请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Yugoslav monitor Vardar
释义

  1. Description and construction

  2. Career

     World War I  Interwar period and World War II 

  3. Notes

  4. Footnotes

  5. References

     Books  Web 
{{featured article}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}>{{Infobox ship image
Yugoslav monitor Vardar
Ship image=Ship caption=Vardar underway in 1933
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=Austro-Hungarian EmpireAustria-Hungary|naval}}Ship name=*Bosna/
  • Temes (II)/Bosna
Ship namesake=Bosna River/Temes RiverShip ordered=Ship builder=Stabilimento Tecnico TriestinoShip laid down=1914 (Linz)Ship launched=1915Ship acquired=Ship commissioned=Ship decommissioned=Ship in service= 9 July 1915Ship out of service=6 November 1918Ship honours=Ship fate=Transferred to the Hungarian People's RepublicShip notes=*Reverted to SMS Bosna on 9 May 1917 after the raising and repair of the original SMS Temes.
  • Sister ship {{ship|SMS|Sava||2}} was ceded to Romania and renamed Bucovina.

}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=titleShip country=Hungarian People's RepublicHungarian People's Republic (1918–19)|naval}}Ship name=BosnaShip namesake= Bosna RiverShip acquired=6 November 1918Ship commissioned=Ship decommissioned=Ship in service=Ship out of service=13 December 1918Ship honours=Ship fate=Assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS)Ship notes=
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=titleShip country=Kingdom of YugoslaviaKingdom of Yugoslavia|naval}}Ship name=VardarShip namesake= Vardar RiverShip acquired=1918Ship commissioned=Ship decommissioned=Ship in service=1920Ship out of service=Ship honours=Ship fate=Scuttled by her crew on 11/12 April 1941Ship notes=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship class= Sava-class river monitor580|t|LT}}62|m|ftin|abbr=on}}10.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}1750|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}}
  • 2 Yarrow boilers
Ship propulsion=2 Triple-expansion steam engines13.5|kn|lk=in}}Ship range=Ship complement=91 officers and enlisted120|mm|abbr=on}} L/45 guns (1 × 2)
  • 2 × {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}} L/10 howitzers (1 × 2)
  • 2 × {{convert|66|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} L/26 guns (1 × 2)
  • 2 × {{convert|47|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} L/44 guns
  • 7 × machine guns
40|mm|abbr=on}}
  • Deck: {{convert|25|mm|abbr=on}}
  • Conning tower, gun turrets and cupolas: {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}}

}}

The Yugoslav monitor Vardar was a Sava-class river monitor built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy as SMS Bosna, but was renamed SMS Temes (II) before she went into service. During World War I she was the flagship of the Danube Flotilla, and fought the Serbian Army, the Romanian Navy and Army, and the French Army. She reverted to the name Bosna in May 1917, after the original SMS Temes was raised and returned to service. After brief service with the Hungarian People's Republic at the end of the war, she was transferred to the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and renamed Vardar. She remained in service throughout the interwar period, although budget restrictions meant she was not always in full commission.

During the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, she was the flagship of the 1st Monitor Division, and along with her fellow monitor {{ship|Yugoslav monitor|Sava||2}}, she laid mines in the Danube near the Romanian border during the first few days of the invasion. The two monitors fought off several attacks by the Luftwaffe, but were forced to withdraw to Belgrade. Due to high river levels and low bridges, the monitors' navigation was difficult, and they were scuttled by their crews on 11 April. Some of her crew may have been killed when a demolished bridge collapsed onto a tugboat after they abandoned ship. A number tried to escape cross-country towards the southern Adriatic coast, but most were obliged to surrender to the Germans at Sarajevo on 14 April. The remainder made their way to the Bay of Kotor, where they were captured by the Italian XVII Corps on 17 April.

Description and construction

Vardar was a Sava-class river monitor built for the Austro-Hungarian Navy by Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino, and was laid down as Bosna at Linz in 1914,{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}} as part of the Austro-Hungarian 1914–15 Naval Program.{{sfn|Jane's Information Group|1990|p=251}} She was named after the river Bosna, but was renamed Temes (II) during construction, after the sinking of the original SMS Temes by a mine on the Sava River on 23 October 1914.{{sfn|Marshall|1995|p=41}}{{sfn|Halpern|2012|p=265}} Along with her sister ship {{ship|Yugoslav monitor|Sava||2}}, she had an overall length of {{convert|62|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|10.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a normal draught of {{convert|1.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. Her displacement was {{convert|580|t|LT}}, and her crew consisted of 91 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}} The ship was powered using steam generated by two Yarrow boilers driving two triple-expansion steam engines,{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}} and the ship carried {{convert|75|t|LT}} of fuel oil.{{sfn|Jane's Information Group|1989|p=315}} Its engines were rated at {{convert|1750|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}} and she was designed to reach a top speed of {{convert|13.5|kn|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}}

Her main armament was a twin gun turret of {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/45{{refn|L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L/45 gun is 45 calibre, meaning that the gun was 45 times as long as the diameter of its bore.|group = lower-alpha}} guns forward of the conning tower and a twin turret of {{convert|120|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/10 howitzers aft of the conning tower. She also mounted twin {{convert|66|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} L/26 anti-aircraft guns, two {{convert|47|mm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} L/44 guns, and seven machine guns.{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}} The maximum range of her Škoda {{convert|120|mm|abbr=on}}L/45 guns was {{convert|15|km}}, and her howitzers could fire their {{convert|20|kg|abbr=on}} shells a maximum of {{convert|6.2|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Greger|1976|pp=9–10}} Her armour consisted of belt and bulkheads {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, deck armour {{convert|25|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick, and her conning tower, gun turrets and cupolas were {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on}} thick. Temes was completed on 9 July 1915.{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}}

Career

World War I

Temes was commissioned into the Danube Flotilla in 1915, and was in action against the Serbian Army at Belgrade in early October, when the Serbs evacuated the city in the face of an Austro-Hungarian assault. During the final river crossing and reinforcement of the resulting bridgehead, Temes provided close support. During this task, she attempted to draw fire away from the battle-damaged monitor Enns but after receiving a direct hit in the crew quarters aft, she had to move out of range. She was run ashore to put out fires and stop leaks, before being towed out of the battle area by an armed steamer, and taken to Budapest for repairs.{{sfn|Halpern|2012|p=273}}

In November 1915, the other monitors were assembled at Rustschuk, Bulgaria.{{sfn|Halpern|2012|p=274}} The geopolitical position of Romania was uncertain, with the Central Powers being aware that the Romanians were negotiating to enter the war on the side of the Entente. To protect the {{convert|480|km|mi|adj=on}} Danubian border between Romania and Bulgaria, the flotilla established a sheltered base in the Belene Canal.{{sfn|Halpern|2012|p=275}} When the Romanians entered the war on 27 August 1916, the monitors were again at Rustschuk, having been joined by Temes after her repairs were completed. The monitors were immediately attacked by three improvised torpedo boats operating out of the Romanian river port of Giurgiu. The torpedoes that were fired missed the monitors, but struck a lighter loaded with fuel. The 1st Monitor Division, including Temes, was tasked with escorting supply ships back to the Belene anchorage. This was followed by forays of the Division both east and west of Belene, during which both Turnu Măgurele and Zimnicea were shelled.{{sfn|Halpern|2012|p=277}} On 9 May 1917, she was renamed SMS Bosna as the original SMS Temes was due to return to service after a complete rebuild.{{sfn|Greger|1976|p=142}}

In April 1918, Bosna, along with three other monitors, two patrol boats and a tug were formed into Flottenabteilung Wulff (Fleet Division Wulff) under the command of Flottenkapitän (Fleet Captain) Olav Wulff. Flottenabteilung Wulff was sent through the mouth of the Danube and across the Black Sea to Odessa, where it spent several months supporting the Austro-Hungarian troops enforcing the peace agreement with Russia. It returned to the Danube at the end of August, and was anchored at Brăila on 12 September. On 16 October, Bosna and the rest of the 1st Monitor Division sailed from Brăila to Belene. The Danube Flotilla then protected Austro-Hungarian troops withdrawing towards Budapest, fighting French and irregular Serbian forces as they withdrew, and arrived on 6 November.{{sfn|Halpern|2012|pp=284–286}}

Interwar period and World War II

After the Armistice of Villa Giusti signed by the Austro-Hungarians on 3 November 1918, Bosna was operated by the navy of the Hungarian People's Republic between 6 November and 13 December.{{sfn|Csonkaréti|Benczúr|1992|pp=123 & 132}} She was then crewed by sailors of the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) in 1918–19. Under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye concluded in September 1919, Bosna was transferred to the KSCS along with a range of other vessels, including three other river monitors,{{sfn|Gardiner|1985|p=422}} but was officially handed over to the KSCS Navy and renamed Vardar in 1920.{{sfn|Gardiner|1985|p=426}} In 1925–26, Vardar was refitted, but by the following year only two of the four river monitors of the KSCS Navy were being retained in full commission at any time.{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=732}} In 1932, the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships were engaging in little gunnery training, and few exercises or manoeuvres, due to reduced budgets.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=451}}

On 6 April 1941, the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia began, and Vardar was based at Dubovac, as the flagship of the 1st Monitor Division,{{sfn|Niehorster|2013a}} responsible for the Romanian border on the Danube, under the operational control of the 3rd Infantry Division Dunavska.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=168}} She was commanded by Poručnik bojnog broda{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Equivalent to a United States Navy lieutenant commander.{{sfn|Niehorster|2013b}}}} Milivoj Kockar.{{sfn|Niehorster|2013a}} On that day, Vardar and her fellow monitor Sava fought off several attacks by individual Luftwaffe aircraft on their base.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=297}} Over the next three days, the two monitors laid mines in the Danube near the Romanian border.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|pp=333–334}}

On 11 April, the two monitors were forced to withdraw from Dubovac towards Belgrade,{{sfn|Terzić|1982|pp=391–392}} during which they came under repeated attacks by Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers.{{sfn|Shores|Cull|Malizia|1987|p=222}} Vardar and her fellow monitor were undamaged, and anchored at the confluence of the Danube and Sava near Belgrade about 20:00, where they were joined by the monitor {{ship|Yugoslav monitor|Morava||2}}. The three captains conferred, and decided to scuttle their vessels due to the high water levels in the rivers and low bridges, which meant there was insufficient clearance for the monitors to navigate freely. The crews of the monitors were transshipped to two tugboats, but when one of the tugboats was passing under a railway bridge, charges on the bridge accidentally exploded and the bridge fell onto the tugboat. Of the 110 officers and men aboard the vessel, 95 were killed.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|pp=391–392}}{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}

After the scuttling of the monitors, around 450 officers and men from the Vardar and various other riverine vessels gathered at Obrenovac. Armed only with personal weapons and some machine guns stripped from the scuttled vessels, they started towards the Bay of Kotor in the southern Adriatic in two groups. The smaller of the two groups reached its objective,{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=432}} but the larger group only made it as far as Sarajevo by 14 April when they were obliged to surrender by German troops approaching the city.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|pp=432 & 405}} The Bay of Kotor was captured by the Italian XVII Corps on 17 April.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=457}}

Notes

Footnotes

{{reflist|20em}}

References

Books

{{refbegin|40em}}
  • {{cite book

| editor-last = Chesneau
| editor-first = Roger
| year = 1980
| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| location = London, England
| isbn = 978-0-85177-146-5
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last1 = Csonkaréti
| first1 = Károly
| last2 = Benczúr
| first2 = László
| title = Haditengerészek és folyamőrök a Dunán: a császari (és) királyi haditengerészet dunaflottillájától a magyar királyi honvéd folyamerőkig (1870-1945)
| trans-title = Naval Guards on the Danube River and the Danube Flotilla of the Royal Hungarian Navy (1870–1945)
| language = Hungarian
| date = 1992
| publisher = Zrínyi Kiadó
| location = Budapest, Hungary
| isbn = 978-963-327-153-7
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| editor-last = Gardiner
| editor-first = Robert
| year = 1985
| title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| location = London, England
| isbn = 978-0-85177-245-5
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last = Greger
| first = René
| year = 1976
| title = Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I
| publisher = Allan
| location = London, England
| isbn = 978-0-7110-0623-2
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last = Halpern
| first = Paul G.
| year = 2012
| title = A Naval History of World War I
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| location = Annapolis, Maryland
| isbn = 978-0-87021-266-6
| url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=wK4_6LF60GsC
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last = Jane's Information Group
| year = 1989
| origyear = 1946/47
| title = Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II
| publisher = Studio Editions
| location = London, England
| isbn = 978-1-85170-194-0
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last = Jane's Information Group
| year = 1990
| origyear = 1919
| title = Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I
| publisher = Studio Editions
| location = London, England
| isbn = 978-1-85170-378-4
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| editor-last = Jarman
| editor-first = Robert L.
| year = 1997a
| title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965
| volume = 1
| publisher = Archives Edition
| location = Slough, Berkshire
| isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| editor-last = Jarman
| editor-first = Robert L.
| year = 1997b
| title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965
| volume = 2
| publisher = Archives Edition
| location = Slough, Berkshire
| isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last = Marshall
| first = Chris
| year = 1995
| title = The Encyclopedia of Ships: The History and Specifications of Over 1200 Ships
| publisher = Barnes & Noble
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-1-56619-909-4
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last1 = Shores
| first1 = Christopher F.
| last2 = Cull
| first2 = Brian
| last3 = Malizia
| first3 = Nicola
| year = 1987
| title = Air War for Yugoslavia, Greece, and Crete, 1940–41
| publisher = Grub Street
| location = London, England
| isbn = 978-0-948817-07-6
| url = https://books.google.ca/books?id=2pSPBQAAQBAJ
| ref = harv
  • {{cite book

| last = Terzić
| first = Velimir
| year = 1982
| title = Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941: Uzroci i posledice poraza
|trans-title=The Collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941: Causes and Consequences of Defeat
| language = Serbo-Croatian
| volume = 2
| publisher = Narodna knjiga
| location = Belgrade, Yugoslavia
| oclc = 10276738
| url = http://www.znaci.net/00002/367.pdf
| ref = harv{{refend}}

Web

{{refbegin|40em}}
  • {{cite web

| url = http://niehorster.org/040_yugoslavia/41-04-06/navy_danube.html
| title = Balkan Operations Order of Battle Royal Yugoslavian Navy River Flotilla 6th April 1941
| accessdate = 10 March 2015
| publisher = Dr. Leo Niehorster
| year = 2013a
| last = Niehorster
| first = Dr. Leo
| ref = harv
}}
  • {{cite web

| url = http://niehorster.org/040_yugoslavia/_ranks.htm
| title = Royal Yugoslav Armed Forces Ranks
| accessdate = 10 March 2015
| publisher = Dr. Leo Niehorster
| year = 2013b
| last = Niehorster
| first = Dr. Leo
| ref = harv
}}{{refend}}{{Yugoslav river monitors}}{{April 1941 shipwrecks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vardar}}

10 : 1915 ships|Ships built in Austria-Hungary|World War I naval ships of Austria-Hungary|World War I monitors|World War II monitors|Maritime incidents in April 1941|World War II naval ships of Yugoslavia|Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy|Riverine warfare|Scuttled vessels
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 15:04:43