| 词条 | United States Department of Health and Human Services | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|agency_name = United States Department of Health & Human Services |type = Department |logo = Flag of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.svg{{!}}border |logo_width = 175 |logo_caption = Flag of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |seal = Seal of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.svg |seal_width = 175 |seal_caption = Seal of the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |picture = DHHS2 by Matthew Bisanz.JPG |picture_width = |picture_caption = Hubert H. Humphrey Building, Department Headquarters |formed = {{start date and age|1953|4|11}} (as Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) {{Start date|1980|5|4}} (as United States Department of Health & Human Services) |preceding1 = Federal Security Agency |preceding2 = United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare |jurisdiction = Federal government of the United States |headquarters = Hubert H. Humphrey Building Washington, D.C., U.S. |employees = 79,540 (2015)[1] |chief1_name = Alex Azar |chief1_position = Secretary |chief2_name = Eric Hargan |chief2_position = Deputy Secretary |website = {{url|www.hhs.gov}} }}The United States Department of Health & Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. Its motto is "Improving the health, safety, and well-being of America".[2] Before the separate federal Department of Education was created in 1979, it was called the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW). HHS is administered by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. The United States Public Health Service (PHS) is the main division of the HHS and is led by the Assistant Secretary for Health. The current Secretary, Alex Azar, assumed office on January 29, 2018, upon his appointment by President Trump and confirmation by the Senate. The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the uniformed service of the PHS, is led by the Surgeon General who is responsible for addressing matters concerning public health as authorized by the Secretary or by the Assistant Secretary of Health in addition to his or her primary mission of administering the Commissioned Corps. HistoryFederal Security Agency{{Main|Federal Security Agency}}The Federal Security Agency (FSA) was established on July 1, 1939, under the Reorganization Act of 1939, P.L. 76-19. The objective was to bring together in one agency all federal programs in the fields of health, education, and social security. The first Federal Security Administrator was Paul V. McNutt.[3] The new agency originally consisted of the following major components: (1) Office of the Administrator, (2) Public Health Service (PHS), (3) Office of Education, (4) Civilian Conservation Corps, and (5) Social Security Board. By 1953, the Federal Security Agency's programs in health, education, and social security had grown to such importance that its annual budget exceeded the combined budgets of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, Labor and Interior and affected the lives of millions of people. Consequently, in accordance with the Reorganization Act of 1949, President Eisenhower submitted to the Congress on March 12, 1953, Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, which called for the dissolution of the Federal Security Agency and elevation of the agency to Cabinet status as the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The plan was approved April 1, 1953, and became effective on April 11, 1953. Unlike statutes authorizing the creation of other executive departments, the contents of Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 were never properly codified within the United States Code, although Congress did codify a later statute ratifying the Plan. Today, the Plan is included as an appendix to Title 5 of the United States Code. The result is that HHS is the only executive department whose statutory foundation today rests on a confusing combination of several codified and uncodified statutes.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} Department of Health, Education, and Welfare{{multiple image| footer = The seal and flag of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare | width1 = 100 | image1 = Seal of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.png | alt1 = Seal of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare | width2 = 170 | image2 = Flag of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.png | alt2 = Flag of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare }} The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) was created on April 11, 1953, when Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953 became effective. HEW thus became the first new Cabinet-level department since the Department of Labor was created in 1913. The Reorganization Plan abolished the FSA and transferred all of its functions to the Secretary of HEW and all components of the Agency to the Department. The first Secretary of HEW was Oveta Culp Hobby, a native of Texas, who had served as Commander of the Women's Army Corps in World War II and was editor and publisher of the Houston Post. Sworn in on April 11, 1953, as Secretary, she had been FSA Administrator since January 21, 1953. The six major program-operating components of the new Department were the Public Health Service, the Office of Education, the Food and Drug Administration, the Social Security Administration, the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, and St. Elizabeth's Hospital. The Department was also responsible for three federally aided corporations: Howard University, the American Printing House for the Blind, and the Columbia Institution for the Deaf (Gallaudet College since 1954).[4] Department of Health & Human ServicesThe Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) in 1979,[5] when its education functions were transferred to the newly created United States Department of Education under the Department of Education Organization Act.[6] HHS was left in charge of the Social Security Administration, agencies constituting the Public Health Service, and Family Support Administration. In 1995, the Social Security Administration was removed from the Department of Health & Human Services, and established as an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States Government. The 2010 United States federal budget established a reserve fund of more than $630 billion over 10 years to finance fundamental reform of the health care system.[7] OrganizationThe Department of Health & Human Services is led by the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, a member of the United States Cabinet appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate. The Secretary is assisted in managing the Department by the Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services, who is also appointed by the President. The Secretary and Deputy Secretary are further assisted by seven Assistant Secretaries, who serve as top Departmental administrators. As of Jan. 20, 2018, this is the top level of the organizational chart. HHS provides [https://www.hhs.gov/about/agencies/orgchart/index.html further organizational detail] on its website. Several agencies within HHS are components of the USPHS or Public Health Service (PHS), as noted below.
Office of Inspector GeneralThe Office of the Inspector General (OIG) investigates criminal activity for HHS. The special agents who work for OIG have the same title series "1811", training and authority as other federal criminal investigators, such as the FBI, ATF, DEA and Secret Service. However, OIG Special Agents have special skills in investigating white collar crime related to Medicare and Medicaid fraud and abuse. Organized crime has dominated the criminal activity relative to this type of fraud. HHS-OIG investigates tens of millions of dollars in Medicare fraud each year. In addition, OIG will continue its coverage of all 50 states and the District of Columbia by its multi-agency task forces (PSOC Task Forces) that identify, investigate, and prosecute individuals who willfully avoid payment of their child support obligations under the Child Support Recovery Act. HHS-OIG agents also provide protective services to the Secretary of HHS, and other department executives as necessary. In 2002, the department released Healthy People 2010, a national strategic initiative for improving the health of Americans. With the passage of the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, and the Affordable Care Act of 2010, the Office of the Inspector General has taken an emboldened stance against healthcare related non-compliance, most notably for violations of Stark Law and the Anti-Kickback Statute.[8] In 2015, the OIG issued a fraud alert as a warning to hospitals and healthcare systems to monitor and comply with their physician compensation arrangements.[9] Recent years have seen dramatic increases in both the number and the amounts of Stark Law violation settlements, prompting healthcare experts to identify a need for automated solutions that manage physician arrangements by centralizing necessary information with regard to physician-hospital integration.[10] Contract management software companies such as Meditract provide options for health systems to organize and store physician contracts. Ludi Inc introduced DocTime Log®, an SaaS solution that specifically addresses this growing concern, automating physician time logging in compliance with contract terms to eliminate Stark Law and Anti-Kickback Statute violations.[11] Former operating divisions and agencies
Relationship with state and local health departmentsThere are three tiers of health departments, the federal health department, state health department and local health department. In relation with state and local government, the federal government provides states with funding to ensure that states are able to retain current programs and are able to implement new programs. The coordination between all three health departments is critical to ensure the programs being implemented are well structured and suited to the corresponding level of health department. The health department at state level needs to safeguard good relations with legislators as well as governors in order to acquire legal and financial aid to guarantee the development and enhancements of the programs. Assemblies are set up to guide the relationships between state and local health departments. The state sets up the regulations and health policies whereas the local health departments are the ones implementing the health policies and services.[12][13] As of 2018, there are ten regional offices that have separated the states in groups of four to eight. These offices directly work with the state departments, local governments, and tribal councils. The directors from each regional office are appointed directly by the active president. The follow is a list of who runs each regional office: Region 1: John McGough Region 6: Mervin Turner Region 2: Dennis González Region 7: Jeff Kahrs Region 3: Matt Baker Region 8: Brian Shiozawa Region 4: Renee Ellmers Region 9: Unknown Region 5: Douglas O' Brien Region 10: John R. Graham Budget and financesThe Department of Health & Human Services was authorized a budget for fiscal year 2015 of $1.020 trillion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows:[14]
ProgramsThe Department of Health & Human Services' administers 115 programs across its 11 operating divisions.[15] The United States Department of Health & Human Services (HHS) aims to "protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves."[16] These federal programs consist of social service programs, civil rights and healthcare privacy programs, disaster preparedness programs, and health related research. HHS offers a variety of social service programs geared toward persons with low income, disabilities, military families, and senior citizens.[17] Healthcare rights are defined under HHS in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) which protect patient's privacy in regards to medical information, protects workers health insurance when unemployed, and sets guidelines surrounding some health insurance. HHS collaborates with the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response and Office of Emergency Management to prepare and respond to health emergencies.[18][19] A broad array of health related research is supported or completed under the HHS; secondarily under HHS, the Health Resources & Service Administration houses data warehouses and makes health data available surrounding a multitude of topics.[20][21] HHS also has vast offering of health related resources and tools to help educate the public on health policies and pertinent population health information. Some examples of available resources include disease prevention, wellness, health insurance information, as well as links to healthcare providers and facilities, meaningful health related materials, public health and safety information.[22][23][24][25][26][27] Some highlights include: {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)This program is to ensure the act and accountability of medical professionals to respect and carry-out basic human health rights. In the United States, the government feels that it is essential for the American people to understand their civil duty and rights to all of their medical information. That includes: health insurance policies or medical records from every doctor or emergency visit in one's life. Through Health & Human services one is able to file a complaint that their HIPAA rights have been violated or a consultant that will be able to decide if their rights were violated. Social ServicesThis branch has everything to do with the social justice, wellness, and care of all people throughout the United States. This includes but is not limited to people who need government assistance, foster care, unaccompanied alien children, daycares (headstart included), adoption, senior citizens, and disability programs. Social services is one of it not the largest branch of programs underneath it that has a wide variety throughout the United States at a state and local level. Prevention and WellnessThe prevention and wellness program's main idea is to give the American people the ability to live the healthiest and best lifestyle physically that they can. They are the ones who deal with vaccines and immunizations, which fight from common diseases to deadly ones. The nutrition & fitness program that are the basics of healthy eating and regular exercise. Health screenings & family health history which are crucial in the knowledge of each individual's health and body. A severely important one especially in today's society is mental health & substance abuse in where they help people with mental illness and drug abuse. Lastly, they help with environmental health where people are researching and studying how our environments both physical and metaphorically have a short and long term effect on our health and wellness. Strengthening Communities FundIn June 2010, the Department of Health & Human Services created the Strengthening Communities Fund[29] as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. The fund was appropriated $50 million to be given as grants to organizations in the United States who were engaged in Capacity Building programs. The grants were given to two different types of capacity builders:
BiodefenseHHS plays a role in protecting the United States against bioterrorism events. In 2018, HHS released a new National Biodefense Strategy required by passage of the 2016 Biodefense Strategy Act. The Biodefense Strategy required implementation of a biodefense strategy after a 2015 Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense report found that the 2009 National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats was inadequate in protecting the U.S. The strategy adopted these five central recommendations: creating a single centralized approach to biodefense; implementing an interdisciplinary approach to biodefense that brings together policy makers, scientists, health experts, and academics; drawing up a comprehensive strategy to address human, plant, and animal health; creating a defense against global and domestic biological threats; and creating a proactive policy to combat the misuse and abuse of advanced biotechnology.[31] HHS also runs the Biodefense Steering Committee, which works with other federal agencies including the Department of State, Department of Defense (DOD), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Environmental Protection Agency.[31] HHS specifically oversees Project BioShield, established in 2003 and operating since 2004, and its development and production of genetically based bio-weapons and vaccines. HHS together with DHS are authorized under the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to deploy the weapons and vaccines produced by Project BioShield on the US general public under martial law during "emerging terrorist threats" or public health emergencies. Both HHS and DHS have similar authorities through state-based legislation adopted from Model State Emergency Health Powers Act provisions. Criticisms and controversies{{see also|Criticism of the United States government#Criticism of agencies}}In 2016, a published US Senate report revealed that several dozen unaccompanied children from Central America, some as young as fourteen years old, were released from custody to traffickers where they were sexually assaulted, starved or forced to work for little or no pay.[32] The HHS sub agency Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) released approximately 90,000 unaccompanied children during 2013-2015 but did not track their whereabouts or properly screen families accepting these children.[33]To prevent similar episodes, the Homeland Security and Health & Human Services Departments signed a memorandum of understanding in 2016, and agreed to establish joint procedures within one year for dealing with unaccompanied migrant children. As of 2018 they have failed to do so. Between October and December 2017, officials from ORR tried to contact 7,635 children and their sponsors. From these calls, officials learned that 6,075 children remained with their sponsors. Twenty-eight had run away, five had been removed from the United States and fifty-two had relocated to live with a non sponsor. However, officials have lost track of 1,475 children.[34] ORR claims it is not legally liable for the safety and status of the children once released from custody.[35] DHS claims the migrating children are "terror threats",[36][37] despite all evidence{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} to the contrary. After falsely categorizing people as terror threats, a range of unconstitutional activities can be undertaken by HHS and DHS.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} Beyond trafficking and disappearing migrating children, HHS is evidenced to be actively coercing and forcing bio-substances such as antipsychotics[38] on migrating children without consent, and under questionable medical supervision. Medical professionals state that wrongly prescribed antipsychotics are especially dangerous for children, and can cause permanent psychological damage.[39] Medical professionals also state DHS and HHS incarceration and separation policies are likewise causing irreparable mental harm to the children.[40][41] Children are also dying in HHS custody.[42] The forced drugging, deaths, and disappearances of migrating Mexican and Central American children might be related to DHS falsely labeling them and their families as 'terror threats' before HHS manages their incarcerations. Despite a federal court order,[43] the DHS separation practices mandated by the Trump administration's "zero-tolerance" policy[44] have not been halted, and HHS has not stopped forcing drugs on the children it incarcerates. Freedom of Information Act processing performanceIn the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act (United States) (FOIA) requests published in 2015 (using 2012 and 2013 data, the most recent years available), the DHHS ranked second to last, earning an F by scoring 57 out of a possible 100 points, largely due to a low score on its particular disclosure rules. It had deteriorated from a D- in 2013.[45] == Related legislation == {{div col|colwidth=30em}}
See also{{Portal|Government of the United States|Health and fitness|Medicine}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Notes and references1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2015-hhs-budget-in-brief/hhs-fy2015budget-in-brief-overview.html|title=2015 Budget in Brief|first=Office of Budget (OB), Assistant Secretary for Financial Resources|last=(ASFR)|date=March 27, 2014|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502064155/http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2015-hhs-budget-in-brief/hhs-fy2015budget-in-brief-overview.html|archivedate=May 2, 2015|df=mdy-all}} 2. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.hhs.gov/about/ | title=About HHS | publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | accessdate=November 13, 2013 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113071606/http://www.hhs.gov/about | archivedate=November 13, 2013 | df=mdy-all }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://aspe.hhs.gov/info/hewhistory.htm |title=Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. A Common Thread of Service: An Historical Guide to HEW. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 73-45 |date=July 1, 1972 |accessdate=January 9, 2014 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140214115034/http://aspe.hhs.gov/info/hewhistory.htm |archivedate=February 14, 2014 |df=mdy-all }} 4. ^Preliminary inventory of the records of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (PI 181, Record Group 235), National Archives and Records Service, 1975. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t17t20+4573+0++%28%29%20%20AND%20%28%2820%29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20AND%20%28USC%20w%2F10%20%283508%29%29%3ACITE|title=Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives, Title 20, Section 3508|website=house.gov|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619032627/http://uscode.house.gov/uscode-cgi/fastweb.exe?getdoc+uscview+t17t20+4573+0++%28%29%20%20AND%20%28%2820%29%20ADJ%20USC%29%3ACITE%20AND%20%28USC%20w%2F10%20%283508%29%29%3ACITE|archivedate=June 19, 2012|df=mdy-all|access-date=January 7, 2012}} 6. ^[https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/53070589 Full text of the Department of Education Organization Act] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507212646/https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/53070589 |date=May 7, 2018 }}, P.L. 96-88. 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306211818/https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/assets/fy2010_new_era/A_New_Era_of_Responsibility2.pdf|archivedate=March 6, 2009|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-03-06|df=mdy-all}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Becker's Hospital Review|url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/4-trends-in-the-current-stark-law-enforcement-climate.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829062351/http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/4-trends-in-the-current-stark-law-enforcement-climate.html|archivedate=August 29, 2015|df=mdy-all}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=Becker's Hospital Review|url=https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/alerts/guidance/Fraud_Alert_Physician_Compensation_06092015.pdf|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701222722/https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/alerts/guidance/Fraud_Alert_Physician_Compensation_06092015.pdf|archivedate=July 1, 2015|df=mdy-all}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Becker's Hospital Review|url=http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/why-it-takes-60-minutes-or-less-to-find-a-stark-law-violation-at-a-hospital.html|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714021500/http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/why-it-takes-60-minutes-or-less-to-find-a-stark-law-violation-at-a-hospital.html|archivedate=July 14, 2015|df=mdy-all}} 11. ^{{cite news|title=Ludi, Inc. Closes $1M in Series A Financing|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140729006233/en/Ludi-Closes-1M-Series-Financing#.VZMGhvlViko|publisher=Business Wire|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910152838/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20140729006233/en/Ludi-Closes-1M-Series-Financing#.VZMGhvlViko|archivedate=September 10, 2015|df=mdy-all}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-statement-development-process|title=Policy Statement Development Process|website=American Public Health Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122641/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-statement-development-process|archivedate=October 1, 2017|deadurl=no|accessdate=30 September 2017|df=mdy-all}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/21/09/50/the-state-health-department|title=The State Health Department|website=American public health department|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075714/https://www.apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2014/07/21/09/50/the-state-health-department|archivedate=September 17, 2017|deadurl=no|accessdate=30 September 2017|df=mdy-all}} 14. ^[https://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2015/fy-2015-budget-in-brief.pdf 2015 Department of Health & Human Services Budget-in-Brief] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326111258/http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2015/fy-2015-budget-in-brief.pdf |date=March 26, 2015 }}, pg 10, United States Department of Health & Human Services, Accessed July 14, 2015. 15. ^[https://www.hhs.gov/budget/#program Budget and Performance] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428051549/http://www.hhs.gov/budget |date=April 28, 2015 }}. HHS.gov. 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PHE|website=www.phe.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170623/https://www.phe.gov/about/oem/Pages/default.aspx|archivedate=September 7, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/research/index.html/|title=Research|first=Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=February 26, 2015|website=hhs.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171754/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/research/index.html/|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.healthdata.gov/content/about/|title=HealthData.gov|website=www.healthdata.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214008/https://www.healthdata.gov/content/about|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/index.html|title=Programs & Services|first=Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=January 29, 2015|website=HHS.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171227/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/index.html/|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/prevention-and-wellness/index.html|title=Prevention & Wellness|first=Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=February 26, 2015|website=hhs.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171855/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/prevention-and-wellness/index.html|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/health-insurance/index.html|title=Health Insurance|first=Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=February 26, 2015|website=hhs.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171832/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/health-insurance/index.html|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/providers-and-facilities/index.html|title=Providers & Facilities|first=Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=April 9, 2015|website=hhs.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171521/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/providers-and-facilities/index.html|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/topic-sites/index.html|title=Featured Topic Sites|first=Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=March 3, 2015|website=hhs.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171352/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/topic-sites/index.html|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/programs/public-health-safety/index.html|title=Public Health & Safety|first=Digital Communications Division (DCD), Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs|last=(ASPA)|date=February 26, 2015|website=hhs.gov|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917171651/https://www.hhs.gov/programs/public-health-safety/index.html|archivedate=September 17, 2017|df=mdy-all}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/css|title=Home - 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External links{{Commons category|United States Department of Health & Human Services}}
4 : 1953 establishments in the United States|Government agencies established in 1953|United States Department of Health and Human Services|United States federal executive departments |
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开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。