“United States Secretary of Defense”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Secretary of Defense (SecDef) is the leader and chief executive officer of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the Armed Forces of the U.S.^[5]^[6]^[7] The Secretary of Defense's position of command and authority over the U.S. military is second only to that of the President and Congress, respectively.^[8] This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in many other countries.^[9] The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council.^[10]

Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in {{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}} provides that the Secretary of Defense has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense", and is further designated by the same statute as "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense".^[11] To ensure civilian control of the military, no one may be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years of serving as a commissioned officer of a regular (i.e., non-reserve) component of an armed force.^[12]

Subject only to the orders of the President, the Secretary of Defense is in the chain of command and exercises command and control, for both operational and administrative purposes, over all Department of Defense forces — the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, and Air Force — as well as the U.S. Coast Guard when its command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17] Only the Secretary of Defense (or the president or Congress) can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments (the departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force) and the 10 Combatant Commands (Africa Command, Central Command, European Command, Indo-Pacific Command, Northern Command, Southern Command, Cyber Command, Special Operations Command, Strategic Command, Transportation Command).^[13] Because the Office of Secretary of Defense is vested with legal powers which exceed those of any commissioned officer, and is second only to the President in the military hierarchy, its incumbent has sometimes unofficially been referred to as a de facto "deputy commander-in-chief".^[18]^[19]^[20] (The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the President, and while the Chairman may assist the Secretary and President in their command functions, the Chairman is not in the chain of command.^[21])

The Secretary of Defense, Secretary of State, the Attorney General, and the Secretary of the Treasury are generally regarded as heading the four most important departments.^[22]

Since January 1, 2019, the Secretary of Defense has been Deputy Defense Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan, serving in an acting capacity.^[23] His predecessor, Jim Mattis, resigned on December 20, 2018, effective February 2019, after failing to persuade President Donald Trump to reconsider a decision to withdraw U.S. troops from Syria.^[24]^[25] A few days later, Trump announced that Mattis would leave at the end of December.^[26]

History

An Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. The War Department, headed by the Secretary of War, was created by Act of Congress in 1789 and was responsible for both the Army and Navy until the founding of a separate Department of the Navy in 1798.

Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were soon made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization and the status quo. The resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act split the Department of War into the Department of the Army and Department of the Navy and established the National Military Establishment (NME), presided over by the Secretary of Defense. The Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Army to become its own branch of service, the United States Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained cabinet status. The first Secretary of Defense, James Forrestal, who in his previous capacity as Secretary of the Navy had opposed creation of the new position, found it difficult to exercise authority over the other branches with the limited powers his office had at the time. To address this and other problems, the National Security Act was amended in 1949 to further consolidate the national defense structure in order to reduce interservice rivalry, directly subordinate the Secretaries of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force to the Secretary of Defense in the chain of command, and rename the National Military Establishment as the Department of Defense, making it one Executive Department. The position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time.

The general trend since 1949 has been to further centralize management in the Department of Defense, elevating the status and authorities of civilian OSD appointees and defense-wide organizations at the expense of the military departments and the services within them. The last major revision of the statutory framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made.

Powers and functions

The Secretary of Defense, appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, is by federal law ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}) the head of the Department of Defense, "the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense", and has "authority, direction and control over the Department of Defense". Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs, the Secretary of Defense, and the Secretary's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority.

As the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are "under" the Secretary of Defense. Some of those high-ranking officials, civil and military (outside of OSD and the Joint Staff) are: the Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Air Force, Army Chief of Staff, Commandant of the Marine Corps, Chief of Naval Operations, and Air Force Chief of Staff, Chief of the National Guard Bureau and the Combatant Commanders of the Combatant Commands. All of these high-ranking positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation.

The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and the Joint Staff (JS), Office of the Inspector General (DODIG), the Combatant Commands, the Military Departments (Department of the Army (DA), Department of the Navy (DON) & Department of the Air Force (DAF)), the Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities, the National Guard Bureau (NGB), and such other offices, agencies, activities, organizations, and commands established or designated by law, or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense.

Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department, and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987.^[27]^[28]

Office of the Secretary of Defense

The Secretary's principally civilian staff element is called the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and is composed of the Deputy Secretary of Defense (DEPSECDEF) and five Under Secretaries of Defense in the fields of Acquisition, Technology & Logistics, Comptroller/Chief Financial Officer, Intelligence, Personnel & Readiness, and Policy; several Assistant Secretaries of Defense; other directors and the staffs under them.

The name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff (JS).

Awards and decorations

The Defense Distinguished Service Medal (DDSM), the Defense Superior Service Medal (DSSM), the Defense Meritorious Service Medal (DMSM), the Joint Service Commendation Medal (JSCM) and the Joint Service Achievement Medal (JSAM) are awarded, to military personnel for service in joint duty assignments, in the name of the Secretary of Defense. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award (JMUA), which is the only ribbon (as in non-medal) and unit award issued to joint DoD activities, also issued in the name of the Secretary of Defense.

The DDSM is analogous to the distinguished services medals issued by the military departments (i.e. Army Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Distinguished Service Medal & Air Force Distinguished Service Medal), the DSSM corresponds to the Legion of Merit, the DMSM to the Meritorious Service Medal, the JSCM to the service commendation medals, and the JSAM to the achievement medals issued by the services. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials: the DDSM can only be awarded by the Secretary of Defense.

Recommendations for the Medal of Honor (MOH), formally endorsed in writing by the Secretary of the Military Department concerned and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, are processed through the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, and such recommendations be must approved by the Secretary of Defense before it can be handed over to the President, who is the final approval authority for the MOH, although it is awarded in the name of Congress.

The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, is the approval authority for the acceptance and wear of NATO medals issued by the Secretary General of NATO and offered to the U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U.S. Service members who meet the eligibility criteria specified by NATO.^[29]

Congressional committees

As the head of the department, the Secretary of Defense is the chief witness for the congressional committees with oversight responsibilities over the Department of Defense. The most important committees, with respect to the entire department, are the two authorizing committees, the Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) and the House Armed Services Committee (HASC), and the two appropriations committees, the Senate Appropriations Committee and the House Appropriations Committee.

For the DoD intelligence programs the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence have the principal oversight role.

National Security Council

The Secretary of Defense is a statutory member of the National Security Council.^[30] As one of the principals, the Secretary along with the Vice President, Secretary of State and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs participates in biweekly Principals Committee (PC) meetings, preparing and coordinating issues before they are brought before full NSC sessions chaired by the President.

Role in the military justice system

The Secretary is one of only five or six civilians—the others being the President, the three "service secretaries" (the Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and Secretary of the Air Force), and the Secretary of Homeland Security (when the United States Coast Guard is under the United States Department of Homeland Security and has not been transferred to the Department of the Navy under the Department of Defense)—authorized to act as convening authority in the military justice system for General Courts-Martial ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|822}}: article 22, UCMJ), Special Courts-Martial ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|823}}: article 23, UCMJ), and Summary Courts-Martial ({{UnitedStatesCode|10|824}}: article 24 UCMJ).

Amenities

Salary

Secretary of Defense is a Level I position of the Executive Schedule,^[4] and thus earns a salary of $210,700 per year as of January 2018.

List of Secretaries of Defense

The longest-serving Secretary of Defense is Robert McNamara, who served for a total of 7 years, 39 days. Combining his two non-sequential services as Secretary of Defense, the second-longest serving is Donald Rumsfeld, who served just ten days fewer than McNamara. The second-longest unbroken tenure was Caspar Weinberger's, at 6 years, 306 days.

The shortest-serving Secretary of Defense is Elliot Richardson, who served 114 days and then was appointed U.S. Attorney General amid the resignations of the Watergate Scandal. (This is not counting Deputy Secretary of Defense William P. Clements and William Howard Taft IV, who each served a few weeks as temporary/acting Secretary of Defense).

Succession

Presidential succession

The Secretary of Defense is sixth in the presidential line of succession, following the Secretary of the Treasury and preceding the Attorney General.^[63]

Secretary of Defense succession

In {{ExecutiveOrder|13533}} of March 1, 2010, President Barack Obama modified the line of succession regarding who would act as Secretary of Defense in the event of a vacancy or incapacitation, thus reversing the changes made by President George W. Bush in {{ExecutiveOrder|13394}} as to the relative positions of the Secretaries of the Military Departments. All of the officials in the line of succession are civilians appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate:

Living former Secretaries of Defense

As of {{Monthyear}}, there are nine living former Secretaries of Defense, the oldest being William Perry (1994–1997, born 1927). The most recent Secretary of Defense to die was Harold Brown (1977–1981), on January 4, 2019.

See also

References

Footnotes

1. ^http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/UniformedServices/Flags/Pos_Colors_DoD.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512230016/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/UniformedServices/Flags/Pos_Colors_DoD.aspx |date=May 12, 2013 }}, accessed on January 4, 2012.
2. ^Trask & Goldberg: p. 177.
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19|title=3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act|publisher=}}
4. ^¹{{UnitedStatesCode|5|5312}}.
5. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}.
6. ^DoDD 5100.1: Enclosure 2: a
7. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|5|101}}.
8. ^Trask & Goldberg: p.11
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm|title=NATO – member countries|last=|first=|date=|website=NATO|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=January 4, 2012}}
10. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|50|402}}.
11. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|10|113}}
12. ^The National Security Act of 1947 originally required an interval of ten years after relief from active duty, which was reduced to seven years by Sec. 903(a) of the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act. In 1950 Congress passed special legislation (Pub. Law 81-788) to allow George C. Marshall to serve as Secretary of Defense while remaining a commissioned officer on the active list of the Army (Army regulations kept all five-star generals on active duty for life), but warned:

It is hereby expressed as the intent of the Congress that the authority granted by this Act is not to be construed as approval by the Congress of continuing appointments of military men to the office of Secretary of Defense in the future. It is hereby expressed as the sense of the Congress that after General Marshall leaves the office of Secretary of Defense, no additional appointments of military men to that office shall be approved.

Defenselink bio, Retrieved February 8, 2010; and Marshall Foundation bio, Retrieved February 8, 2010.
13. ^¹{{UnitedStatesCode|10|162}}
14. ^Joint Publication 1: II-9, II-10 & II-11.
15. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|10|3011}}
16. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|10|5011}}
17. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|10|8011}}
18. ^Trask & Goldberg: pp.11 & 52
19. ^Cohen: p.231.
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2006/10/31/2215/rumsfelds-management-failures/|title=Rumsfeld's Management Failures|last=Korb|first=Lawrence J.|last2=Ogden|first2=Pete|date=2006-10-31|website=Center for American Progress|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=January 6, 2012}}
21. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|10|152}}
22. ^Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://dod.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography-View/Article/1252116/patrick-m-shanahan/|title=Patrick M. Shanahan – Acting Secretary of Defense|date=January 1, 2019|publisher=United States Department of Defense|accessdate=January 1, 2019}}
24. ^{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Helene |publisher=The New York Times |title=Jim Mattis, Marine General Turned Defense Secretary, Will Leave Pentagon in February |date=December 20, 2018 |accessdate=December 20, 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/20/us/politics/jim-mattis-defense-secretary-trump.html}}
25. ^{{cite news |last1=O'Brien |first1=Connor |last2=Bender |first2=Brien |publisher=POLITICO |title=Mattis breaks with Trump in resignation letter |date=December 20, 2018 |accessdate=December 20, 2018 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/12/20/mattis-to-retire-in-february-trump-says-1072150}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1076881816462737408|title=I am pleased to announce that our very talented Deputy Secretary of Defense, Patrick Shanahan, will assume the title of Acting Secretary of Defense starting January 1, 2019. Patrick has a long list of accomplishments while serving as Deputy, & previously Boeing. He will be great!|last=Trump|first=Donald J.|date=2018-12-23|website=@realDonaldTrump|language=en|access-date=2019-01-27}}
27. ^Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components
28. ^DoDD 5100.1: p.1.
29. ^DoDM 1348.33, Vol 3: p.39 (Enclosure 3)
30. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|50|402}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571293/james-v-forrestal/|title=James V. Forrestal – Harry S. Truman Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571265/louis-a-johnson/|title=Louis A. Johnson – Harry S. Truman Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571266/george-c-marshall/|title=George C. Marshall – Harry S. Truman Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571267/robert-a-lovett/|title=Robert A. Lovett – Harry S. Truman Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571268/charles-e-wilson/|title=Charles E. Wilson – Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571269/neil-h-mcelroy/|title=Neil H. McElroy -Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571270/thomas-s-gates-jr/|title=Thomas S. Gates, Jr. – Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571271/robert-s-mcnamara/|title=Robert S. McNamara – John F. Kennedy / Lyndon Johnson Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571292/clark-m-clifford/|title=Clark M. Gifford – Lyndon Johnson Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571291/melvin-r-laird/|title=Melvin R. Laird – Richard Nixon Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571290/elliot-l-richardson/|title=Elliot L. Richardson – Richard Nixon Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
42. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Y3tmhPrl44C&pg=PA252&dq=William+P.+Clements,+Jr.+Acting+Secretary+of+Defense&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=William%20P.%20Clements%2C%20Jr.%20Acting%20Secretary%20of%20Defense&f=false|last1=Cantwell|first1=Gerald T.|title=Citizen Airmen: A History of the Air Force Reserve 1946–1994|publisher=DIANE Publishing|page=252|quote=In June 1973, Representative O. C. Fisher complained to William P. Clements, Jr., acting Secretary of Defense, that the authority, responsibility, and, consequently, effectiveness of the chiefs of the various reserve components seemed to be eroding.}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571289/james-r-schlesinger/|title=James R. Schlesinger – Richard Nixon / Gerald Ford Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571288/donald-h-rumsfeld/|title=Donald H. Rumsfeld – Gerald Ford Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571287/harold-brown/|title=Harold Brown – James Carter Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571286/caspar-w-weinberger/|title=Caspar W. Weinberger – Ronald Reagan Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571285/frank-c-carlucci/|title=Frank C. Carlucci – Ronald Reagan Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whs.mil/library/Key47-04/II.pdf|title=II. Secretaries of Defense|work=Washington Headquarters Services – Pentagon Digital Library|pages=9|quote=(Deputy Secretary of Defense William H. Taft served as acting secretary of defense from 20 January 1989 until 21 March 1989).}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571284/richard-b-cheney/|title=Richard B. Cheney – George H.W. Bush Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
50. ^¹²³Department of Defense Key Officials September 1947 – February 2019
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://library.cqpress.com/cqalmanac/document.php?id=cqal93-1106289|title=Les Aspin Serves One Year As Defense Secretary}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571283/leslie-aspin/|title=Leslie Aspin – William J. Clinton Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571282/william-j-perry/|title=William J. Perry – William J. Clinton Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whs.mil/library/Key47-04/II.pdf|title=II. Secretaries of Defense|work=Washington Headquarters Services – Pentagon Digital Library|pages=10|quote=Sworn in as secretary of defense on 3 February 1994 and served until 24 January 1997.}}
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571281/william-s-cohen/|title=William S. Cohen – William J. Clinton Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571280/donald-h-rumsfeld/|title=Donald H. Rumsfeld – George W. Bush Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571279/robert-m-gates/|title=Robert M. Gates – George W. Bush / Barack Obama Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571278/leon-e-panetta/|title=Leon E. Panetta – Barack Obama Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
59. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571277/chuck-hagel/|title=Chuck Hagel – Barack Obama Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571296/ashton-b-carter/|title=Ashton B. Carter – Barack Obama Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/1059855/james-n-mattis/|title=James N. Mattis – Donald Trump Administration|work=Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office}}
62. ^{{cite web |publisher=United States Congress |title=PN583 — Patrick M. Shanahan — Department of Defense |date=July 18, 2017 |accessdate=January 1, 2019 |url=https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/583?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22shanahan%22%5D%7D&s=1&r=2}}
63. ^{{UnitedStatesCode|3|19}}.