“University of Yangon”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

University of Yangon (also the Yangon University; {{lang-my|ရန်ကုန် တက္ကသိုလ်}}, {{IPA-my|jàɴɡòʊɴ tɛʔkəθò|pron}}; formerly Rangoon College, Rangoon University and Rangoon Arts and Sciences University), located in Kamayut, Yangon, is the oldest university in Myanmar's modern education system and the best known university in Myanmar. The university offers mainly undergraduate and postgraduate degrees (Bachelor's, Master's, Post-graduate Diploma, and Doctorate) programs in liberal arts, sciences and law. Full-time bachelor's degrees were not offered at the university's main campus after the student protests of 1996. The bachelor's degree was re-offered from 2014 on, to the best students in the country. Today degrees in Political Science are offered to undergraduate students, as well as Postgraduate diplomas in areas such as social work and geology.

Initially most major universities in the country depended on Yangon University. Until 1958 when Mandalay University became an independent university, all institutions of higher education in Myanmar were under Yangon University. After the University Education Act of 1964, all professional colleges and institutes of the university such as the Institute of Medicine 1, Rangoon Institute of Technology and Yangon Institute of Economics became independent universities, leaving the Yangon University with liberal arts, sciences and law. In Myanmar, responsibility for higher education depends on various ministries. The University of Yangon depends from the Ministry of education.^[1]

Yangon University has been at the centre of civil discontent throughout its history. All three nationwide strikes against the British (1920, 1936 and 1938) began at Rangoon University. Anti-colonial movement's leaders such as General Aung San, U Nu, Ne Win and U Thant are some of the notable alumni of the university. The tradition of student protest at the university continued in the post-colonial era—in 1962, 1974, 1988 and in 1996.^[1]

History

Established in 1878 as an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta, the Rangoon College was operated and managed by the Education Syndicate set up by the British colonial administration.^[2] The college was renamed Government College in 1904, and University College in 1920. Rangoon University was founded in 1920, when University College (Rangoon College - secular) and Judson College (Baptist-affiliated) were merged by the University of Rangoon Act.^[3] The American Baptist Mission decided to recognise Judson College (formerly Baptist College) as a separate institution within Rangoon University.^[2] Rangoon University modelled itself after University of Cambridge and University of Oxford.^[4] All subsequent institutions of higher learning founded by the British were placed under Rangoon University's administration: Mandalay College in Mandalay in 1925, Teachers Training College and Medical College in Yangon in 1930, and Agriculture College in Mandalay in 1938.^[5]

Although it was attended only by the elites of the day, the university nonetheless was at the centre of the anti-colonial movement. Students protested against the British government’s control of the University and the Rangoon Act which placed the governor as chancellor of the University of Rangoon.^[3] All three nationwide strikes against the British colonial government (1920, 1936 and 1938) began at the university. Myanmar National Day in fact commemorates the rebellion of Burmese students at Rangoon University in 1920. By the 1930s, the university was the hotbed of Burmese nationalism, producing a number of future senior Burmese politicians, including General Aung San, U Nu, Ba Maw, Kyaw Nyein, Ba Swe, U Thant and Thein Pe Myint, etc.

Rangoon University became one of the most prestigious universities in Southeast Asia and one of the top universities in Asia, attracting students from across the region.^[4]^[6]^[7] During the second world war, the Japanese occupied the University. But the university recovered and flourished, after Myanmar gained independence in 1948. This golden period ended in 1962.^[3]

After the military coup of 1962 under Gen. Ne Win and the Burmese Way to Socialism, Rangoon University was put directly under the control of the Directorate of Higher Education, a central government agency, whereas previously it was run by a council of professors, scholars and government officials.^[4] In addition, the medium of instruction was changed to Burmese, a radical departure from English, which had been the University's medium of instruction since its founding. Educational standards began to decline markedly and international bodies stopped recognising degrees issued or obtained at the University.^[4] The university was also renamed the Rangoon Arts and Sciences University (abbreviated RASU), after certain departments and faculties (medicine, economics, education, etc.) were separated from the University in 1964.

Rangoon University students staged a peaceful demonstration and protest on campus against 'unjust university rules' on 7 July 1962. Ne Win sent his troops to disperse the students. Dozens of students were killed and the historic Rangoon University Student Union (RUSU) was reduced to rubble the next morning.^[3]

In November 1974 the former UN Secretary General U Thant died, and on the day of his funeral on 5 December 1974, Rangoon University students snatched his coffin on display at the Kyaikkasan Race Course, and erected a makeshift mausoleum on the grounds of the RUSU in protest against the government for not honouring their famous countryman with a state funeral. The military stormed the campus on 11 December killing some of the students, recovered the coffin, and buried U Thant at the foot of the Shwedagon Pagoda.

Student protests against protest against General Ne Win's socialist government culminated in 1988. Student protest in March 1988 was met with a violent response from the government.^[8] This did not stop the protests. On 8 August 1988, students around the country came together to protest against the military regime. The protest was supported by hundreds of thousands of people who went into the street in protest against the military rule. This is today remembered at the 8888 uprising. The movement was crushed by the army Chief of Staff General Saw Maung who took over and instated the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC or na wa ta). It is estimated that more than 300 students died in the protests. In the months and years that followed, many more were imprisoned.^[3]

In 1989, the military junta changed place names throughout Myanmar; the University was renamed Yangon University. The University was closed for most of the 1990s, because of fears of a repeat of the 8888 Uprising. To prevent students from congregating, the government dispersed the existing institutions and departments that made up Yangon University into separate learning institutions scattered throughout the city. Till 2013 only graduate studies, certain professional courses, and a few diploma courses were conducted at the University's main campus. Newer universities such as Dagon University, University of East Yangon and University of West Yangon were created to cater for undergraduates.^[9]

Yangon University celebrated its Diamond Jubilee in a week-long celebration, which began on 1 December 1995. The Jubilee marked the school's formal establishment of 75 years. For its commemoration, the government built the Diamond Jubilee Hall, a four-storied building in the University's grounds, which cost K 630,000,000, and a new set of postage stamps was also produced.^[10] Once-affiliated institutes and departments (e.g., the Institute of Economics, Yangon which began life as a department at Yangon University), which had already separated, also celebrated.

The transitioning to a new government in 2011 Myanmar was followed by a renewed focus on education. In 2013, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi was named head of the Yangon University Upgrading and Restoration Committee.^[3] In December 2013, the University re-opened for undergraduate students. Initially only 50 undergraduate students were accepted.^[3] A controversial National Education Law was enacted in 2014. Under the law the university is managed by the Ministry of Education, who also appoints the university rector.

Campus

Yangon University is located in Yangon, along the southwestern bank of Inya Lake, the largest lake in the city. It is on the corner of Pyay Road and University Avenue Road in Kamayut Township, north of downtown Yangon. The modern campus of Yangon University completed construction in 1920. There are two campuses, namely Main Campus and Hlaing Campus, the former being the most well-known. Judson Church, inside the main campus of the University, is a Baptist church, and like Judson College, named after Adoniram Judson, a 19th-century American missionary who compiled the first Burmese-English dictionary. The main campus also contains a convocation hall.

Housing

The accommodation in Burma is not mixed and the availability is limited. Women's halls have many limited rules whilst men's a few.

Other important buildings

Main Departments

Each department offers an undergraduate degree programme. The Department of International Relations offers two: the Bachelor of Arts (International Relations) and the Bachelor of Arts (Political Science).

Programmes

Yangon University offers undergraduate and postgraduate degree programmes. The undergraduate programmes are subdivided into three categories: Arts (B.A.), Sciences (B.Sc.), and Law(LL.B). The choice of different fields of learning takes place in upper secondary school where students choose particular subjects directed towards their tertiary education. Postgraduate degrees are separated into three groups: Doctorates, Master's, and diplomas. Although YU no longer offered the undergraduate degrees owing to the uprising in 1996,it now was reopened for the undergraduate degrees with the name of (COE) what literally means Center of Excellence in 2014 and accepted only 50 selectively excellent students for each field of studies.

Notable alumni

Politics and government

Academia

Business

Arts and literature

References

1. ^{{cite news|title= President Obama rejuvenates Rangoon University of Burma|author= Zin Linn |first= |last=|url= http://asiancorrespondent.com/92240/president-obama-rejuvenates-rangoon-university-of-burma/|format = News & blogging|agency= |newspaper = Asian Correspondent|publisher= Hybrid News Limited |location= Bristol, England|date= 20 November 2012|accessdate = 20 November 2012|quote= People of Burma ... satisfied with the choice of a venue made by the US President ... the convocation hall of the University of Rangoon....}}
2. ^¹²{{cite book |last=James |first=Helen |title=Governance And Civil Society In Myanmar: Education, Health, and Environment |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-35558-3 }}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{Cite news|url=http://mail.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/21836-8888-uprising-remembered-in-yangon.html|title=‘8888 Uprising’ remembered in Yangon{{!}}|last=Shoon Naing and Lun Min Mang|first=|date=9 August 2016|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=2 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
4. ^¹²³{{cite book |author=Khin Maung Kyi|title=Economic Development of Burma: a Vision and a Strategy |year=2000 |publisher=SUP |isbn=91-88836-16-9 |page=150}}
5. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/reg.burma/archives/199912/msg00769.html | title=Prospects of education in Myanmar | date=23 December 1999 | author=Ko Yin Aung | publisher=The New Light of Myanmar}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Rothenberg |first=Daniel |date=Fall 2002 |url=http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol10no1/rothenberg.htm |title=Towards a New Modern Developed Nation |publisher=The Journal of the International Institute |accessdate=22 May 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506013104/http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol10no1/rothenberg.htm |archivedate=6 May 2005 }}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/27/us-myanmar-yangon-idUSTRE7AQ02020111127|title=Yangon: From stately city to crumbling symbol of isolation|last=Szep|first=Jason |author2=Raju Gopalakrishnan |author3=Ron Popeski|date=27 November 2011|work=Reuters|accessdate=3 March 2012}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://mail.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/10110-red-bridge-burns-bright-for-student-activists.html|title=Red Bridge burns bright for student activists|last=Lone|first=Wa|date=8 April 2014|work=Myanmar Times|access-date=3 May 2017}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar: Education, Health and Environment|last=James|first=Helen|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=|location=|pages=102}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://tharaphi.webs.com/mm052.html|title=Myanmar Philately|publisher=Tharaphi}}
11. ^{{Cite thesis |degree=Ph.D. |chapter=5 |title=Knowledge, Control and Power: The Politics of Education under Burma's Military Dictatorship (1962-88) |url=http://www.pyinnya.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/knowledge_controlandpower_thepoliticsofeducationunderburma_smilitarydictatorship1.pdf |author=Zar Ni |publisher=University of Wisconsin - Madison |accessdate=15 September 2010 }}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21193|title=Thein Sein Appoints Presidential Advisors|author=Ba Kaung|date=27 April 2011|work=The Irrawaddy|accessdate=28 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725064544/http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=21193|archive-date=25 July 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www3.iium.edu.my/laws/staff_l.php?uid=101|title=Professor Dr. Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein|publisher=International Islamic University Malaysia|accessdate=11 October 2012}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbbank.com.mm/aboutus/aboutus_whoweare_boardofdire.aspx|title=CB Bank: Board of Directors|website=www.cbbank.com.mm|access-date=2017-10-15}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=3802l|title=Burmese Literary Pioneer|publisher=The Irrawaddy}}