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词条 United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories
释义

  1. History

  2. Resolutions adopted

     1946  1947  1960  1961  1966  1990–2000  2001–2010  2011–2020 

  3. Criticism

     Referenda  Viability  Completely autonomous dependencies  Removed under other circumstances  Change of status  List not complete 

  4. Current entries

  5. Former entries

     Change in status by administrating state  Joined another state  Independence 

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}{{Infobox UN resolution
|number = 66 (I)
|organ = GA
|date = 14 December
|year = 1946
|meeting =Sixty fourth
|code =A/RES/66(1)
|document = https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66%28I%29&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION
|for =
|abstention =
|against =
|subject = Transmission of information under Article 73e of the Charter [relating to non-self-governing territories]
|result = Adopted
|image = UN General Assembly Resolution 66 (1).pdf
|caption = United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/66 (I) dated 14 January 1946
}}

The United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories is a list of places that the United Nations General Assembly deems to be "non-self-governing" and subject to the decolonization process. Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter embodies a "Declaration on Non-Self-Governing Territories" which declares that the interests of the occupants of dependent territories are paramount and requires member states of the United Nations in control of non-self-governing territories to submit annual information reports concerning the development of those territories. Since 1946, the General Assembly has maintained a list of non-self governing territories under member states' control. Since its inception, dozens of territories have been removed from the list, typically when they attained independence or internal self-government, while other territories have been added as new administering countries joined the United Nations or the General Assembly reassessed the status of certain territories.

History

The United Nations Charter contains a Declaration Concerning Non-Self-Governing Territories.[1] In Chapter XI, of said charter, the "Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories", specifically the Article 73 point "e" in the Charter, it states that all member States agree to report to the United Nations, annually, on the development of non-self-governing territories under their control. {{cn span|The initial List of Non-Self-Governing Territories was created by compiling lists of dependent territories submitted by the administering States themselves. In several instances, administering States were later allowed to remove dependent territories from the list, either unilaterally (as in the case of many French overseas departments and territories),|date=February 2019}} or by vote of the General Assembly (as in the cases of Puerto Rico, Greenland, the Netherlands Antilles, and Suriname).

The list draws its origins from the period of colonialism and the Charter's concept of non-self-governing territories. As an increasing number of formerly colonized countries became UN members, the General Assembly increasingly asserted its authority to place additional territories on the List and repeatedly declared that only the General Assembly had the authority to authorize a territory's being removed from the list upon attainment of any status other than full independence. For example, when Portugal joined the United Nations it contended that it controlled no non-self-governing territories, claiming that areas such as Angola and Mozambique were an integral part of the Portuguese state, but the General Assembly rejected this position. Similarly, Western Sahara was added in 1963 when it was a Spanish colony. The same can be said about the situation of Namibia (removed upon its independence in 1990), which was seen, due to its former status as a League of Nations mandate territory, as a vestige of German colonial legacy in Africa. A set of criteria for determining whether a territory is to be considered "non-self-governing" was established in General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) of 1960.[2]

Also in 1960, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 1514 (XV), promulgating the "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples", which declared that all remaining non-self-governing territories and trust territories were entitled to self-determination and independence. The following year, the General Assembly established the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (sometimes referred to as the Special Committee on Decolonization, or the "Committee of 24" because for much of its history the committee was composed of 24 members), which reviews the situation in non-self-governing territories each year and reports to the General Assembly.

Resolutions adopted

1946

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64(I) regarding the Establishment of the Trusteeship Council.[3]
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66(I) regarding Transmission of information under Article 73 e of the Charter.[4]

1947

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 142(II) regarding Standard form for the guidance of Members in the preparation of information to be transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 143(II) regarding Supplemental documents relating to information transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 144(II) regarding Voluntary transmission of information regarding the development of self-governing institutions in the Non-Self-Governing Territories.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 145(II) regarding Collaboration of the specialized agencies in regard to Article 73 e of the Charter.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 146(II) regarding Creation of a special committee on information transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter.

1960

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) regarding Principles which should guide members in determining whether or an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73e of the Charter.

1961

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI) regarding The situation with regard to the implementation of the Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples.

1966

  • International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 16 December 1966[5]
  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 19 December 1966[6]

1990–2000

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/43/45 regarding Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/43/46 regarding Dissemination of information on decolonization.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/43/47 regarding International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism.

2001–2010

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/145 regarding Dissemination of information on decolonization.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/146 regarding 2nd International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/147 regarding Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.
  • United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Resolution 2007/25 regarding Support to Non-Self-Governing Territories by the specialized agencies and international institutions associated with the United Nations.

2011–2020

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/116 regarding Dissemination of information on decolonization.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/117 regarding Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/118 regarding Fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 65/119 regarding 3rd International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism.

Criticism

The list remains controversial for various reasons:

Referenda

One reason for controversy is that the list includes some dependencies that have democratically chosen to maintain their current status, or have had referenda in which an insufficient percentage of the population vote for a change of status, or in some cases (such as United States Virgin Islands) simply had an insufficient number of voters participate.

Gibraltar is a prime example of resident desires to remain with the status quo. Gibraltar, a largely self-governing British territory on the tip of the Iberian Peninsula whose territory is claimed by Spain, has twice held a referendum to resolve its status. In the first referendum, held in 1967, the choices in the ballot were either to retain their current status or to become part of Spain. The status quo was favoured by 12,138 votes to 44. In the second referendum, held in 2002, a proposal for a joint British–Spanish administration of the territory was proposed, and was voted down by 17,900 votes to 187 – the "no" vote accounting for more than 85% of Gibraltar's entire voting population.[7] Neither of the referenda, however, gained recognition from the UN, with the 1967 referendum being declared to be in contravention of previous UN resolutions.[8] The Spanish government does not recognize any right to self-determination to the current Gibraltar inhabitants, on the grounds that they are not the original population of the territory, but residents transferred by the colonial power, the United Kingdom.[9]

The territory of Tokelau divides political opinion in New Zealand.[10] In response to attempts at decolonizing Tokelau, New Zealand journalist Michael Field wrote in 2004: "The UN ... is anxious to rid the world of the last remaining vestiges of colonialism by the end of the decade. It has a list of 16 territories around the world, virtually none of which wants to be independent to any degree."[11] Field further notes that Patuki Isaako, who was head of Tokelau's government at the time of a UN seminar on decolonization in 2004, informed the United Nations that his country had no wish to be decolonized, and that Tokelauans had opposed the idea of decolonization ever since the first visit by UN officials in 1976.

In 2006, a UN-supervised referendum on decolonization was held in Tokelau, where 60.07% of voters supported the offer of self-government. However, the terms of the referendum required a two-thirds majority to vote in favor of self-government. A second referendum was held in 2007, in which 64.40% of Tokelauans supported self-government, falling short of the two-thirds majority by 16 votes. This led New Zealand politician and former diplomat John Hayes, on behalf of the National Party, to state that "Tokelau did the right thing to resist pressure from [the New Zealand government] and the United Nations to pursue self-government".[12] In May 2008, the United Nations' Secretary General Ban Ki-moon urged colonial powers "to complete the decolonization process in every one of the remaining 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories".[13] This led the New Zealand Herald to comment that the United Nations was "apparently frustrated by two failed attempts to get Tokelau to vote for independence from New Zealand".[14]

In March 2013, the autonomous government of the Falkland Islands organised a referendum as to whether the territory should remain a British Overseas Territory. With a 92% turnout, 99.8% of Falkland Islanders voted to maintain that status; only three islanders favoured changing it.[15]

Viability

{{cn span|A lack of population and landmass is an issue for at least one territory included on the list: the British overseas territory Pitcairn Islands. With a population of 49 and a total area of {{cvt|47|km2|mi2|1}}, it is too small to be realistically viable as an independent state. Four other territories—Tokelau, Montserrat, the Falkland Islands and Saint Helena—are less populous than any UN member state presently.|date=February 2019}}

In addition, some territories are financially dependent on their administering state.

Completely autonomous dependencies

Another criticism is that a number of the listed territories, such as Bermuda (see Politics of Bermuda), Falkland Islands[16] and Gibraltar,[17][18][19][20] consider themselves completely autonomous and self-governing, with the "administering power" retaining limited oversight over matters such as defence and diplomacy. In past years, there were ongoing disputes between some administering powers and the Decolonization Committee over whether territories such as pre-independence Brunei and the West Indies Associated States should still be considered "non-self-governing", particularly in instances where the administering country was prepared to grant full independence whenever the territory requested it. These disputes became moot as those territories eventually received full independence.

Removed under other circumstances

{{Refimprove section|date=February 2013}}

Territories that have achieved a status described by the administering countries as internally self-governing – such as Puerto Rico, the Netherlands Antilles, and the Cook Islands – have been removed from the list by vote of the General Assembly,{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} often under pressure of the administering countries. In 1972, for example, Hong Kong (then administered by the United Kingdom) and Macau (then administered by Portugal) were removed from the list at the request of the People's Republic of China, which had just been recognized as holding China's seat at the United Nations.[21]

Some territories that have been annexed and incorporated into the legal framework of the controlling state (such as the overseas departments of France) are considered by the UN to have been decolonized, since they then no longer constitute "non-self-governing" entities; their populations are assumed to have agreed to merge with the former parent state. However, in 1961, the General Assembly voted to end this treatment for the "overseas provinces" of Portugal such as Angola and Mozambique, which were active foci of United Nations attention until they attained independence in the mid-1970s.

Change of status

On 2 December 1986, New Caledonia, an overseas territory of France, was reinstated on the list of non-self-governing territories, an action to which France objected. Within France it has had the status of a collectivité sui generis, or a one-of-a-kind community, since 1999. Under the 1998 Nouméa Accord, its Territorial Congress has the right to call for a referendum on independence between 2014 and 2018. This referendum was held on 4th November 2018, with independence being rejected.

French Polynesia was also reinstated on the list on 17 May 2013, in somewhat contentious circumstances. Having been re-elected President of French Polynesia in 2011 (the territory being largely self-governing), Oscar Temaru asked for it to be re-inscribed on the list; it had been removed in 1947. (French Polynesia is categorised by France as an overseas country, in recognition of its self-governing status.) On 5 May 2013, Temaru's Union for Democracy party lost the legislative election to Gaston Flosse's pro-autonomy but anti-independence Tahoera'a Huiraatira party. At this stage, the United Nations General Assembly was due to discuss French Polynesia's re-inscription on the list twelve days later, in accordance with a motion tabled by the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Nauru. On 16 May, the Assembly of French Polynesia, with its new anti-independence majority, adopted a motion asking the United Nations not to restore the country to the list. On 17 May, despite French Polynesia's opposition, and France's, the country was restored to the list of Non-Self-Governing Territories. Temaru was present for the vote, on the final day of his mandate as President. The United Nations affirmed "the inalienable right of the people of French Polynesia to self-determination and independence".[21][22]

List not complete

{{main article|Special Committee on Decolonization|Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples}}

Also controversial are the criteria set down in 1960 to 1961 by the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV),[23] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV), Principle 12 of the Annex,[24] and United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)[25] which only focused on colonies of the Western world, namely Australia, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. This list of administering states was not expanded afterwards.[26]

Nevertheless, some of the 111 members who joined the UN after 1960 gained independence from countries not covered by Resolution 1541 and were themselves not classified as "Non-Self-Governing Territories" by the UN. Of these that joined the UN between 1960 and 2008, 11 were independent before 1960 and 71 were included on the list (some as a group). Twenty new UN countries resulted from breakup of Second World states: six were part of Yugoslavia, two were part of Czechoslovakia, and 12 were part of the Soviet Union (Ukraine and Belarus already had UN seats before the dissolution of the USSR, whose seat was reused by the Russian Federation without acceding anew). Out of the other nine, seven{{which|date=June 2017}} (mostly Arab) were colonies or protectorates of the "Western" countries, and one each was a non-self-governing part of Ethiopia (later independent Eritrea) and Pakistan (East Pakistan, later independent Bangladesh). Territories like Tibet (administered by China) and Siberia (or parts thereof; administered by the Soviet Union, later by Russia) have never been on the list. Western New Guinea (also known as West Papua), annexed against its will by Indonesia is also not on the list as well as Sarawak and Sabah which were handed to Malaya during its territorial expansion through the formation of Malaysia in 1963. In 2018, the government of Vanuatu is seeking international support to have West Papua added to the list in 2019.[27] [28]

Current entries

The following territories are currently included on the list.[29]

Continent Name Administering state Domestic legal status Other claimant(s)PopulationAreaSee also
Africagroup=upper-alpha|name=Western Sahara|Formerly the Spanish Sahara up to 1976, disputed[30] between Morocco, who controls 80% of the territory and administers it as an integral part of its national territory, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, who controls and administers the remaining 20% as the "Liberated territories". The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara is the United Nations peacekeeping mission to the territory.}}Morocco}} (de facto) /
{{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} (partial)		ZZZ|Disputed}}Morocco}} /
{{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}		 531,000 266,000 km2 (102,703 mi2) Political status of Western Sahara
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha}}{{Flag|United Kingdom}}Overseas Territory{{Sort|ZZZ|None}} 5,396 310 km2 (120 mi2) Politics of Saint Helena
EuropeGibraltar}}Spain}} 29,752 6 km2 (2 mi2) Disputed status of Gibraltar
South AmericaFalkland Islands}}Argentina}} 2,500 12,173 km2 (4,700 mi2) Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands
North AmericaAnguilla}}{{Sort|ZZZ|None}} 14,108 96 km2 (37 mi2) Politics of Anguilla
Bermuda}} 62,000 57 km2 (22 mi2) Politics of Bermuda
British Virgin Islands}} 28,103 153 km2 (59 mi2) Politics of the British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands}} 55,500 264 km2 (102 mi2) Foreign relations of the Cayman Islands
Montserrat}} 5,000 103 km2 (40 mi2) Government of Montserrat
Turks and Caicos Islands}} 31,458 948 km2 (366 mi2) Politics of the Turks and Caicos Islands
OceaniaPitcairn Islands}} 50 36 km2 (14 mi2) Politics of the Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau}}New Zealand}} Territory 1,411 12 km2 (5 mi2) Politics of Tokelau
French Polynesia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|On 18 May 2013, the United Nations General Assembly voted to place French Polynesia back on the list.[31]}}{{Flag|France}} Overseas collectivity 271,000 4,000 km2 (1,544 mi2) Politics of French Polynesia
New Caledonia}} Special collectivity 252,000 18,575 km2 (7,172 mi2) Politics of New Caledonia
American Samoa}}{{Flag|United States}}Unincorporated unorganized territory 55,519 200 km2 (77 mi2) Politics of American Samoa
Guam}}Unincorporated organized territory 159,358 540 km2 (208 mi2) Politics of Guam
North AmericaUnited States Virgin Islands}} 106,405 352 km2 (136 mi2) Politics of the United States Virgin Islands
Notes
{{Notelist|group=upper-alpha|close}}

Former entries

The following territories were originally listed by UN General Assembly Resolution 66 (I) of 14 December 1946 as Trust and Non-Self-Governing territory. The dates show the year of independence or other change in a territory's status which led to their removal from the list,[32] after which information was no longer submitted to the United Nations.[34]

Change in status by administrating state

ContinentName[33]Change in status[33]Current statusAdministering state[33]PopulationArea / km2Area / mi2Year removed[33]See also
North AmericaGreenland}} Incorporated into Denmark as Greenland County (1953). Gained home rule as a Country within the Kingdom of Denmark (1979). Increased autonomy (2009). Country within the Kingdom of Denmark[34][35]Denmark}} 57,564 2,166,086 836,330 1954 Politics of Greenland
Saint Pierre and Miquelon}} Became an overseas territory Overseas collectivity of France{{flag|France}} 7,044 242 931947 Politics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Guadeloupe}} Became an overseas department Overseas department of Guadeloupe and overseas collectivities of Saint-Barthelemy and Saint-Martin of France 408,000 1,628 629 Politics of Guadeloupe
Asia{{flag|British Hong Kong}} Removed from the list on request of China[36] Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong of the People's Republic of China) (since 1 July 1997)United Kingdom}} 7,018,636 1,092 4221972 Politics of Hong Kong
{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese Macau Removed from the list on request of China[36] Special Administrative Region of Macau of the People's Republic of China) (since 20 December 1999)Portugal}} 545,674 28 11 Politics of Macau
North AmericaMartinique}} Became an overseas department Overseas department of FranceFrance}} 401,000 1,128 436 1947 Politics of Martinique
{{flag|Netherlands Antilles|1959}} Granted more autonomy Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the other remaining islands are special municipalities of the Netherlands.Netherlands}} 225,369 960 371 1951 Politics of the Netherlands Antilles
Puerto Rico}} Became a Commonwealth Commonwealth of the United StatesUnited States}} 3,958,128 8,870 3,420 1952 Political status of Puerto Rico
AsiaCocos (Keeling) Islands}} Voted to integrate into Australia External territory of AustraliaAustralia}} 596 14 5 1984 Shire of Cocos
Africa{{flag|Réunion}} Became an overseas department Overseas department of FranceFrance}} 793,000 2,512 970 1947 Politics of Réunion
North AmericaAlaska}} Granted Statehood 49th State of the United States{{flag|United States}} 683,478 1,700,130 656,4241959 Legal status of Alaska
Panama Canal Zone}}date=September 2011}} Part of Colón and Panamá provinces of Panama 1947 Politics of Panama
OceaniaCook Islands}} Gained self-rule Free association with New ZealandNew Zealand}} 12,271 237 92 1965 Politics of the Cook Islands
{{flag|French Polynesia}}[37] Became an overseas territory French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna overseas collectivities of FranceFrance}} 298,256 4,441 1,715 1947 Politics of French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna
Hawaii}} Granted Statehood 50th State of the United States{{flag|United States}} 1,283,388 28,311 10,9311959 Legal status of Hawaii
Northern Mariana Islands}} Became a Commonwealth Commonwealth of the United States 53,883 168 65 1990
New Caledonia}}[38] Became an overseas territory Special Collectivity of FranceFrance}} 224,824 19,060 7,359 1947 Politics of New Caledonia
Niue}} Gained self-rule Free association with New ZealandNew Zealand}} 1,444 260 100 1974 Politics of Niue
South America{{flag|French Guiana}} Became an overseas department Overseas department of FranceFrance}} 209,000 83,534 32,253 1947 Politics of French Guiana
1. ^{{cite web|url=http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/dicc/dicc.html |title=The Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |accessdate=18 October 2011}}
2. ^i.e. extenuating circumstance, historical control, longstanding/stagnated issue, etc.
3. ^[https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/64(I) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 64(I)]
4. ^[https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66(I) United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66(I)]
5. ^{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=UN Treaty Collection: International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222221017/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=22 February 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^[https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en UN Treaty Collection: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]
7. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2400673.stm |title=Q&A: Gibraltar's referendum |date=8 November 2002 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=25 November 2011}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/236/88/IMG/NR023688.pdf?OpenElement |title=Resolution 2353 |date=19 December 1967 |publisher=UN |accessdate=28 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818005914/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/236/88/IMG/NR023688.pdf?OpenElement |archivedate=18 August 2013 }}
9. ^[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IVDtjzY3r2gC&lpg=PA209&dq=gibraltar%20artificial%20population%20spain&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q=gibraltar%20artificial%20population%20spain&f=false Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal], Antonio Cassese, Cambridge University Press, 1995, page 209
10. ^Election 2011, Radio New Zealand
11. ^"Tokelau wonders 'What have we done wrong?{{'"}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221175635/http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2004/june/06-02-fea.htm |date=21 December 2007 }}, Michael Field, AFP, 2 June 2004
12. ^"Congratulations Tokelau", National Party press release, 26 October 2007
13. ^[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2008/sgsm11568.doc.htm "Colonialism has no place in today's world," says Secretary General in message to Decolonization Seminar in Indonesia"]. United Nations press release, 14 May 2008
14. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10510595 |title=Tokelau decolonisation high on agenda |date=17 May 2008 |agency=NZPA |work=The New Zealand Herald |accessdate=25 November 2011}}
15. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21750909 "Falklands referendum: Voters choose to remain UK territory"], BBC News, 12 March 2013
16. ^{{cite news |title=New Year begins with a new Constitution for the Falklands |url=http://en.mercopress.com/2009/01/01/new-year-begins-with-a-new-constitution-for-the-falklands |newspaper=MercoPress |date=1 January 2009 | accessdate=9 July 2013}}
17. ^[https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/147/147i.pdf Parliament.uk], UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee 2007–2008 Report, pg 16
18. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/1386334/Gibraltar-makes-plans-for-self-government.html Telegraph.co.uk], David Blair, Gibraltar makes plans for self-government, Daily Telegraph, 28 February 2002 "GIBRALTAR'S parliament approved an ambitious package of constitutional reform yesterday designed to give the colony almost complete self-government."
19. ^{{cite web |title=Gibraltar |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/233245/Gibraltar |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=18 August 2009 |quote=Gibraltar is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom and is self-governing in all matters but defence.}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/constitution.php |title=Laws of Gibraltar – On-line Service |publisher=Gibraltarlaws.gov.gi |accessdate=13 May 2011}}
21. ^"Tahiti assembly votes against UN decolonisation bid", Radio New Zealand International, 17 May 2013
22. ^"L'ONU adopte une résolution sur la décolonisation de la Polynésie française". Le Monde, 17 May 2013
23. ^General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024225840/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/152/88/IMG/NR015288.pdf?OpenElement |date=24 October 2013 }} adopted by United Nations General Assembly
24. ^[https://www.un.org/peace/etimor99/a1541xv.pdf General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV) adopted by United Nations General Assembly on the reports of the Sixth Committee]
25. ^General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112064525/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/167/07/IMG/NR016707.pdf?OpenElement |date=12 November 2013 }} adopted by United Nations General Assembly
26. ^[https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml United Nations Trusteeship Agreements or were listed by the General Assembly as Non-Self-Governing]
27. ^[https://www.onepng.com/2018/09/vanuatu-will-continue-west-papua.html "Vanuatu will continue West Papua initiative"], One PNG, 6 September 2018
28. ^[https://asiapacificreport.nz/2018/09/07/pacific-forum-backs-constructive-engagement-over-west-papua/ "Pacific Forum backs ‘constructive engagement’ over West Papua"], Asia Pacific Report, 7 September 2018
29. ^[https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgovterritories.shtml Non-Self-Governing Territories] listed by General Assembly of the United Nations
30. ^CIA's The World Factbook [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html entry for Western Sahara]: "Western Sahara is a disputed territory on the northwest coast of Africa bordered by Morocco, Mauritania, and Algeria. After Spain withdrew from its former colony of Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara and claimed the rest of the territory in 1979, following Mauritania's withdrawal"
31. ^[https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/site-news.shtml General Assembly adds French Polynesia to UN decolonization list]
32. ^[https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/66%28I%29&Lang=E&Area=RESOLUTION United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 (I)]
33. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–2002)] listed by General Assembly of the United Nations
34. ^Infobox image in "History" section of "About Greenland", English version of the official country government website. Accessed online 2008-09-28, Sunday.
35. ^http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2009/06/greenland-takes-over-courts-police.php
36. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Hong Kong|first=John M.|last=Carroll|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|year=2007|page=176}}
37. ^The United Nations General Assembly voted to reinstate French Polynesia (former French Establishments in Oceania) to the list by General Assembly Resolution A/67/265 [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/site-news.shtml on 18 May 2013].
38. ^[https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/41/a41r041.htm New Caledonia was reinstated on the list in 1986 by the General Assembly Resolution No. A/RES/41/41] of the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
39. ^1960 estimate
40. ^"Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom, His Highness the Sultan of Zanzibar, the government of Kenya and the government of Zanzibar", London, 8 October 1963
41. ^1967 estimate
42. ^1963 estimate, see: Northern Rhodesia#Demographics
43. ^1963 estimate
44. ^1978 estimate
45. ^1980 estimate, see: British Honduras#Demographics
46. ^1976 estimate
47. ^1 2 See: The UK Statute Law Database: the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom Malaysia Act 1963
48. ^1 2 3 [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories (1945–1999)] listed by General Assembly of the United Nations.

Joined another state

ContinentNon-Self-Governing Territory[33]State joined[33]Current statusAdministering statePopulationArea / km2Area / mi2Year removed[33]See also
Africa{{flagicon image|British Cameroon Flag.svg}} British CameroonsNorthern Cameroons joined Nigeria
Southern Cameroons joined Cameroon		 Adamawa and Taraba states of Nigeria, Northwest and Southwest provinces of Cameroon{{flag|United Kingdom}} 1961 Politics of Nigeria
Politics of Cameroon
{{flagicon|UK}} British Togoland Joined British Gold Coast colony Volta, Northern and Upper East Region of Ghana 1957 Foreign relations of Ghana
Asia{{flagicon image|Flag of North Borneo (1948–1963).svg}} North Borneo Incorporated into Malaya to form Malaysia[48][49] Malaysian state of Sabah and the federal territory of Labuan. 285,000 76,115 29,388 1963Malaysia Agreement
{{flagicon|France}} French India Annexed by India Puducherry union territory and Chandannagar of West Bengal state of IndiaFrance}} 973,829 492 190 1947 Puducherry Legislative Assembly
{{flag|Netherlands New Guinea}} Annexed by Indonesia as Irian Jaya Papua and West Papua provinces of IndonesiaNetherlands}} 420,540 162,371 1963 Act of Free Choice
Africa{{flagicon|Spain|1945}} Ifni Integrated into Morocco Sidi Ifni, Guelmim-Oued Noun, MoroccoSpain}} 51,517 1,502 580 1969 Politics of Morocco
Asia{{flag|Portuguese India}} Annexed by India The Indian state of Goa and the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and of Daman and Diu{{flag|Portugal}}1961
Africa{{flagicon|POR}} São João Batista de Ajuda Integrated into the Republic of Dahomey (now Benin) Ouidah commune, Atlantique department, Benin Politics of Benin

Independence

ContinentNon-Self-Governing Territory[33]Sub-unit
(Independent as)[33]Administering statePopulationArea / km2Area / mi2Year removed[33]See also
Asia{{flagicon|Aden|name=Aden Colony}} Aden Protectorate{{flag|South Yemen}}United Kingdom}} 285,192 111,013 1967
{{flag|French Indochina}}{{flagicon|North Vietnam|1945}} Democratic Republic of Vietnam{{flag|France}} 1945
{{flagicon|South Vietnam|1949}} State of Vietnam1949
{{flag|Kingdom of Laos}}
{{flagicon|Cambodia}} Cambodia 1953
Africa{{flag|Portuguese Angola}}{{flagicon|Angola}} AngolaPortugal}} 1,246,700 481,354 1975 Including the enclave of Cabinda
{{flagicon image|Unofficial Basutoland Ensign.svg}} Basutoland{{flag|Lesotho|1966}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 30,355 12,7271966
{{flag|Bechuanaland Protectorate }}{{flag|Botswana}}
{{flagicon|France}} French Algeria{{flag|Algeria}}France}} 1962
{{flag|Belgian Congo}}{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo|1960}} Congo LéopoldvilleBelgium}} 16,610,000[39] 2,344,858 905,3551960
{{flag|British Somaliland}}{{flagicon|Somalia}} State of SomalilandUnited Kingdom}} Joined the Trust Territory of Somalia within a week to form Somalia
{{flag|Spanish Guinea}}{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}Spain}} 28,051 10,828 1968
{{flagicon|France}} French Cameroun{{flag|Cameroon|1961–1975}}{{flag|France}}1960Trust Territory
{{flagicon|Togo|1958}} French Togoland{{flag|Togo}}
Gambia Colony and Protectorate{{flag|The Gambia}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 10,380 4,007 1965
{{flag|Gold Coast}}{{flag|Ghana}} 1957
{{flag|French Equatorial Africa}}France}} French Chad{{flag|Chad}}{{flag|France}}1960
FRA}} French Gabon{{flag|Gabon}}
FRA}} French Congo{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
FRA}} Ubangi Shari{{flag|Central African Republic}}
Trust Territory of Somaliland{{flag|Somalia}}Italy}}Joined the State of Somaliland to form Somalia
{{flagicon|Kenya|colonial}} Colony of Kenya{{flag|Kenya}}{{flag|United Kingdom}}1963Formed by the unification of the Colony of Kenya and the Kenya Protectorate
{{flag|Sultanate of Zanzibar}}Protectorate of Kenya. Formed by the unification of the Colony of Kenya and the Kenya Protectorate.Under Zanzibari sovereignty, administered by the UK[40]
{{flagicon|Morocco}} French protectorate of Morocco{{flag|Morocco}}France}} 1956
{{flag|Portuguese Mozambique}}{{flag|Mozambique|1975}}Portugal}} 7,300,000[41] 784,955 303,073 1975
{{flagicon|Nigeria|colonial}} British Nigeria{{flag|Nigeria}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 1960
{{flag|Northern Rhodesia}}{{flag|Zambia|1964}} 3,545,200[42] 752,618 290,5871964
{{flag|Nyasaland}}{{flag|Malawi}} 752,618 290,587
{{flag|Portuguese Guinea}}{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}}Portugal}} 36,125 13,948 1974
{{flagicon|BEL}} Ruanda-Urundi{{flag|Burundi}}{{flag|Belgium}}1962
{{flag|Rwanda|1962}}
{{flagicon|POR}} Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}Portugal}} 1,001 372 1975
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate{{flag|Sierra Leone}}United Kingdom}} 71,740 27,699 1961
{{flag|French Somaliland}}{{flag|Djibouti}}France}} 200,000[43] 23,200 8,958 1977
{{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}{{flag|Zimbabwe}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 6,930,000[44] 390,580 150,804 1980
Swaziland{{flag|Swaziland}} 17,364 6,704 1968
Tanganyika{{flag|Tanganyika}} 1963Trust Territory. Later joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, now Tanzania
Oceania{{flag|Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands}}{{flag|Marshall Islands}}{{flag|United States}} 68,000 180 701990An independent state in free association with the United States
{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} 111,000 702 271
{{flag|Palau}} 20,956 459 177 1994
Africa{{flagicon image|Pre-1999 Flag of Tunisia.svg}} French Tunisia{{flag|Tunisia}}France}} 163,610 63,170 1956
{{flagicon|Uganda|colonial}} Uganda Protectorate{{flag|Uganda}}United Kingdom}} 1962
{{flag|French West Africa}}France}} French Dahomey{{flag|Dahomey}}{{flag|France}} 1960
FRA}} French Guinea{{flag|Guinea}}1958
{{flag|French Sudan}}{{flag|Mali}}1960
{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
{{flag|Mauritania}}
{{flagicon|FRA}} Colony of Niger{{flag|Upper Volta}}
{{flag|Niger}}
{{flag|Senegal}}
{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} South West Africa{{flag|Namibia}}South Africa|1928}} 2,088,669 825,418 318,696 1990 Foreign relations of Namibia
{{flag|Zanzibar}}People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba{{flag|United Kingdom}} 2,643 1,020 1963Later joined with the Republic of Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, now Tanzania
North America{{flag|Bahamas|colonial}}{{flag|The Bahamas}} 13,878 5,358 1973
Africa{{flag|Portuguese Cape Verde}}{{flag|Cape Verde|1975}}Portugal}} 4,033 1,557 1975
Europe{{flagicon|Cyprus|colonial|name=Protectorate of Cyprus}} British Cyprus{{flag|Cyprus}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 9,251 3,572 1960
{{flagicon|Malta|1943|name=Crown Colony of Malta}} Colony of Malta{{flag|Malta}} 316 121 1964
North America{{flag|Barbados|1885}}{{flag|Barbados}} 431 167 1966
{{flag|British Leeward Islands}}Antigua{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} 1981
{{flag|Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla}}{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis|name=St. Kitts and Nevis}}1983Separated from Anguilla, which is still a non-self-governing territory
{{flagicon|Jamaica|1957}} Colony of Jamaica{{flag|Jamaica}} 11,100 4,4441962
{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago|colonial}}{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} 5,128 1,978
{{flag|British Windward Islands}}{{flag|Dominica|1978}} 1978
{{flag|Grenada}} 1974
{{flag|Saint Lucia|name=St. Lucia}}1979
{{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|name=St. Vincent and the Grenadines}}
{{flag|British Honduras}}{{flag|Belize}} 145,000[45] 22,966 8,867 1981
Asia{{flagicon|Portugal}} Portuguese Timor{{flag|Indonesia}}Portugal}} 15,007 5,794 1975 Indonesian occupation of East Timor
{{flagicon|Indonesia}} East Timor{{flag|East Timor}}Indonesia}} 688,711 15,007 5,794 2002 Politics of East Timor
Africa{{flagicon|France}} French Madagascar{{flag|Madagascar}}{{flag|France}} 1960
{{flag|Comoros|1978}} 1975
{{flagicon|Mauritius|1923}} British Mauritius{{flag|Mauritius}}United Kingdom}} 2,040 787 1968
Asia{{flag|Dutch East Indies}}{{flag|Indonesia}}Netherlands}} 1950
Africa{{flag|Seychelles|1961}}{{flag|Seychelles|1976}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 451 174 1976
AsiaFederation of South Arabia{{flag|South Yemen}} 1967
{{flag|Brunei}}{{flag|Brunei Darussalam}} 5,765 2,226 1984
{{flag|Malayan Union}}{{flag|Malaya|name=Federation of Malaya}} [48][49] 132,364 51,106 1957Later became Malaysia
{{flagicon|Singapore|colonial}} Singapore 4,608,167 693 268 1963Singapore briefly joined Malaysia incorporated into Malaya to form a state of Malaysia in 1963
{{flagicon|Singapore}}{{flagicon|Malaysia}} Singapore{{flag|Singapore}} [49]Malaysia}} 4,608,167 693 268 1965Regained independence in 1965.
Oceania{{flagicon|Fiji|colonial}} Fiji Islands{{flag|Fiji}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 1970
{{flag|Gilbert and Ellice Islands}}{{flag|Kiribati}} 1979
{{flag|Tuvalu}}1978
Trust Territory of Nauru{{flag|Nauru}}Australia}} 21 8 1968
{{flag|New Hebrides}}{{flag|Vanuatu}}UK}}{{flagicon|FRA}} Anglo-French Condominium 100,000[46] 12,189 4,706 1980
Territory of Papua and New Guinea{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}Australia}} 1975
{{flagicon|Solomon Islands|1956|name=Solomon Islands Protectorate}} British Solomon Islands{{flag|Solomon Islands}}United Kingdom}} 28,896 11,157 1978
Western Samoa Trust Territory{{flag|Samoa|name=Western Samoa}}New Zealand}} 1962
South America{{flag|Dutch Guiana}}{{flag|Suriname}}Netherlands}} 475,996 163,270 63,039 1975 Politics of Suriname
{{flag|British Guiana}}{{flag|Guyana}}{{flag|United Kingdom}} 1966
Asia{{flagicon image|Flag of Sarawak (1946–1963).svg}} Colony of Sarawak{{flag|Sarawak}} 124,450 48,050 1963Later Incorporated into Malaya to form a state of Malaysia[47][48]

See also

  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)
  • United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)
  • Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
  • List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
  • List of dependent territories
  • List of sovereign states
  • List of states with limited recognition
  • List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations

References

{{Reflist|22em}}

External links

  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/ga_resolutions.shtml United Nations General Assembly Resolutions]
  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/index.shtml United Nations and Decolonization homepage]
  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/trusteeship.shtml United Nations Trusteeship Council]
  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/its.shtml United Nations International Trusteeship System]
  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/nonselfgov.shtml Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories] listed by the United Nations General Assembly
  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/selfdet.shtml Trust Territories that have achieved self-determination] listed by United Nations
  • [https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/resumed_2011.shtml United Nations and Decolonization – Committee of 24 – Resumed session, Monday, 13 June 2011]
{{United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories}}{{Colonization}}{{DEFAULTSORT:United Nations List Of Non-Self-Governing Territories}}

7 : Self-governance|Decolonisation|History of colonialism|United Nations documents|1946 documents|1946 in international relations|Dependent territories
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