| 词条 | Émile Gautier |
| 释义 |
| name = Émile Gautier | image = Emile Gautier.JPG | alt = | caption = Émile Gautier in 1904 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1853|01|19|df=y}} | birth_place = Rennes, France | death_date = 1937 | death_place = | nationality = French | other_names = | occupation = Journalist | known_for = Social Darwinism }} Émile Jean-Marie Gautier (19 January 1853 – 1937) was a French anarchist and later a journalist. He coined the term "social Darwinism". LifeÉmile Jean-Marie Gautier was born on January 19, 1853 in Rennes. His parents were Jean Marie Gautier, usher, and Marie Louise Marais.{{sfn|Acte du 20 janvier 1853|pp=13–14}} He obtained a doctorate in law. He became a disciple of Jules Vallès.{{sfn|Mirbeau|2005|p=615}} Gautier attended the Anarchist Congress that met in London from 14 July 1881.{{sfn|Bantman|2006|p=965}} Other delegates included Peter Kropotkin, Errico Malatesta, Saverio Merlino, Louise Michel and Marie Le Compte. While respecting "complete autonomy of local groups" the congress defined propaganda actions that all could follow and agreed that "propaganda by the deed" was the path to social revolution.{{sfn|Bantman|2006|p=965}} Gautier was implicated during the trial of Peter Kropotkin, and on 19 January 1883 was sentenced by the Criminal Court of Lyon to five years in prison. On 15 August 1885 he was pardoned.{{sfn|Mirbeau|2005|p=615}} Gautier renounced political activism. He worked at various newspapers, including L'Écho de Paris, where he met Octave Mirbeau, and Le Figaro, where he published "documentary chronicles". These were published as a collection in 1992 under the title Les Étapes de la science (Steps of science).{{sfn|Mirbeau|2005|p=615}} According to the historian of social thought Mike Hawkins, Emile Gautier was the first to use the term "social darwinism" in his pamphlet of the same name published in 1880 in Paris.{{sfn|Hawkins|1997}} He became a well-known popular science writer. His 1902 Fleur de Bagne (Prison flowers), written with his childhood friend Marie-François Goron, was an ancestor of techno-thrillers and crime dramas with science themes.{{sfn|Émile Gautier: moutons électriques}} Quotation"Prison as it is organized is a cesspool, pouring into society a steady stream of corruption and germs, physiological and moral contagion; it poisons, brutalizes and corrupts." The World of prisons (Lyon, 1889) Bibliography
ReferencesCitationsSources{{refbegin}}
|chapter=Acte du 20 janvier 1853|title=Registre des naissances |year=1853 |publisher=Archives municipales de Rennes, cote 2E61}}
|last=Bantman|first=Constance|title=Internationalism without an International? Cross-Channel Anarchist Networks, 1880–1914 |journal=Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire |year=2006|volume=84|issue=84–4|accessdate=2013-08-30}}
|title=Correspondances générales |first=Octave |last=Mirbeau|year=2005|publisher=L'Age de Homme}}
|title=Émile Gautier |work=les moutons électriques |accessdate=2013-08-31}}
|last=Hawkins |first=Mike|title=Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860-1945|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|page=177}}{{refend}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gautier, Emile}} 3 : 1863 births|1937 deaths|French anarchists |
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