| 词条 | Zhyd |
| 释义 |
In most other Slavic languages, such as Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene and Croatian, as well as Hungarian which is heavily influenced by Slavic languages, these terms are not pejorative as they simply translate as "Jew" (ex. Polish word for a Jew is "żyd"). Russian languageIn Russian, the terms became pejorative around mid-nineteenth century. [1] Ukrainian languageNikita Khrushchev commented on this in his memoirs: "I remember that once we invited Ukrainians, Jews, and Poles...to a meeting at the Lvov opera house. It struck me as very strange to hear the Jewish speakers at the meeting refer to themselves as "yids." "We yids hereby declare ourselves in favour of such-and-such." Out in the lobby after the meeting I stopped some of these men and demanded, "How dare you use the word "yid?" Don't you know it's a very offensive term, an insult to the Jewish nation?" "Here in the Western Ukraine it's just the opposite," they explained. "We call ourselves yids...Apparently what they said was true. If you go back to Ukrainian literature...you'll see that "yid" isn't used derisively or insultingly."[8]Twenty-first century controversiesIn December 2012, Ukrainian politician Ihor Miroshnychenko of the Svoboda party wrote on Facebook that Hollywood actress Mila Kunis is "not a Ukrainian but a zhydivka (Ukrainian spelling of zhidovka)".[2] Ukrainian Jews protested the use of term.[4] Svoboda officials and Ukrainian philologist Oleksandr Ponomariv argued that in the Ukrainian language the word does not always have the anti-semitic connotations that it does in the Russian language, though Ponomariv warned that the term would be considered offensive by Jewish people.[9][10]{{#tag:ref|Before the 1930s the traditional Ukrainian word for Jew жид (zhyd) had no negative connotations; because it coincided with the Russian derogative slur for Jews жид (zhid) the Ukrainian word zhyd was banned by the Soviet authorities in the 1930s.[11]|group=nb}} The Ukrainian Ministry of Justice declared that Miroshnichenko's use of the word was legal because it is an archaic term for Jew, and not necessarily a slur.[9][12] In a letter of protest directed to (then) Prime Minister of Ukraine Mykola Azarov the term Zhydovka was described by Rabbi Marvin Hier of the US-based Simon Wiesenthal Center as an "insidious slur invoked by the Nazis and their collaborators as they rounded up the Jews to murder them at Babi Yar and in the death camps"."[2] Iryna Farion defends the usage of the term 'zhyd' in Ukrainian, claiming that the pejorative meaning to the previously neutral word was the result of Russification during the Soviet times, when the Russian word yevrei for 'Jews' was forced into the Ukrainian language.[13]Notes1. ^1 John D. Klier, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4208429?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "Zhid": Biography of a Russian Epithet], The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan., 1982), pp. 1-15 2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2012/12/20/mila-kunis-ukraine-politician-jew-slur/#ixzz2FgqIrzWG|title=Mila Kunis Targeted By Anti-Semitic Ukrainian |publisher=TMZ|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=LaZebnik|first=Edith|title=Such a Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6_b4AEYJs8C|accessdate=21 December 2012|year=1979|publisher=G. K. Hall|isbn=978-0-8161-6662-6|page=108}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/12/20/3114966/ukrainian-government-sanctions-anti-semitic-pejorative|title=Ukrainian government: Anti-Semitic pejorative used against Mila Kunis is legal|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=20 December 2012|accessdate=21 December 2012}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Gelblum-Bross|first=Roma|title=To Samarkand and Back|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJUfAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=21 December 2012|year=1992|publisher=Roma Bross Reg'd|isbn=978-0-9695913-0-6|page=110}} 6. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9WzIkTJrAC&pg=PA60&dq=Jews+in+Ukraine+spoke+Russian&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Jews%20in%20Ukraine%20spoke%20Russian&f=false Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule] by Karel C. Berkhoff, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0674027183}} (page 60) 7. ^Яременко В. і Сліпушко О.. Новий тлумачний словник української мови. — К. : Аконіт, 2000. — Т. 2 (Ж—О). — С. 26. — {{ISBN|966-7173-02-X}}. 8. ^Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (New York, Bantam Books, 1971), page 145. 9. ^1 Winer, Stuart. Ukraine okays ‘zhyd’ slur for Jews, The Times of Israel, 19 December 2012. 10. ^Glavcom.ua, Oleksandr Ponomariv [Олександр Пономарів], 28 November 2012, Reason to believe the word "жид" is not anti-Semitic (Підстав вважати слово "жид" антисемітським немає). 11. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9WzIkTJrAC&pg=PA60&dq=Jews+in+Ukraine+spoke+Russian&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Jews%20in%20Ukraine%20spoke%20Russian&f=falseHarvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine Under Nazi Rule] by Karel C. Berkhoff, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0674027183}} (page 60) 12. ^Outrage as Ukrainian politician attacks Mila Kunis and labels her a 'dirty Jewess', London Daily Mail, 20 December 2012. 13. ^Ірина Фаріон, СЛОВА ЯК СВІДКИ ПРАВДИ Лінгвістична експертиза етнонімів “жид” і “москаль” у контексті мітингової промови References{{Reflist}}{{Ethnic slurs}}{{Religious slurs}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} 8 : Antisemitic slurs|Czech words and phrases|Pejorative terms for people|Polish words and phrases|Russian words and phrases|Misogynistic slurs|Slang terms for women|Slovak words and phrases |
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