| 词条 | United States House Committee on Ways and Means | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| background_color = #800202 | name = Committee on Ways and Means | legislature = 116th United States Congress | coa_pic = Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg | coa_res = 125px | coa_alt = Seal of the U.S. House of Representatives | logo_pic = File:Ways and Means.svg | logo_res = 125px | logo_alt = Flag of the United States House of Representatives | logo_caption = Committee seal | body = United States Congress | foundation = {{Start date|1795|12|21}} | new_session = {{Start date|2019|01|03}} | leader1_type = Chair | leader1 = Richard Neal | party1 = (D) | election1 = January 3, 2019 | leader2_type = Ranking Member | leader2 = Kevin Brady | election2 = January 3, 2019 | party2 = (R) | election5 = January 3, 2015 | members = 42 members | political_groups1 = Majority (Democratic)
| website = {{URL|waysandmeans.house.gov}} }} The Committee on Ways and Means is the chief tax-writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. Members of the Ways and Means Committee are not allowed to serve on any other House Committee unless they are granted a waiver from their party's congressional leadership. The Committee has jurisdiction over all taxation, tariffs, and other revenue-raising measures, as well as a number of other programs including Social Security, unemployment benefits, Medicare, the enforcement of child support laws, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and foster care and adoption programs. The United States Constitution requires that all bills regarding taxation must originate in the U.S. House of Representatives. Since House procedure is that all bills regarding taxation must go through this committee, the committee is very influential, as is its Senate counterpart, the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance. Recent chairmen have included Bill Thomas, Charlie Rangel, Sander Levin, Dave Camp, Paul Ryan and Kevin Brady. On January 3, 2019, Richard Neal was sworn in as the new Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means upon the commencement of the 116th Congress.[1] HistoryThe conclusion of a ways and means committee to handle the financial matters of a legislature is an old one, having been used in the Parliament of the United Kingdom and the colonial and early state legislatures in America.{{cn|date=January 2017}} The Ways and Means Committee was first established during the first Congress, in 1789. However, this initial version was disbanded after only 8 weeks; for the next several years, only ad hoc committees were formed, to write up laws on notions already debated in the whole House. It was first established as a standing committee by resolution adopted December 21, 1795,[2] and first appeared among the list of regular standing committees on January 7, 1802.[3] Upon its original creation, it held power over both taxes and spending, until the spending power was given to the new Appropriations Committee in 1865.[4] During the Civil War the key policy-maker in Congress was Thaddeus Stevens, as chairman of the Committee and Republican floor leader. He took charge of major legislation that funded the war effort and permanently transformed the nation's economic policies regarding tariffs, bonds, income and excise taxes, national banks, suppression of money issued by state banks, greenback currency, and western railroad land grants.[5] Stevens was one of the major policymakers regarding Reconstruction, and obtained a House vote of impeachment against President Andrew Johnson (who was acquitted by the Senate in 1868). Hans Trefousse, his leading biographer, concludes that Stevens "was one of the most influential representatives ever to serve in Congress. [He dominated] the House with his wit, knowledge of parliamentary law, and sheer willpower, even though he was often unable to prevail."[6] Historiographical views of Stevens have dramatically shifted over the years, from the early 20th-century view of Stevens and the Radical Republicans as tools of enormous business and motivated by hatred of the white South, to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards, who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves.{{cn|date=January 2017}} Three future presidents - James Polk, Millard Fillmore, and William McKinley - served as Committee Chairman. Before the official roles of floor leader came about in the late 19th century, the Chairman of Ways and Means was considered the Majority Leader. The Chairman is one of very few Representatives to have office space within the Capitol building itself.[7] Political significance{{United States House of Representatives}}Because of its wide jurisdiction, Ways and Means has always been one of the most important committees with respect to impact on policy. Although it lacks the prospects for reelection help that comes with the Appropriations Committee, it is seen as a valuable post for two reasons: given the wide array of interests that are affected by the committee, a seat makes it easy to collect campaign contributions[8] and since its range is broad, members with a wide array of policy concerns often seek positions to be able to influence policy decisions. Some recent major issues that have gone through the Ways and Means Committee include welfare reform, a Medicare prescription drug benefit, Social Security reform, George W. Bush's tax cuts, and trade agreements including the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA). Until 1974, the Ways and Means Committee decided which chairmanships newly elected members of Congress would have, along with its regular financial duties.[9] When Ways and Means chair Wilbur Mills' career ended in scandal, Congressman Phillip Burton transferred the committee's selection powers to a separate, newly created committee.[9] Members, 116th Congress
Historical membership rosters115th Congress
SubcommitteesThere are six subcommittees in the 116th Congress. In 2011, the Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support was renamed the Subcommittee on Human Resources, returning to the name it held prior to the 110th United States Congress.[10] In 2015, the Select Revenue Measures was renamed the Subcommittee on Tax Policy.[11] In 2019 these two subcommittees were again renamed under Democratic control; Human Resources became Worker and Family Support and Tax Policy was renamed to Select Revenue Measures.
List of Chairs
See also{{Portal|Government of the United States}}
References
1. ^{{cite news |last=Herb |first=Jeremy |publisher=CNN |title=The 5 House chairs who are about to make life much harder for Trump |date=January 1, 2019 |accessdate=January 21, 2019 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/31/politics/democratic-investigations-chair-maxine-waters/index.html}} 2. ^Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 38 3. ^Ways and Means Bicentennial History, Page 58 4. ^Cannon, J. M., Time and Chance: Gerald Ford's Appointment with History (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=iYOhN17-rDkC&pg=PA58 p. 58]. 5. ^{{cite book|author=Heather Cox Richardson|title=The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZVjReDrxKYC&pg=PA9|year=1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=9, 41, 52, 111, 116, 120, 182, 202}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Hans L. Trefousse|title=Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIEQr2ZLLhoC&pg=PA214|year=1991|publisher=Greenwood |page=214}} 7. ^Schraufnagel, S., Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress (Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2011), [https://books.google.com/books?id=kCekVq3piTsC&pg=PA239 p. 239]. 8. ^{{cite journal |last1= Grier|first1= Kevin|last2= Munger|first2= Michael|year= 1991|title=Committee Assignments, Constituent Preferences and Campaign Contributions |journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=24–43 |publisher= |doi=10.1111/j.1465-7295.1991.tb01250.x}} 9. ^1 {{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|coauthors= |year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|page= |pages= 276–279|url= }} 10. ^{{cite web| url=http://waysandmeans.house.gov/news/documentsingle.aspx?DocumentID=316841| title=Chairman Camp Announces Republican Membership on Ways & Means Subcommittees for 113th Congress| date=January 15, 2013| accessdate=2013-01-22}} 11. ^{{cite web| url=http://waysandmeans.house.gov/chairman-brady-announces-republican-subcommittee-chairs-members| title=Chairman Brady Announces Republican Subcommittee Chairs, Members| date=November 18, 2015| accessdate=2015-11-18}} External links
3 : Committees of the United States House of Representatives|1789 establishments in the United States|United States federal taxation legislation |
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