| 词条 | United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|number = 3379 |organ = GA |date = 10 November |year = 1975 |meeting = 2400 |code = A/RES/3379 |document = https://web.archive.org/web/20121206052903/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 |for = 72 |abstention = 32 |against = 35 |subject = Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination |result = Adopted and later revoked |image = |caption = }} United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, adopted on 10 November 1975 by a vote of 72 to 35 (with 32 abstentions), "determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination". The vote took place approximately one year after UNGA 3237 granted the PLO "observer status", following PLO president Yasser Arafat's "olive branch" speech to the General Assembly in November 1974. The resolution was passed with the support of the Soviet bloc, in addition to the Arab- and Muslim-majority countries, many African countries, and a few others. The determination that "Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination", contained in the resolution, was revoked in 1991 with UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86.[1] Background{{Main|List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel}}In July 1920, at the San Remo conference, a Class "A" League of Nations mandates over Palestine was allocated to the British. The preamble of the mandate document declared: Whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2nd, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, and adopted by the said Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that nothing should be done which might prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.[1] On 29 November 1947, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending "to the United Kingdom, as the mandatory Power for Palestine, and to all other Members of the United Nations the adoption and implementation, with regard to the future government of Palestine, of the Plan of Partition with Economic Union" as Resolution 181 (II).[2] The plan contained a proposal to terminate the British Mandate for Palestine and partition Palestine into "independent Arab and Jewish States and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem." On 14 May 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.[3] On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to membership in the United Nations.[4] The resolution of 1975The full text of Resolution 3379:[5] {{quote|3379 (XXX). Elimination of all forms of racial discriminationThe General Assembly,Recalling its resolution 1904 (XVIII) of 20 November 1963, proclaiming the United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and in particular its affirmation that "any doctrine of racial differentiation or superiority is scientifically false, morally condemnable, socially unjust and dangerous" and its expression of alarm at "the manifestations of racial discrimination still in evidence in some areas in the world, some of which are imposed by certain Governments by means of legislative, administrative or other measures", Recalling also that, in its resolution 3151 G (XXVIII) of 14 December 1973, the General Assembly condemned, inter alia, the unholy alliance between South African racism and zionism, Taking note of the Declaration of Mexico on the Equality of Women and Their Contribution to Development and Peace 1975, proclaimed by the World Conference of the International Women's Year, held at Mexico City from 19 June to 2 July 1975, which promulgated the principle that "international co-operation and peace require the achievement of national liberation and independence, the elimination of colonialism and neo-colonialism, foreign occupation, zionism, apartheid and racial discrimination in all its forms, as well as the recognition of the dignity of peoples and their right to self-determination", Taking note also of resolution 77 (XII) adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity at its twelfth ordinary session, held at Kampala from 28 July to 1 August 1975, which considered "that the racist regime in occupied Palestine and the racist regime in Zimbabwe and South Africa have a common imperialist origin, forming a whole and having the same racist structure and being organically linked in their policy aimed at repression of the dignity and integrity of the human being", Taking note also of the Political Declaration and Strategy to Strengthen International Peace and Security and to Intensify Solidarity and Mutual Assistance among Non-Aligned Countries, adopted at the Conference of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Non-Aligned Countries held at Lima from 25 to 30 August 1975, which most severely condemned zionism as a threat to world peace and security and called upon all countries to oppose this racist and imperialist ideology, Determines that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination. }} ResponseIsrael{{See also|Israel and the United Nations}}In his address to the United Nations General Assembly the same day, 10 November 1975, Israeli Ambassador Chaim Herzog stated:[6] {{Quote|"I can point with pride to the Arab ministers who have served in my government; to the Arab deputy speaker of my Parliament; to Arab officers and men serving of their own volition in our border and police defense forces, frequently commanding Jewish troops; to the hundreds of thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East crowding the cities of Israel every year; to the thousands of Arabs from all over the Middle East coming for medical treatment to Israel; to the peaceful coexistence which has developed; to the fact that Arabic is an official language in Israel on a par with Hebrew; to the fact that it is as natural for an Arab to serve in public office in Israel as it is incongruous to think of a Jew serving in any public office in an Arab country, indeed being admitted to many of them. Is that racism? It is not! That ... is Zionism."}}Herzog ended his statement, while holding a copy of the resolution, with these words: {{Quote|"For us, the Jewish people, this resolution based on hatred, falsehood and arrogance, is devoid of any moral or legal value. For us, the Jewish people, this is no more than a piece of paper and we shall treat it as such."}} As he concluded his speech, Herzog tore the resolution in half. The name of "The UN avenue" in Haifa, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv was switched to "The Zionism avenue" as a response to the UN's decision.[7] United StatesBefore the vote, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the United States ambassador to the United Nations, warned that, "The United Nations is about to make anti-Semitism international law."[8] He delivered a speech against the resolution, including the famous line, "[The United States] does not acknowledge, it will not abide by, it will never acquiesce in this infamous act ... A great evil has been loosed upon the world."[9] In Campbell, California, in the United States, a group of high school students attempted to solicit signatures on the premises of a local shopping center for a petition against Resolution 3379. The result was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980) that supported states' rights to expand the exercise of free speech, which California held was legal in what were considered public areas of a shopping mall.[10] Mexico's vote in favor of the resolution led some United States Jews to organize a tourism boycott of Mexico. This ended after Mexican foreign minister Emilio Óscar Rabasa made a trip to Israel (Rabasa shortly afterward was forced to resign).[11][12] Voting record for Resolution 3379
Argentina}} | {{flag|Bhutan}} {{flag|Bolivia}} {{flag|Botswana}} {{flagdeco|Burma|1974}} Burma {{flagdeco|Chile}} Chile {{flag|Colombia}} {{flag|Ecuador}} {{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1975}} Ethiopia {{flag|Gabon}} {{flag|Ghana}} {{flag|Greece}} {{flag|Guatemala}} {{flag|Jamaica}} {{flag|Japan|1870}} {{flag|Kenya}} {{flag|Lesotho|1966}} {{flagdeco|Mauritius}} Mauritius {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Nepal}} {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} {{flag|Paraguay|1954}} {{flag|Peru}} {{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} Philippines {{flag|Sierra Leone}} {{flag|Singapore}} {{flag|Thailand}} {{flag|Togo}} {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} {{flag|Upper Volta}} {{flagdeco|Venezuela|1954}} Venezuela {{flag|Zaire}} {{flag|Zambia|1964}} Australia}} | {{flag|Austria}} {{flag|Bahamas}} {{flag|Barbados}} {{flag|Belgium}} {{flag|Canada}} {{flag|Central African Republic}} {{flag|Costa Rica}} {{flag|Denmark}} {{flag|Dominican Republic}} {{flag|El Salvador}} {{flag|Fiji}} {{flag|Finland}} {{flag|France}} {{flag|FRG|name=Federal Republic of Germany}} {{flagdeco|Haiti|1964}} Haiti {{flag|Honduras}} {{flag|Iceland}} {{flag|Ireland}} {{flag|Israel}} {{flag|Italy}} {{flag|Ivory Coast}} {{flag|Liberia}} {{flag|Luxembourg}} {{flag|Malawi}} {{flag|Netherlands}} {{flag|New Zealand}} {{flag|Nicaragua}} {{flag|Norway}} {{flag|Panama}} {{flag|Swaziland}} {{flag|Sweden}} {{flag|United Kingdom}} {{flag|United States}} {{flag|Uruguay}} Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System[13] | RevocationUnited Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, adopted on 16 December 1991, revoked the determination in Resolution 3379, which had called Zionism a form of racism.[14] Israel had made revocation of Resolution 3379 a condition of its participation in the Madrid Peace Conference, in progress in the last quarter of 1991.[15]The resolution was raised under pressure from the administration of US President George H.W. Bush.[16] The text of the revocation was simply: "The General Assembly Decides to revoke the determination contained in its resolution 3379 (XXX) of 10 November 1975." The motion was supported by 111 (including the 90 nations who sponsored the resolution), opposed by 25 nations and abstained by 13 nations. Voting record for Resolution 46/86
Angola}} Angola | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} {{flagdeco|Ethiopia|1991}} Ethiopia {{flag|Ghana}} {{flag|Lao People's Democratic Republic}} {{flag|Maldives}} {{flagdeco|Mauritius}} Mauritius {{flagdeco|Burma|1974}} Myanmar {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} {{flag|Turkey}} {{flag|Uganda}} {{flag|United Republic of Tanzania}} {{flag|Zimbabwe}} Afghanistan|1987}} Afghanistan | {{flag|Algeria}} {{flag|Brunei}} {{flag|Bangladesh}} {{flag|Cuba}} {{flag|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}} {{flag|Indonesia}} {{flag|Iran, Islamic Republic of}} {{flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq}} {{flag|Jordan}} {{flag|Lebanon}} {{flag|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya}} {{flag|Malaysia}} {{flag|Mali}} {{flag|Mauritania|1959}} {{flag|Pakistan}} {{flag|Qatar}} {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} {{flagdeco|Somalia}} Somalia {{flag|Sri Lanka}} {{flag|Sudan}} {{flag|Syrian Arab Republic}} {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} {{flag|Vietnam}} {{flag|Yemen}} Bahrain}} Bahrain | {{flag|Chad}} {{flag|China}} {{flag|Comoros|1978}} {{flag|Djibouti}} {{flag|Egypt}} {{flag|Guinea}} {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} {{flagdeco|Kuwait}} Kuwait {{flag|Morocco}} {{flag|Niger}} {{flag|Oman|1985}} {{flag|Senegal}} {{flag|South Africa|1928}} {{flag|Tunisia}} {{flag|Vanuatu}} Source: United Nations Bibliographic Information System[17] | Statement of revocationGeorge H. W. Bush personally introduced the motion to revoke 3379 with these words: {{quote|UNGA Resolution 3379, the so-called "Zionism is racism" resolution, mocks this pledge and the principles upon which the United Nations was founded. And I call now for its repeal. Zionism is not a policy; it is the idea that led to the creation of a home for the Jewish people, to the State of Israel. And to equate Zionism with the intolerable sin of racism is to twist history and forget the terrible plight of Jews in World War II and, indeed, throughout history. To equate Zionism with racism is to reject Israel itself, a member of good standing of the United Nations.This body cannot claim to seek peace and at the same time challenge Israel's right to exist. By repealing this resolution unconditionally, the United Nations will enhance its credibility and serve the cause of peace.[16]}} See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp|title=The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2016}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |url= http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |date=29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=11 January 2012}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm|title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel|work=GxMSDev|accessdate=17 April 2016}} 4. ^[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC Admission of Israel to UN: Retrieved 24 May 2013] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615041505/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/83E8C29DB812A4E9852560E50067A5AC |date=15 June 2013}} 5. ^Resolution 3379: [https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 Elimination of all forms of racial discrimination] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206052903/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1 |date=6 December 2012}}. UNGA, 10 November 1975 (doc.nr. A/RES/3379 (XXX)) 6. ^{{cite book|last=Blaisdell|first=Bob|title=Great Speeches of the 20th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxNeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|accessdate=9 November 2017|date=18 August 2014|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486315560|page=163}} 7. ^{{cite book|url=https://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Forms/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A%20%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%20-%20%D7%93%20-%20%D7%94.pdf|title=Tel Aviv-Jaffa Streets Guide|last=פדן|first=יחיעם|publisher=|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=158|via=}} 8. ^Gil Troy, "Moynihan's Moment: America's Fight Against Zionism is Racism", page 134 9. ^Stanley Meisler, United Nations: A History, 2011, page 215 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/447/74|title=Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins|work=LII / Legal Information Institute|accessdate=17 April 2016}} 11. ^ 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VIII_2/cimet.htm|title=Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe|publisher=|accessdate=17 April 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=108V0691N26Y9.82&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&profile=voting&ri=&index=.VM&term=A/RES/3379%28XXX%29|title=UNBISnet|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}} 14. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/world/un-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html |title=U.N. Repeals Its '75 Resolution Equating Zionism With Racism |last1=Lewis |first1=Paul |date=17 December 1991 |work=The New York Times |accessdate=11 May 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GXsOl0FW?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/17/world/un-repeals-its-75-resolution-equating-zionism-with-racism.html |archivedate=11 May 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/mfadocuments/yearbook8/pages/260%20general%20assembly%20resolution%2046-86-%20revocation.aspx|title=260 General Assembly Resolution 46-86- Revocation of Resolution 3379- 16 December 1991- and statement by President Herzog|work=GxMSDev|accessdate=17 April 2016}} 16. ^1 Address to the 46th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York City. 23 September 1991. The American Presidency Project 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=15K41KB487480.29096&menu=search&aspect=power&npp=50&ipp=20&spp=20&profile=voting&ri=1&index=.VM&term=46/86|title=UNBISnet|publisher=|accessdate=31 August 2017}} External links
10 : 1975 in law|Anti-Zionism|United Nations General Assembly resolutions|United Nations General Assembly resolutions concerning Israel|Zionism|1975 in the United Nations|Politics and race|Criticism of the United Nations|November 1975 events|Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations |
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