“University of Adelaide”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The University of Adelaide (informally Adelaide University) is a public university located in Adelaide, South Australia. Established in 1874, it is the third-oldest university in Australia. The university's main campus is located on North Terrace in the Adelaide city centre, adjacent to the Art Gallery of South Australia, the South Australian Museum and the State Library of South Australia.

The university has five campuses throughout the state; North Terrace; Roseworthy College at Roseworthy; The Waite Institute at Urrbrae; Thebarton; and the National Wine Centre in the Adelaide Park Lands. It has a sixth campus, the Ngee Ann – Adelaide Education Centre (NAAEC), in Singapore.^[7] The university operates several associated and independent research institutes and groups. These include the South Australian Centre for Economic Studies, the Hanson Institute for Medical Research, and the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI).

The University of Adelaide is composed of five faculties, with each containing constituent schools. These include the Faculty of Engineering, Computer, and Mathematical Sciences (ECMS), the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of the Professions, and the Faculty of Sciences. It is a member of the Group of Eight and the Association of Commonwealth Universities. The university is also a member of the Sandstone universities, which mostly consist of colonial-era universities within Australia.

The university is associated with five Nobel laureates, constituting one-third of Australia's total Nobel laureates, and 109 Rhodes scholars. The university has had a considerable impact on the public life of South Australia, having educated many of the state's leading businesspeople, lawyers, medical professionals and politicians. The university has been associated with many notable achievements and discoveries, such as the discovery and development of penicillin, the development of space exploration, sunscreen, the military tank, Wi-Fi, polymer banknotes and X-ray crystallography, and the study of viticulture and oenology.

History

The University of Adelaide was established on 6 November 1874 after a £20,000 donation by grazier and copper miner Walter Watson Hughes, along with support and donations from Thomas Elder.^[3]

The first Chancellor was Sir Richard Hanson and the first vice-chancellor was Augustus Short. The first degree offered was the Bachelor of Arts and the university started teaching in March 1876. John Davidson was the first Hughes professor of English literature and mental and moral philosophy.^[4]

The University has a long history of championing the rights of women in higher education. It was the second University in the English-speaking world (after the University of London, 1878) to admit women on equal terms with men (1881), though women studied alongside men from the commencement of classes in 1876, and were equally eligible for all academic prizes and honours. Its first female graduate was Edith Emily Dornwell, who was also the first person in Australia to receive the degree of Bachelor of Science (BSc., 1885). The university also graduated Australia's first female surgeon Laura Fowler (MB, 1891). Ruby Davy (B. Mus., 1907; D. Mus., 1918) was the first Australian woman to receive a doctorate in music.^[5] The University was also the first to elect a woman to a University Council in Australia, Helen Mayo (MBBS, 1902), in 1914.^[6]

The great hall of the University, Bonython Hall, was built in 1936 following a donation from the owner of The Advertiser newspaper, Sir John Langdon Bonython, who left £40,000 for a Great Hall for the University.^[7]

Modern era

On 2 July 2010, the University officially implemented its "Smoke-Free Policy".^[8] This move was the culmination of an anti-smoking agenda headed by Professor Konrad Jamrozik^[9] and subsequently, following Jamrozik's death, the Executive Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Professor Justin Beilby.^[8] Security have the right to eject people smoking within the University buildings and also fine people smoking in the gardens or walkways. It is the first higher education institution in South Australia to institute a smoke-free policy.^[8] The North Terrace campus has been smoke-free since July 2010, it was planned that the Waite and Roseworthy campuses would be smoke-free by 2011, and the University's residential facilities have also been made smoke-free.^[8]

In June 2018, University of Adelaide and University of South Australia began discussions regarding the possibility of a merger. The proposition was described as the formation of a "super uni" by Steven Marshall and Simon Birmingham,^[10]^[11] but the merger was called off in October 2018.^[12]

Campuses

North Terrace

The main campus of the University is on North Terrace. It is bordered by the Art Gallery of South Australia, the State Library of South Australia, the South Australian Museum and the "City East" campus of the University of South Australia. The Adelaide University Medical and Dental Schools were located across Frome Road, behind the old Royal Adelaide Hospital. The hospital moved and so have the schools.

The vast majority of students and staff of the University are based at the North Terrace campus, where the majority of courses are taught and schools are based. The central administration of the University and the main library, the Barr Smith Library, are both located on this campus. While many other universities have law and business schools or satellite campuses within the central business district, the University of Adelaide is unique among Australian sandstone universities for having its main presence adjacent to the main business and shopping precinct.

Bonython Hall, (the great hall of the University), the Mitchell Building, the Elder Hall, the Napier building and the Ligertwood building, form the North Terrace street frontage of the campus. Bonython Hall is one of the many historic and heritage listed buildings located at the North Terrace campus. Others include the Mitchell Building, Elder Hall, and the Reading Room of the Barr Smith Library.

In 2016, the university commenced work on a $1 billion, 20-year "Masterplan" for its three campuses. The masterplan envisages new facilities for all Schools, and greatly enhanced campus amenities for students, with a focus on pedestrians and cyclists, providing better, safer pathways through the campus, and eliminating vehicle traffic where possible. At North Terrace, the Schulz building will be repurposed as an on-campus residential college, with accommodation, and recreational facilities including a gym.^[13] This major transformation of the university's physical presence across all campuses comes in conjunction with the multimillion-dollar renewal and redevelopment of the old Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH) site on North Terrace. In 2016, the RAH moved to the West end of North Terrace, in the $4 billion South Australian Health and Biomedical Precinct (SAHBP), at which the University of Adelaide also has a physical presence in the form of the Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building.^[14]

National Wine Centre

Located in the Adelaide Park Lands at the eastern end of North Terrace, the Wine Centre offers some of the university's oenology courses. Opened in 2001, the facility also hosts public exhibitions about winemaking and its industry in South Australia.^[15] It contains an interactive permanent exhibition of winemaking, introducing visitors to the technology, varieties and styles of wine. It also has a wine tasting area, giving visitors the opportunity to taste and compare wines from different areas of Australia.

The Wine Centre is situated at the eastern end of North Terrace, Adelaide in the eastern parklands and adjacent to the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. The building, designed by Cox Grieve Gillett, uses building materials to reflect items used in making wine.^[16]

Waite

The Waite campus has a strong focus on agricultural science, plant breeding and biotechnology. A number of other organisations are colocated in the Waite Research Precinct, including the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG). The School of Agriculture, Food and Wine is based on the Waite campus and the campus contains components of the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences. It is adjacent to the Urrbrae Agricultural High School.

It is situated in Adelaide's south-eastern foothills, in the suburb of Urrbrae on {{convert|174|ha|acre|abbr=off}}. A large amount of the land was donated in 1924 by the pastoralist Peter Waite. A large amount of money was donated by Rosina and John, the widow and son of William Tennant Mortlock. These donations were initially used to establish the Peter Waite Institute of Agricultural Research (first Director A. E. V. Richardson),^[17] which later became the Waite campus.

A Soil Research Centre was founded in 1929 with a donation of £10,000 from Harold Darling of J. Darling and Son, grain merchants.^[18]

In 2004, Premier Mike Rann opened the multimillion-dollar Plant Genomics Centre at the Waite Campus.^[19] Then in 2010 Premier Rann opened The Plant Accelerator, a $30 million research facility – the largest and most advanced of its kind in the world.^[20]

Roseworthy

Located north of the city, the Roseworthy campus comprises 16 km² of farmland and is a large centre for agricultural research. It was the first agricultural college in Australia, established in 1883 and the first veterinary school in SA in 2008. Other organisations linked to the campus include SARDI and the Murray TAFE.

In 1991, the College merged with the University of Adelaide and became the University's Roseworthy Campus, part of the Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences. The merger would see teaching and research in oenology and viticulture transferred to the University's Waite Campus, along with the bulk of its work in plant breeding.^[21] Before the degree in oenology was transferred to Waite Campus, Roseworthy produced a number of highly regarded and awarded winemakers and wine critics.^[22]

From the mid-1990s, the major focus of the campus turned to dryland agriculture, natural resource management and animal production. The campus is also now home to South Australia's first Veterinary Science training program, which commenced in 2008. The new Veterinary Science Centre houses not only teaching facilities, including a surgical skills suite, but also a public veterinary clinic offering general practice as well as emergency and specialist veterinary services for pet animals. There are also specialised pathology laboratories in this centre for teaching, research and diagnostic work. In 2013, the veterinary science facilities were expanded with the opening of the Equine Health and Performance Centre, a state-of-the-art facility for equine surgery, sports medicine, internal medicine and reproduction.^[23]

Thebarton

The Thebarton campus, which is also known as Adelaide University Research Park, is the base of the University's Office of Industry Liaison. The campus works in conjunction with the University's commercial partners. Commercial enterprises at Thebarton campus include businesses involved in materials engineering, biotechnology, environmental services, information technology, industrial design, laser/optics technology, health products, engineering services, radar systems, telecommunications and petroleum services. The campus also provides much of the infrastructure for the Graduate Entrepreneurial Program which allows recent graduates to start businesses with support from the University. The flames for the recent Sydney and Athens Olympic Games were developed at the Thebarton campus by the TEC group.^[24]

Singapore

The Singapore presence, located at the Ngee Ann Academy (formerly known as Ngee Ann – Adelaide Education Centre (NAAEC)),^[25] is the University of Adelaide's first overseas centre. It is a joint venture with the Ngee Ann Kongsi foundation.^[26]^[27]

The educational facility combines under-graduate and post-graduate academic programs with applied executive and professional development courses. Courses are taught at the Teochew Building on Tank Road in the city centre. The Ngee Ann – Adelaide Education Centre also serves as a platform for potential research collaboration in strategically important areas for both Australia and Singapore. Public lectures in the form of "3rd Tuesday: Where Great Minds Come Together", are presented by University of Adelaide professors on a regular basis.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Gallery

Organisation and governance

The University is divided into five faculties, with various constituent schools:

The University has a long history of indigenous education, and established its first formal courses in the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music (CASM) in 1972. The recruitment, administration and support of indigenous students, as well as overseeing the Indigenous Employment Strategy and delivering Foundation Studies Programs, is conducted by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education: Wilto Yerlo in the Division of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor and Vice-President (Academic).{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

The University currently enrolls in excess of 27,300 students, including over 7,400 international students (2015) from more than 100 countries. Adelaide University has approximately 130,000 Alumni worldwide, along with 400 student exchange agreements.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

Residential colleges

The University of Adelaide, unlike most universities, did not set any land aside on its North Terrace campus for student accommodation, due mainly to an ideological opposition to the culture of live-in students, but also influenced by the small size of the original campus.^[28] However, demand for residential college accommodation led to the establishment of private colleges affiliated to the University. St. Mark's College was founded by the Anglican Church (then called the Church of England) in 1925, Aquinas College in 1950 by the Catholic Church, Lincoln College in 1952 by the Methodist Church, and later St Ann's College, Kathleen Lumley College and Australian Lutheran College. All are located within close walking distance of the University, across the River Torrens in North Adelaide. In addition to providing accommodation and meals for local, interstate and international students, each college organises academic support, social activities and sporting opportunities for its members.

Governance

In 2018, Peter Rathjen commences his tenure as Vice Chancellor, taking over from Warren Bebbington. Rathjen is a Rhodes Scholar, a recipient of the R.A. Fisher Prize for genetics and the Morton Prize for biochemistry, and was the founding member of the Australian Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology. He is a world-renowned stem cell researcher, whose work in gene shearing formed the foundations for genetic engineering.^[29]

Academic profile

Commercialisation

The University of Adelaide has capitalised on opportunities to commercialise its research. The university has the highest volume of commercial research agreements of all Australian universities. It engages in extensive contract research and collaborative work in conjunction with local and international companies, as well as federal, state and local governments. This activity is managed by the university's commercial development company, Adelaide Research & Innovation Pty Ltd (ARI).^[30]

Some examples of recent influences to the university's teaching and research priorities are the Defence Science and Technology Group (DSTG; previously the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, or DSTO) in Adelaide's northern suburbs to which the university provides many psychology, physics, engineering, and IT graduates; and the growth in South Australia's wine industry, which is supported by the Waite and National Wine Centre campuses producing oenology and agriculture/viticulture graduates.

Lectures

The University hosts a number of lecture series, including the Joseph Fisher Lecture in Commerce, established in 1903 following a donation by politician and newspaper proprietor Joseph Fisher of £1000 to the University "for the purpose of promoting the study of commerce". The Gavin David Young Lectures in Philosophy began in 1956, owing their existence to a bequest made by Jessie Frances Raven, in memory of her father, for "the promotion, advancement, teaching and diffusion of the study of philosophy…".^[31] The University also presents the James Crawford Biennial Lecture Series on International Law, named for James Richard Crawford SC, a graduate of the University who went on to be Dean of Law at the University of Sydney and subsequently Whewell Professor of International Law at the University of Cambridge. Crawford delivered the first lecture in 2004. The University is one of a number of institutions to have established an Edward Said Memorial Lecture.^[32] The first in this series was given in 2005.

Research

The University of Adelaide is one of the most research-intensive universities in Australia, securing over $180 million in research funding annually.^[33] Its researchers are active in both basic and commercially oriented research across a broad range of fields including agriculture, psychology, health sciences, and engineering.^[30]

Research strengths include Agriculture, Environment, Mineral & Energy Resources, Social Innovation, Health & Biomedical Sciences, and Sensing & Computation.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

The University is a member of Academic Consortium 21,^[34] an association of 20 research intensive universities, mainly in Oceania, though with members from the USA and Europe. The University holds the Presidency of AC 21 for the period 2011–2013 as host the biennial AC21 International Forum in June 2012.

The Centre for Automotive Safety Research (CASR) based at the University of Adelaide was founded in 1973 as the Road Accident Research Unit and is an internationally recognised centre of research on road safety and injury control.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

Rankings

The University of Adelaide consistently features in the top 150 international universities as ranked by the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, and the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,^[36]^[37]^[38] situating it securely in the top 1% of ranked universities worldwide. The University's Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Schools of Physical Sciences, Nursing, and Social Sciences and Humanities, in particular, are reliably ranked in the top 75 of their respective worldwide ranking.^[39]^[40]

Student life

Associations

As of 1 July 2006, membership of the Adelaide University Union (AUU) has been voluntary for all students, following the passing of voluntary student unionism (VSU) legislation by the Federal Government. The AUU funds five affiliates which carry out their functions autonomously. They are the Adelaide Postgraduate Students’ Association (APGSA), the Clubs Association (CA), the Roseworthy Agricultural Campus Student Union Council (RACSUC), the Student Representative Council (preceded by the now defunct Students' Association of the University of Adelaide) and the Waite Institute Students' Association (WISA).

The Adelaide University Union was responsible for organising the annual Prosh (University of Adelaide) events.

Media

The University of Adelaide Press publishes staff scholarship and works of interest about the history and activities of the University.^[44] The Press is also responsible for publishing the Adelaide Law Review.

The University of Adelaide founded Australia's first community radio station, Radio Adelaide, in 1972.^[45]

Opportunities to participate in theatre productions are available through the University of Adelaide Theatre Guild and the Law School Revue.

Sports

Most University sport is organised by the Adelaide University Sports Association (AUSA). The Sports Association was founded in 1896 by the Adelaide University Boat, Tennis and Lacrosse Clubs. The Association disaffiliated from the Adelaide University Union (AUU) on 1 January 2010 and is currently directly affiliated to the University of Adelaide. The AUSA supports 37 sporting clubs which provide a diverse range of sporting opportunities to students of the University of Adelaide (AU). The AUSA is a major stakeholder in the AU North Terrace Campus based Sports Hub fitness centre and the North Adelaide-based university playing fields.

Notable people

The history of the University of Adelaide includes a large number of distinguished alumni and staff, including domestic and international heads of state; Nobel laureates; business and political leaders; pioneers in science, mathematics, and medicine; media personalities; accomplished musical, visual, performance, and written artists; and sportspeople, including multiple Olympic medallists.

Distinguished alumni include 16 chancellors, 20 vice-chancellors, 110 Rhodes Scholars,^[46] 5 Nobel laureates (one of whom was once the youngest laureate ever, Lawrence Bragg, co-recipient, with his father William Henry Bragg for physics in 1915, at 25 years of age^[47]), and one Prime Minister (Julia Gillard, the first female Prime Minister of Australia) have all graduated or attended the University of Adelaide.^[48]^[49]^[50]^[30]

Robin Warren, who alongside Barry Marshall, discovered that peptic ulcers were largely caused by the infection Helicobacter pylori, graduated from the university in the 1950s. Warren and Marshall won the Nobel Prize for their discovery in 2005.

Other notable graduates and professors include Leo Blair (the father of British Prime Minister Tony Blair; law lecturer at the University of Adelaide while Tony was a child); Edward Charles Stirling (physiologist, politician and advocate for women's suffrage), Tim Flannery (Australian of the Year), Brendon Coventry (who helped discover the immune cycle),^[51], Maciej Henneberg (physical anthropologist, Howard Florey (pharmacologist and pathologist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Sir Ernst Chain and Sir Alexander Fleming for his role in the development of penicillin), J.M. Coetzee (novelist and linguist, recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature), Ghil'ad Zuckermann (linguist and revivalist), Margaret Reid (first female president of the Australian Senate), Janine Haines (first female federal parliamentary leader of an Australian political party), Margaret White (first female judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland), Roma Mitchell (first female Queen's Counsel in Australia (1962), Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia and the first female superior court judge in the British Commonwealth (1965) and first female state Governor), and Joni Madraiwiwi, Vice-President of the Republic of Fiji and Chief Justice of the Republic of Nauru.^[52]^[53]

See also

References

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5. ^Ruby Davy, Australian Dictionary of Biography, adb.anu.edu.au
6. ^Neville Hicks and Elisabeth Leopold, 'Mayo, Helen Mary (1878–1967)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1986. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
7. ^W. B. Pitcher, 'Bonython, Sir John Langdon (1848–1939)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 1979. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
8. ^¹²³{{cite web |url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/smoke-free/ |title=The University of Adelaide | A Smoke-Free University |publisher=Adelaide.edu.au |date=1 July 2010 |accessdate=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201014907/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/smoke-free/ |archive-date=1 December 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
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11. ^University of Adelaide and UniSA to explore potential merger to create new institution ABC News, 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
12. ^[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-23/unisa-and-adelaide-university-decide-against-merger/10418520 University of Adelaide and UniSA decide against merger] ABC News, 23 October 2018. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
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15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=264 |title=National Wine Centre of Australia |work=State Library of South Australia |publisher=Government of South Australia |date=16 May 2006 |access-date=15 November 2013 }}
16. ^{{cite web |publisher=Australian Institute of Architects |url=http://dynamic.architecture.com.au/awards_search?option=showaward&entryno=20025028 |title=National Wine Centre |access-date=15 November 2013 }}
17. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129808625 |title=Before the Public |newspaper=The News |location=Adelaide |date=10 November 1924 |accessdate=17 November 2015 |page=9 Edition: Home |via=National Library of Australia}}
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21. ^Lynette D. Zeitz, The Waite. A Social and Scientific History of the Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide Press, 2014, pp.82-85.
22. ^"Australian Winemaking, The Roseworthy Influence", Geoffrey Bishop 1980, Investigator Press Pty Ltd
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/campuses/roseworthy/|title=The University of Adelaide|website=www.adelaide.edu.au}}
24. ^TEC group – now referred to as the Centre for Energy Technology (CET).
25. ^¹NAAEC, Ngee Ann – Adelaide Education Centre, http://www.adelaide.edu.au/sg/
26. ^Ngee Ann Kongsi {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914104659/http://www.ngeeann.com.sg/webtop/ |date=14 September 2008 }} foundation, www.ngeeann.com.sg
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/news/news25581.html |title=Singapore growth strategy for University |publisher=Adelaide.edu.au |date=21 April 2008 |accessdate=19 October 2010}}
28. ^Gavin Walkley, St Mark's College: The Buildings and Grounds
29. ^{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Nick|title=University of Tasmania vice-chancellor Peter Rathjen takes post at University of Adelaide|url=http://www.themercury.com.au/news/tasmania/university-of-tasmania-vicechancellor-peter-rathjen-takes-post-at-university-of-adelaide/news-story/feb05ef4f0ac11a4380465acea007719|accessdate=30 May 2017|work=The Mercury|date=30 May 2017|ref=merc_30may}}
30. ^¹²{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/planning/statistics/pocket-stats/2017pocket_stats.pdf|publisher=University of Adelaide|title=2017 Pocket Statistics|accessdate=17 July 2017}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hss.adelaide.edu.au/philosophy/resources/gdy/|title=Gavin David Young Lectures|publisher=University of Adelaide|accessdate=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055801/http://www.hss.adelaide.edu.au/philosophy/resources/gdy/|archive-date=21 September 2013|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/esml/about/|title=About the Edward Said Memorial Lecture|publisher=University of Adelaide|accessdate=17 October 2009}}
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43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/lumen/ |title=lumen – Lumen Winter 2010 contents |publisher=Adelaide.edu.au |accessdate=26 September 2010}}
44. ^University's e-press recasts publishing model, 11 November 2009, The Australian
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://radio.adelaide.edu.au/aboutus/ |title=Radio Adelaide |publisher=Radio Adelaide |accessdate=26 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628030855/http://radio.adelaide.edu.au/aboutus/ |archive-date=28 June 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
46. ^[https://www.adelaide.edu.au/news/news95822.html# INDIGENOUS DOCTOR IS RHODES SCHOLAR FOR SOUTH AUSTRALIA], Thursday, 26 October 2017.
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48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2010/s2935655.htm|last1=Curtis|first1=L.|last2=Hall|first2=E.|title=Gillard becomes first female PM |work=ABC News |date=24 June 2010 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate=13 October 2010}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/news/news39962.html|title=Australia's new PM pays tribute to her 'great education'|date=24 June 2010|publisher=The University of Adelaide}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/records/archives/former/|title=Officers & Honorary Degree Holders of the University|work=adelaide.edu.au|accessdate=26 October 2015}}
51. ^Brendon J Coventry et al. CRP identifies homeostatic immune oscillations in cancer patients: a potential treatment targeting tool? Journal of Translational Medicine 7 (2009)
52. ^http://www.naurugov.nr/government-information-office/media-release/nauru-mourns-passing-of-chief-justice.aspx
53. ^https://www.smh.com.au/world/former-judge-is-fiji-vp-nominee-report-20041214-gdkb3g.html