| 词条 | United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| court_type = circuit | court_name = United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit | abbreviation = 9th Cir. | seal = Seal of the United States Courts, Ninth Judicial Circuit.svg | seal_size = 150 | map_image_name = File:9th Circuit map.svg | map_image_width = | map_image_caption = | courthouse = James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building | location = San Francisco, California | courthouse1 = William Kenzo Nakamura U.S. Courthouse | location1 = Seattle, Washington | courthouse2 = Pioneer Courthouse | location2 = Portland, Oregon | courthouse3 = Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals | location3 = Pasadena, California | appeals_from = District of Alaska | appeals_from1 = District of Arizona | appeals_from2 = Central District of California | appeals_from3 = Eastern District of California | appeals_from4 = Northern District of California | appeals_from5 = Southern District of California | appeals_from6 = District of Hawaii | appeals_from7 = District of Idaho | appeals_from8 = District of Montana | appeals_from9 = District of Nevada | appeals_from10 = District of Oregon | appeals_from11 = Eastern District of Washington | appeals_from12 = Western District of Washington | appeals_from13 = District of Guam | appeals_from14 = District of the Northern Mariana Islands | established = March 3, 1891 | judges_assigned = 29 | circuit_justice = Elena Kagan | chief = Sidney R. Thomas | official_site = {{URL|https://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/}} }} The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (in case citations, 9th Cir.) is a U.S. Federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:
It also has appellate jurisdiction over the following territorial courts:
Headquartered in San Francisco, California, the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the thirteen courts of appeals, with 29 active judgeships. The court's regular meeting places are Seattle at the William Kenzo Nakamura United States Courthouse, Portland at the Pioneer Courthouse, San Francisco at the James R. Browning U.S. Court of Appeals Building, and Pasadena at the Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals. Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit. Although the judges travel around the circuit, the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland, cases from southern California are heard in Pasadena, and cases from northern California, Nevada, Arizona, and Hawaii are heard in San Francisco. For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel. History
The large size of the current court is because both the population of the western states and the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit have increased dramatically since the U.S. Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1891.[1] The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. As new states and territories were added to the federal judicial hierarchy in the twentieth century, many of those in the West were placed in the Ninth Circuit: the newly acquired Territory of Hawaii in 1900, Arizona upon its admission to the Union in 1912, the Territory of Alaska in 1948, Guam in 1951, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1977. The Ninth Circuit also had jurisdiction over certain American interests in China, in that it had jurisdiction over appeals from the United States Court for China during the existence of that court from 1906 through 1943.[2]{{refn|The population of China is not included in the above chart for 1920 or 1940, since the Court for China lacked plenary jurisdiction over China's domestic population, then numbering about 430 million people; the court exercised only extraterritorial jurisdiction over the relatively small number of American citizens in China.|group=fn}} However, the Philippines were never under the Ninth Circuit's jurisdiction. Congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals. Instead, appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States.[3] In 1979, the Ninth Circuit became the first federal judicial circuit to set up a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel as authorized by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978. The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders. In a dissenting opinion in a rights of publicity case involving the Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White, Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski sardonically noted that "[f]or better or worse, we are the Court of Appeals for the Hollywood Circuit."[4] Judges from more remote parts of the circuit note the contrast between legal issues confronted by populous states such as California and those confronted by rural states such as Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld, who maintains his judicial chambers in Fairbanks, Alaska, wrote in a letter in 1998: "Much federal law is not national in scope....It is easy to make a mistake construing these laws when unfamiliar with them, as we often are, or not interpreting them regularly, as we never do."[5] ControversyRate of overturned decisionsSome argue the court's rulings are reversed by the Supreme Court at a higher rate than other courts. From 1999 to 2008, of the 0.151% of Ninth Circuit Court rulings that were reviewed by the Supreme Court, 20% were affirmed, 19% were vacated, and 61% were reversed; the median reversal rate for all federal appellate courts was 68.29% for the same period.[6] From 2010 to 2015, of the cases it accepted to review, the Supreme Court reversed around 79 percent of the cases from the Ninth Circuit, ranking its reversal rate third among the circuits; the median reversal rate for all federal circuits for the same time period was around 70 percent.[7] Some argue the court's high percentage of reversals is illusory, resulting from the circuit hearing more cases than the other circuits. This results in the Supreme Court reviewing a smaller proportion of its cases, letting stand the vast majority of its cases.[8][9] Size of the courtSome argue that the Ninth Circuit faces several adverse consequences of its large size.[10] Chief among these is the Ninth Circuit's unique rules concerning the composition of an en banc court. In other circuits, en banc courts are composed of all active circuit judges, plus (depending on the rules of the particular court) any senior judges who took part in the original panel decision. By contrast, in the Ninth Circuit it is impractical for 29 or more judges to take part in a single oral argument and deliberate on a decision en masse. The court thus provides for a limited en banc review of a randomly selected 11 judge panel. This means that en banc reviews may not actually reflect the views of the majority of the court and indeed may not include any of the three judges involved in the decision being reviewed in the first place. The result, according to detractors, is a high risk of intracircuit conflicts of law where different groupings of judges end up delivering contradictory opinions. That is said to cause uncertainty in the district courts and within the bar. However, en banc review is a relatively rare occurrence in all circuits and Ninth Circuit rules provide for full en banc review in limited circumstances.[11] All recently proposed splits would leave at least one circuit with 21 judges, only two fewer than the 23 that the Ninth Circuit had when the limited en banc procedure was first adopted. In other words, after a split at least one of the circuits would still be using limited en banc courts.[12] In March 2007, Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy and Clarence Thomas testified before a House Appropriations subcommittee that the consensus among the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States was that the Ninth Circuit was too large and unwieldy and should be split.[13] Congressional officials, legislative commissions, and interest groups have all submitted proposals to divide the Ninth Circuit such as:
Current composition of the court{{As of|2019|03|26|df=US}}, the judges on the court are as follows:| index = 74 | title = Chief Judge | name = Sidney Runyan Thomas | duty station = Billings, MT | born = 1953 | term = 1996–present | chief term = 2014–present | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 76 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Susan P. Graber | duty station = Portland, OR | born = 1949 | term = 1998–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 77 | title = Circuit Judge | name = M. Margaret McKeown | duty station = San Diego, CA | born = 1951 | term = 1998–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 78 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Kim McLane Wardlaw | duty station = Pasadena, CA | born = 1954 | term = 1998–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 79 | title = Circuit Judge | name = William A. Fletcher | duty station = San Francisco, CA | born = 1945 | term = 1998–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 81 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Ronald M. Gould | duty station = Seattle, WA | born = 1946 | term = 1999–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 82 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Richard Paez | duty station = Pasadena, CA | born = 1947 | term = 2000–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 83 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Marsha S. Berzon | duty station = San Francisco, CA | born = 1945 | term = 2000–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 85 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Johnnie B. Rawlinson | duty station = Las Vegas, NV | born = 1952 | term = 2000–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Clinton }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 87 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Jay Bybee | duty station = Las Vegas, NV | born = 1953 | term = 2003–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = G.W. Bush }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 88 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Consuelo María Callahan | duty station = Sacramento, CA | born = 1950 | term = 2003–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = G.W. Bush }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 89 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Carlos Bea | duty station = San Francisco, CA | born = 1934 | term = 2003–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = G.W. Bush }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 90 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Milan Smith | duty station = El Segundo, CA | born = 1942 | term = 2006–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = G.W. Bush }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 91 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Sandra Segal Ikuta | duty station = Pasadena, CA | born = 1954 | term = 2006–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = G.W. Bush }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 93 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Mary H. Murguia | duty station = Phoenix, AZ | born = 1960 | term = 2011–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 94 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Morgan Christen | duty station = Anchorage, AK | born = 1961 | term = 2012–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 95 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Jacqueline Nguyen | duty station = Pasadena, CA | born = 1965 | term = 2012–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 96 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Paul J. Watford | duty station = Pasadena, CA | born = 1967 | term = 2012–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 97 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Andrew D. Hurwitz | duty station = Phoenix, AZ | born = 1947 | term = 2012–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 98 | title = Circuit Judge | name = John B. Owens | duty station = San Diego, CA | born = 1971 | term = 2014–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 99 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Michelle Friedland | duty station = San Jose, CA | born = 1972 | term = 2014–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Obama }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 100 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Mark J. Bennett | duty station = Honolulu, HI | born = 1953 | term = 2018–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Trump }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 101 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Ryan D. Nelson | duty station = Idaho Falls, ID | born = 1973 | term = 2018–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Trump }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 102 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Eric D. Miller | duty station = Seattle, WA | born = 1975 | term = 2019–present | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Trump }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current | index = 103 | title = Circuit Judge | name = Bridget Shelton Bade | duty station = Phoenix, AZ | born = 1965 | term = beg. 2019 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = Trump }}{{U.S. judgeship row Current| | index = 104 | title = Circuit Judge | name = vacant | duty station = — | born = — | term = — | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = — }} {{U.S. judgeship row Current| {{U.S. judgeship row Current| {{U.S. judgeship row Current| {{U.S. judgeship row Current Vacancies and pending nominations
List of former judges{{start U.S. judgeship Former}}{{U.S. judgeship row Former| index = 1 | name = {{sortname|Lorenzo|Sawyer}} | state = CA | borndied = 1820–1891 | term = 1891–1891 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Grant|List of federal judges appointed by Ulysses S. Grant}}[18] | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 2 | name = {{sortname|Joseph|McKenna}} | state = CA | borndied = 1843–1926 | term = 1892–1897 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}} | termination = resignation }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 3 | name = {{sortname|William Ball|Gilbert}} | state = OR | borndied = 1847–1931 | term = 1892–1931 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname|B.|Harrison|List of federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 4 | name = {{sortname|Erskine Mayo|Ross}} | state = CA | borndied = 1845–1928 | term = 1895–1925 | chief term = — | senior term = 1925–1928 | appointer = {{sortname||Cleveland|List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 5 | name = {{sortname|William W.|Morrow}} | state = CA | borndied = 1843–1929 | term = 1897–1923 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||McKinley|List of federal judges appointed by William McKinley}} | termination = resignation }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = — | name = {{sortname|William Henry|Hunt|William Henry Hunt (judge)}} | state = MT | borndied = 1857–1949 | term = 1911–1928 | chief term = — | senior term = 1928–1928 | appointer = [19] | termination = resignation }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 6 | name = {{sortname|Frank H.|Rudkin}} | state = WA | borndied = 1864–1931 | term = 1923–1931 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Harding|List of federal judges appointed by Warren G. Harding}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 7 | name = {{sortname|Wallace|McCamant}} | state = OR | borndied = 1867–1944 | term = 1925[20]–1926 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Coolidge|List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge}} | termination = recess appointment not confirmed }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 8 | name = {{sortname|Frank Sigel|Dietrich}} | state = ID | borndied = 1863–1930 | term = 1927–1930 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Coolidge|List of federal judges appointed by Calvin Coolidge}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 9 | name = {{sortname|Curtis D.|Wilbur}} | state = CA | borndied = 1867–1954 | term = 1929–1945 | chief term = — | senior term = 1945–1954 | appointer = {{sortname||Hoover|List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover}}[21] | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 10 | name = {{sortname|William Henry|Sawtelle}} | state = AZ | borndied = 1868–1934 | term = 1931–1934 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Hoover|List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 11 | name = {{sortname|Francis Arthur|Garrecht}} | state = WA | borndied = 1870–1948 | term = 1933–1948 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 12 | name = {{sortname|William|Denman|William Denman (judge)}} | state = CA | borndied = 1872–1959 | term = 1935–1957 | chief term = 1948–1957 | senior term = 1957–1959 | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 13 | name = {{sortname|Clifton|Mathews}} | state = AZ | borndied = 1880–1962 | term = 1935–1953 | chief term = — | senior term = 1953–1962 | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 14 | name = {{sortname|Bert E.|Haney}} | state = OR | borndied = 1879–1943 | term = 1935–1943 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 15 | name = {{sortname|Albert Lee|Stephens Sr.}} | state = CA | borndied = 1874–1965 | term = 1937–1961 | chief term = 1957–1959 | senior term = 1961–1965 | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 16 | name = {{sortname|William|Healy|William Healy (judge)}} | state = ID | borndied = 1881–1962 | term = 1937–1958 | chief term = — | senior term = 1958–1962 | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 17 | name = {{sortname|Homer|Bone}} | state = WA | borndied = 1883–1970 | term = 1944–1956 | chief term = — | senior term = 1956–1970 | appointer = {{sortname|F.|Roosevelt|List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 18 | name = {{sortname|William Edwin|Orr}} | state = NV | borndied = 1881–1965 | term = 1945–1956 | chief term = — | senior term = 1956–1965 | appointer = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 19 | name = {{sortname|Walter Lyndon|Pope}} | state = MT | borndied = 1889–1969 | term = 1949–1961 | chief term = 1959 | senior term = 1961–1969 | appointer = {{sortname||Truman|List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 20 | name = {{sortname|Dal Millington|Lemmon}} | state = CA | borndied = 1887–1958 | term = 1954–1958 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 21 | name = {{sortname|Richard Harvey|Chambers}} | state = AZ | borndied = 1906–1994 | term = 1954–1976 | chief term = 1959–1976 | senior term = 1976–1994 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 22 | name = {{sortname|James Alger|Fee}} | state = OR | borndied = 1888–1959 | term = 1954–1959 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 23 | name = {{sortname|Stanley|Barnes}} | state = CA | borndied = 1900–1990 | term = 1956–1970 | chief term = — | senior term = 1970–1990 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 24 | name = {{sortname|Frederick George|Hamley}} | state = WA | borndied = 1903–1975 | term = 1956–1971 | chief term = — | senior term = 1971–1975 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 25 | name = {{sortname|Oliver Deveta|Hamlin Jr.}} | state = CA | borndied = 1892–1973 | term = 1958–1963 | chief term = — | senior term = 1963–1973 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 26 | name = {{sortname|Gilbert H.|Jertberg}} | state = CA | borndied = 1897–1973 | term = 1958–1967 | chief term = — | senior term = 1967–1973 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 27 | name = {{sortname|Charles Merton|Merrill}} | state = NV | borndied = 1907–1996 | term = 1959–1974 | chief term = — | senior term = 1974–1996 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 28 | name = {{sortname|Montgomery Oliver|Koelsch}} | state = ID | borndied = 1912–1992 | term = 1959–1976 | chief term = — | senior term = 1976–1992 | appointer = {{sortname||Eisenhower|List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 29 | title = Senior Circuit Judge | name = {{sortname|James R.|Browning}} | state = CA | borndied = 1918–2012 | term = 1961–2000 | chief term = 1976–1988 | senior term = 2000–2012 | appointer = {{sortname||Kennedy|List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 30 | name = {{sortname|Benjamin C.|Duniway|Ben C. Duniway}} | state = CA | borndied = 1907–1986 | term = 1961–1976 | chief term = — | senior term = 1976–1986 | appointer = {{sortname||Kennedy|List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 31 | name = {{sortname|Walter Raleigh|Ely Jr.}} | state = CA | borndied = 1913–1984 | term = 1964–1979 | chief term = — | senior term = 1979–1984 | appointer = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 32 | name = {{sortname|James Marshall|Carter}} | state = CA | borndied = 1904–1979 | term = 1967–1971 | chief term = — | senior term = 1971–1979 | appointer = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 33 | name = {{sortname|Shirley|Hufstedler}} | state = CA | borndied = 1925–2016 | term = 1968–1979 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname|L.|Johnson|List of federal judges appointed by Lyndon B. Johnson}} | termination = resignation }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 34 | name = {{sortname|Eugene Allen|Wright}} | state = WA | borndied = 1913–2002 | term = 1969–1983 | chief term = — | senior term = 1983–2002 | appointer = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 35 | name = {{sortname|John|Kilkenny}} | state = OR | borndied = 1901–1995 | term = 1969–1971 | chief term = — | senior term = 1971–1995 | appointer = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 36 | name = {{sortname|Ozell Miller|Trask}} | state = AZ | borndied = 1909–1984 | term = 1971–1984 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 37 | name = {{sortname|Herbert|Choy}} | state = HI | borndied = 1916–2004 | term = 1971–1984 | chief term = — | senior term = 1984–2004 | appointer = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 40 | name = {{sortname|Joseph Tyree|Sneed III}} | state = CA | borndied = 1920–2008 | term = 1973–1987 | chief term = — | senior term = 1987–2008 | appointer = {{sortname||Nixon|List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 41 | name = {{sortname|Anthony|Kennedy}} | state = CA | borndied = 1936–present | term = 1975–1988 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Ford|List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford}} | termination = elevated to Supreme Court }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 42 | name = {{sortname|J. Blaine|Anderson}} | state = ID | borndied = 1922–1988 | term = 1976–1988 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Ford|List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 43 | name = {{sortname|Procter Ralph|Hug Jr.}} | state = NV | borndied = 1931–present | term = 1977–2002 | chief term = 1996–2000 | senior term = 2002–2017 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = retirement }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 44 | name = {{sortname|Thomas|Tang}} | state = AZ | borndied = 1922–1995 | term = 1977–1993 | chief term = — | senior term = 1993–1995 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 45 | name = Betty Binns Fletcher | state = WA | borndied = 1923–2012 | term = 1979–1998 | chief term = — | senior term = 1998–2012 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 47 | name = Otto Richard Skopil Jr. | state = OR | borndied = 1919–2012 | term = 1979–1986 | chief term = — | senior term = 1986–2012 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 49 | name = Arthur Lawrence Alarcon | state = CA | borndied = 1925–2015 | term = 1979–1992 | chief term = — | senior term = 1992–2015 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 50 | name = Harry Pregerson | state = CA | borndied = 1923–2017 | term = 1979–2015 | chief term = — | senior term = 2015–2017 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 51 | name = Warren J. Ferguson | state = CA | borndied = 1920–2008 | term = 1979–1986 | chief term = — | senior term = 1986–2008 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 52 | name = {{sortname|Cecil F.|Poole}} | state = CA | borndied = 1914–1997 | term = 1979–1996 | chief term = — | senior term = 1996–1997 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 55 | name = {{sortname|Robert|Boochever}} | state = AK | borndied = 1917–2011 | term = 1980–1986 | chief term = — | senior term = 1986–2011 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 56 | name = {{sortname|William Albert|Norris}} | state = CA | borndied = 1927–2017 | term = 1980–1994 | chief term = — | senior term = 1994–1997 | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = retirement }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 57 | name = {{sortname|Stephen|Reinhardt}} | state = CA | borndied = 1931–2018 | term = 1980–2018 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Carter|List of federal judges appointed by Jimmy Carter}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 58 | name = {{sortname|Robert R.|Beezer}} | state = WA | borndied = 1928–2012 | term = 1984-1996 | chief term = — | senior term = 1996–2012 | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 59 | name = Cynthia Holcomb Hall | state = CA | borndied = 1929–2011 | term = 1984–1997 | chief term = — | senior term = 1997–2011 | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 60 | name = {{sortname|Charles E.|Wiggins}} | state = CA | borndied = 1927–2000 | term = 1984–1996 | chief term = — | senior term = 1996–2000 | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 61 | name = {{sortname|Melvin T.|Brunetti}} | state = NV | borndied = 1933–2009 | term = 1985–1999 | chief term = — | senior term = 1999–2009 | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 62 | name = {{sortname|Alex|Kozinski}} | state = CA | borndied = 1950–present | term = 1985–2017 | chief term = 2007–2014 | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = retirement }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 63 | name = {{sortname|John T.|Noonan Jr.}} | state = CA | borndied = 1926–2017 | term = 1985–1996 | chief term = — | senior term = 1996–2017 | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 64 | name = {{sortname|David R.|Thompson}} | state = CA | borndied = 1930–2011 | term = 1985–1998 | chief term = — | senior term = 1998–2011 | appointer = {{sortname||Reagan|List of federal judges appointed by Ronald Reagan}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 69 | name = {{sortname|Pamela Ann|Rymer}} | state = CA | borndied = 1941–2011 | term = 1989–2011 | chief term = — | senior term = — | appointer = {{sortname|G.H.W.|Bush|List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush}} | termination = death }}{{U.S. judgeship row Former | index = 70 | title = Senior Circuit Judge | name = {{sortname|Thomas G.|Nelson}} | state = ID | borndied = 1936–2011 | term = 1990–2003 | chief term = — | senior term = 2003–2011 | appointer = {{sortname|G.H.W.|Bush|List of federal judges appointed by George H. W. Bush}} | termination = death }}{{end U.S. judgeship Former}} Chief judges{{start U.S. judge succession| float = right | seat title = Chief Judge }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Denman | term = 1948–1957 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Stephens, Sr. | term = 1957–1959 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Pope | term = 1959–1959 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Chambers | term = 1959–1976 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Browning | term = 1976–1988 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Goodwin | term = 1988–1991 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Wallace | term = 1991–1996 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hug, Jr. | term = 1996–2000 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Schroeder | term = 2000–2007 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Kozinski | term = 2007–2014 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Thomas | term = 2014–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{ChiefJudge}} Succession of seats{{seatTableIntro|29}}{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession| seat title = Seat 1 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on December 10, 1869 by the Judiciary Act of 1869 as a circuit judgeship for the Ninth Circuit }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Reassigned to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit by the Judiciary Act of 1891 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Sawyer | state = CA | term = 1891–1891 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = McKenna | state = CA | term = 1892–1897 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Morrow | state = CA | term = 1897–1923 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Rudkin | state = WA | term = 1923–1931 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Garrecht | state = WA | term = 1933–1948 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Pope | state = MT | term = 1949–1961 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Browning | state = MT | term = 1961–2000 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Ikuta | state = CA | term = 2006–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 2 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on June 16, 1891 by the Judiciary Act of 1891 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Gilbert | state = OR | term = 1892–1931 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Denman | state = CA | term = 1935–1957 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hamlin, Jr. | state = CA | term = 1958–1963 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Ely, Jr. | state = CA | term = 1964–1979 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Norris | state = CA | term = 1980–1994 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = W. Fletcher | state = CA | term = 1998–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 3 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on February 18, 1895 by 28 Stat. 665 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Ross | state = CA | term = 1895–1925 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = McCamant | state = OR | term = 1925–1926 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Dietrich | state = ID | term = 1927–1930 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Sawtelle | state = AZ | term = 1931–1934 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Mathews | state = AZ | term = 1935–1953 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Fee | state = OR | term = 1954–1959 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Koelsch | state = ID | term = 1959–1976 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Anderson | state = ID | term = 1976–1988 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = T. Nelson | state = ID | term = 1990–2003 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = N.R. Smith | state = ID | term = 2007–2018 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = R. Nelson | state = ID | term = 2018–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 4 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established as a temporary judgeship on March 1, 1929 by 45 Stat. 1414 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Made permanent on June 16, 1933 by 48 Stat. 310 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Wilbur | state = CA | term = 1929–1945 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Orr | state = NV | term = 1945–1956 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Barnes | state = CA | term = 1956–1970 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Choy | state = HI | term = 1971–1984 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Brunetti | state = NV | term = 1985–1999 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Rawlinson | state = NV | term = 2000–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-end}}{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 5 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on August 2, 1935 by 49 Stat. 508 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Haney | state = OR | term = 1935–1943 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Bone | state = WA | term = 1944–1956 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hamley | state = WA | term = 1956–1971 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Sneed | state = CA | term = 1973–1987 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Trott | state = CA/ID | term = 1988–2004 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Owens | state = CA | term = 2014–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 6 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on April 14, 1937 by 50 Stat. 64 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Stephens | state = CA | term = 1937–1961 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Duniway | state = CA | term = 1961–1976 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hug, Jr. | state = NV | term = 1977–2002 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Bybee | state = NV | term = 2003–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 7 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on April 14, 1937 by 50 Stat. 64 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Healy | state = ID | term = 1937–1958 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Merrill | state = NV | term = 1959–1974 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Kennedy | state = CA | term = 1975–1988 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Rymer | state = CA | term = 1989–2011 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Watford | state = CA | term = 2012–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 8 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on February 10, 1954 by 68 Stat. 871 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Lemmon | state = CA | term = 1954–1958 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Jertberg | state = CA | term = 1958–1967 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Carter | state = CA | term = 1967–1971 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Wallace | state = CA | term = 1972–1996 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Wardlaw | state = CA | term = 1998–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-end}}{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 9 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on February 10, 1954 by 68 Stat. 871 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Chambers | state = AZ | term = 1954–1976 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Tang | state = AZ | term = 1977–1993 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hawkins | state = AZ | term = 1994–2010 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Murguia | state = AZ | term = 2011–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 10 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hufstedler | state = CA | term = 1968–1979 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Boochever | state = AK | term = 1980–1986 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = O'Scannlain | state = OR | term = 1986–2016 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = vacant | state = N/A | term = 2016–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 11 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Wright | state = WA | term = 1969–1983 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Beezer | state = WA | term = 1984–1996 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Gould | state = WA | term = 1999–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 12 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Kilkenny | state = OR | term = 1969–1971 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Goodwin | state = OR | term = 1971–1991 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Kleinfeld | state = AK | term = 1991–2010 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Christen | state = AK | term = 2011–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-end}}{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 13 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on June 18, 1968 by 82 Stat. 184 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Trask | state = AZ | term = 1969–1979 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Canby, Jr. | state = AZ | term = 1980–1996 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Silverman | state = AZ | term = 1998–2016 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Bade | state = AZ | term = 2019–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 14 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = B. Fletcher | state = WA | term = 1979–1998 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Tallman | state = WA | term = 2000–2018 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Miller | state = WA | term = 2019–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 15 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Schroeder | state = AZ | term = 1979–2011 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Hurwitz | state = AZ | term = 2012–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 16 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Skopil, Jr. | state = OR | term = 1979–1986 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Leavy | state = OR | term = 1987–1997 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Graber | state = OR | term = 1998–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-end}}{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 17 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Farris | state = WA | term = 1979–1995 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = McKeown | state = WA/CA | term = 1998–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 18 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Alarcon | state = CA | term = 1979–1992 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Tashima | state = CA | term = 1996–2004 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = M.D. Smith | state = CA | term = 2006–present }}{{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession | seat title = Seat 19 }}{{U.S. judge succession note | text = Established on October 20, 1978 by 92 Stat. 1629 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = Pregerson | state = CA | term = 1979–2015 }}{{U.S. judge succession row | name = vacant | state = N/A | term = 2015–present }} {{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession {{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession {{end U.S. judge succession}}{{col-break}}{{start U.S. judge succession See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book|first=David C.|last=Frederick|title=Rugged justice: the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals and the American West, 1891-1941|isbn=9780520083813|publisher=University of California Press|date=1994}} 2. ^See, e.g., Republic of China v. Merchants' Fire Ass'n of N.Y., 49 F.2d 862 (9th Cir. 1931). As the court noted, this bizarre insurance claim dispute arose directly from the "perplexing" civil war during China's warlord era, in which various groups of military officers claimed to be the representatives of the Republic's legitimate government. 3. ^Kepner v. United States, {{ussc|195|100|1904}}. 4. ^White v. Samsung Elec. Am., Inc., 989 F.2d 1512, 1521 (9th Cir. 1993) (Kozinski, J., dissenting). 5. ^Kleinfeld, Andrew J. (1998-05-22). Memo to the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals. URL Retrieved June 21, 2005. 6. ^Landslide, Volume 2, Number 3, January/February 2010 by the American Bar Association. 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2017/feb/10/sean-hannity/no-9th-circuit-isnt-most-overturned-court-country-|title=No, the 9th Circuit isn't the 'most overturned court in the country,' as Hannity says|first=Lauren|last=Carroll|date=February 10, 2017|work=PolitiFact}} 8. ^Jerome Farris, The Ninth Circuit—Most Maligned Circuit in the Country Fact or Fiction? 58 Ohio St. L.J. 1465 (1997) (noting that, in 1996, the Supreme Court let stand 99.7 percent of the Ninth Circuit's cases). 9. ^{{cite news|title=U.S. Supreme Court again rejects most decisions by the U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals|author=Carol J. Williams|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/18/local/la-me-ninth-circuit-scorecard-20110718|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=July 18, 2011|accessdate=August 4, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last=O'Scannlain|first=Diarmuid|date=October 2005|title=Ten Reasons Why the Ninth Circuit Should Be Split|journal=Engage|volume=6|issue=2|pages=58–64|url=http://www.fed-soc.org/Publications/Engage/Oct%2005.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=May 29, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011410/http://www.fed-soc.org/Publications/Engage/Oct+05.pdf|archivedate=September 24, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web|date=October 21, 2003|url=http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/kozinski102103.htm|title=Statement of Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski to the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts|publisher=U.S. House of Representatives|accessdate=February 6, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926114549/http://judiciary.house.gov/legacy/kozinski102103.htm|archivedate=September 26, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite journal| last=Schroeder| first=Mary M.|date=April 2006| title=A Court United: A Statement of a Number of Ninth Circuit Judges| journal=Engage| volume=7| issue=1| pages=63–66| url=https://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/wsj_court_united.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=June 6, 2006|display-authors=etal}} 13. ^"America and the Courts," 48:28. C-SPAN, March 17, 2007. 14. ^{{cite web|first=Eric J.|last=Gribbin|title=47 Duke L.J. 351|url=http://www.law.duke.edu/shell/cite.pl?47+Duke+L.+J.+351+pdf|website=law.duke.edu|format=PDF}} 15. ^Final Report, Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals, Dec. 18, 1998 16. ^Testimony of Circuit Judge Richard Tallman: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, United States Senate: Committee on the Judiciary, October 26, 2005; retrieved November 19, 2007. 17. ^Govtrack.us S. 525--110th Congress (2007): Circuit Court of Appeals Restructuring and Modernization Act of 2007 (database of federal legislation): govtrack.us; retrieved February 18, 2008. 18. ^Sawyer was appointed as a circuit judge for the Ninth Circuit in 1869 by Ulysses S. Grant. The Judiciary Act of 1891 reassigned his seat to what is now the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. 19. ^Hunt did not have a permanent seat on this court. Instead, he was appointed to the ill-fated United States Commerce Court in 1911 by William Howard Taft. Aside from their duties on the Commerce Court, the judges of the Commerce Court also acted as at-large appellate judges, able to be assigned by the Chief Justice of the United States to whichever circuit most needed help. Hunt was assigned to the Ninth Circuit upon his commission. 20. ^Recess appointment. 21. ^President Coolidge first nominated Wilbur for the judgeship in the final days of his presidency, but the Senate failed to act on it before the 70tb Congress ended on March 3, 1929. "Wilbur Nominated for Judge Post," Woodland Daily Democrat, 1929-03-01 at p. 1 (noting, as the Coolidge Administration ended, that Coolidge nominated Wilbur for the new judgeship); "Sentence Cut Out by Hoover," Oakland Tribune, 1929-03-04, Section D, p. 1 (noting that the Wilbur nomination was not acted upon before the 70th Congress ended). Hoover then resubmitted the nomination to the Senate in the 71st Congress, which approved it. 22. ^Court Security Improvement Act of 2007, Pub. L. 110-177 § 509(a)(2), 121 Stat. 2534, 2543, January 7, 2008 References{{Reflist|30em}}External links{{Wikisource index}}
15 : Anchorage, Alaska|Billings, Montana|Honolulu|Las Vegas|Los Angeles|Pasadena, California|Phoenix, Arizona|Pocatello, Idaho|Portland, Oregon|Reno, Nevada|San Diego|San Francisco|Seattle|United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|United States courts of appeals |
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