| 词条 | Yugoslav submarine Hrabri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Yugoslav submarine Hrabri was the first of the Hrabri-class diesel-electric submarines built by the Vickers-Armstrong Naval Yard on the River Tyne in the United Kingdom, for the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia). Launched in 1927, her design was based on that of the British L-class submarine of World War I, and she was built using parts originally assembled for a submarine of that class which was never completed. She was armed with six bow-mounted {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} torpedo tubes, two {{convert|102|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} guns and one machine gun, and could dive to {{convert|60|m|ft}}. Prior to World War II she participated in several cruises to Mediterranean ports. During the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, she was captured by Italian forces. She was given the number N3 but was not commissioned and was scrapped later in 1941 due to her poor condition. Description and constructionYugoslav naval policy in the interwar period lacked direction until the mid-1920s,{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=732}} although it was generally accepted that the Adriatic coastline was effectively a sea frontier that the naval arm was responsible for securing with the limited resources made available to it. In 1926, a modest ten-year construction program was initiated to build up a force of submarines, coastal torpedo boats, torpedo bombers and conventional bomber aircraft to perform this role. The Hrabri-class submarines were one of the first new acquisitions aimed at developing a naval force capable of meeting this challenge.{{sfn|Jarman|1997a|p=779}} Hrabri (Brave) was built for the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) by the Vickers-Armstrong Naval Yard on the River Tyne in the United Kingdom.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} Her design was based on that of the British L-class submarine of World War I, and she was built using parts originally assembled for HMS L-67, which was never completed.{{sfn|Akermann|2002|p=168}} Like her sister submarine Nebojsa, she had an overall length of {{convert|72.05|m|ftin}}, a beam of {{convert|7.32|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, and a surfaced draught of {{convert|3.96|m|ftin|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}. Her surfaced displacement was {{convert|975|LT}} or {{convert|1164|LT}} submerged, and her crew consisted of 45 officers and enlisted men.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} She had an operational depth of {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=251}} The Hrabri-class had two shafts driven by two diesel engines (when surfaced) or two electric motors (when submerged). The diesel engines were rated at {{convert|2400|bhp|lk=in|abbr=on}} and the electric motors at {{convert|1600|shp|lk=in|abbr=on}}, and they could reach a top speed of {{convert|15.7|kn|lk=in}} under diesel power while surfaced, and {{convert|10|kn}} on their electric motors when submerged. They were armed with six bow-mounted {{convert|533|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} torpedo tubes, and carried twelve torpedoes.{{sfn|Fontenoy|2007|p=148}} They were also equipped with two {{convert|102|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} deck guns (one forward and one aft of the conning tower), and one machine gun.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} Their radius of action was {{convert|3800|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.{{sfn|Akermann|2002|p=166}} Service careerHrabri was launched in 1927 as the first submarine of the navy of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which later became the Royal Yugoslav Navy.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}} Along with Nebojša, she left the Tyne in late January 1928.{{sfn|Hood|1928|p=154}} In company with the Yugoslav submarine tender {{ship|Yugoslav submarine tender|Hvar||2}}, the two submarines arrived in the Bay of Kotor on the southern Adriatic coast on 8 April 1928.{{sfn|Luković 6 April 2013}} In May and June 1929, Hrabri, Nebojša, Hvar and six torpedo boats accompanied the light cruiser Dalmacija on a cruise to Malta, the Greek island of Corfu in the Ionian Sea, and Bizerte in the French protectorate of Tunisia. According to the British naval attaché, the ships and crews made a very good impression while visiting Malta.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=183}} In June and July 1930, Hrabri, Nebojša and the fleet auxiliary Sitnica again cruised the Mediterranean, visiting Alexandria and Beirut.{{sfn|Radio Tivat 9 July 2014}} In 1932, the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships engaged in few exercises or manoeuvres due to reduced budgets.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=451}} In 1934, Hrabri visited Valletta in Malta and the Kelibia Roads off the coast of Tunisia,{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=544}} and in August 1935, Hrabri again visited Malta, this time in company with the more modern French-designed submarine Osvetnik.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=641}} In August and September 1937, Hrabri, along with the other French-made submarine Smeli and the depot ship Zmaj, visited Greece, including the port of Piraeus, and the islands of Crete and Corfu.{{sfn|Jarman|1997b|p=838}} When the German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia began on 6 April 1941, she was located in the Bay of Kotor along with the three other submarines of the flotilla.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=267}} On 10 April, Hrabri and Osvetnik received orders for an operation against the Italian enclave of Zara on the Dalmatian coastline, but the mission did not proceed.{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=374}} She was later captured by the Italian XVII Corps at the Bay of Kotor.{{sfn|Bagnasco|1977|p=251}}{{sfn|Terzić|1982|p=457}} She was given the number N3 but was not commissioned and was scrapped later that year due to her poor condition.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=358}}{{sfn|Fontenoy|2007|p=148}} See also
FootnotesReferencesBooks{{refbegin}}
| last = Akermann | first = Paul | title = Encyclopedia of British Submarines 1901–1955 | year = 2002 | publisher = Periscope Publishing | location = Penzance, Cornwall | isbn = 978-0-907771-42-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=boO7WGL21EQC | ref = harv
| last = Bagnasco | first = Erminio | year = 1977 | title = Submarines of World War Two | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 978-0-87021-962-7 | ref = harv
| editor-last = Chesneau | editor-first = Roger | year = 1980 | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London, England | isbn = 978-0-85177-146-5 | ref = harv
| last = Fontenoy | first = Paul E. | year = 2007 | title = Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact | publisher = ABC-CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California | isbn = 978-1-85109-563-6 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yD3eSRfUIesC | ref = harv
| editor-last = Jarman | editor-first = Robert L. | year = 1997a | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965 | volume = 1 | publisher = Archives Edition | location = Slough, Berkshire | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5 | ref = harv
| editor-last = Jarman | editor-first = Robert L. | year = 1997b | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965 | volume = 2 | publisher = Archives Edition | location = Slough, Berkshire | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5 | ref = harv
| last = Terzić | first = Velimir | year = 1982 | title = Slom Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1941: Uzroci i posledice poraza |trans-title=The Collapse of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941: Causes and Consequences of Defeat | language = Serbo-Croatian | volume = 2 | publisher = Narodna knjiga | location = Belgrade, Yugoslavia | oclc = 10276738 | url = http://www.znaci.net/00002/367.pdf | ref = harv{{refend}} Periodicals{{refbegin}}
| last = Hood | first = A.G. | title = The Jugo-Slavian Submarines Hrabri and Nebojsa | url = | newspaper = The Shipbuilder and Marine Engine-builder | volume = 35 | issue = | location = London, England | publisher = Shipbuilder Press | date = | year = 1928 | oclc = 2450525 | ref = harv{{refend}} Websites{{refbegin}}
| last = Luković | first = Siniša | date = 6 April 2013 | accessdate = 3 October 2015 | language = Serbo-Croatian | title = 85 godina od dolaska prvih jugoslovenskih podmornica |trans-title=85 years since the arrival of the first Yugoslav submarines | newspaper = Vijesti online | url = http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/85-godina-dolaska-prvih-jugoslovenskih-podmornica-clanak-122013 | ref = {{harvid|Luković 6 April 2013}}
|author=Radio Tivat |date=9 July 2014 |accessdate=3 October 2015 |language=Serbo-Croatian |title=Tivat kroz novinsku građu - 9.jul |trans-title=Tivat in newspapers - 9 July |newspaper=Radio Tivat |url=http://radiotivat.com/index.php/zdravlje/33-tivat-kroz-novinsku-gradju/9439-tivat-kroz-novinsku-gradju-9-jul.html |ref={{harvid|Radio Tivat 9 July 2014}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008031358/http://radiotivat.com/index.php/zdravlje/33-tivat-kroz-novinsku-gradju/9439-tivat-kroz-novinsku-gradju-9-jul.html |archivedate=8 October 2015 }}{{refend}}{{Hrabri-class submarine}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Submarine | portal2=World War II | commons=y | commons-search=Category:Hrabri-class submarines }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hrabri}} 6 : 1927 ships|World War II submarines of Yugoslavia|Submarines of the Royal Yugoslav Navy|Ships built on the River Tyne|Naval ships of Yugoslavia captured by Italy during World War II|Hrabri-class submarine |
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