=2016-05-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317334828|language=en}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.globalization101.org/un-specialized-agencies/ |title=UN Specialized Agencies |author= |date= |website=Globalization 101 |publisher=The Levin Institute |access-date=25 February 2019}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/sections/about-un/funds-programmes-specialized-agencies-and-others/ |title=Funds, Programmes, Specialized Agencies and Others |author= |date=n.d. |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations |access-date=25 February 2019}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/tech-news/un-calls-for-technological-revolution-or-major-planetary-catastrophe_100547662.html |title=The World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation' |accessdate=23 February 2011 |publisher=Thaindian News}}
17. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/20/mainsection.commentanddebate2 Ian Williams, "Annan has paid his dues". The Guardian, 19 September 2005]
18. ^UN website.