| 词条 | 1917 Bath riots |
| 释义 |
|direction = vertical |align = right |width = 150 |image1 = El Paso Disinfection station and Mexicans Waiting to be de-loused at the international bridge.jpg |caption1 = El Paso Disinfection station and Mexicans Waiting to be de-loused at the international bridge at the US Immigration Station |image2 = Side view of the El Paso disinfecting plant and yard.jpg |caption2 = Side view of the El Paso disinfecting plant and yard of the US Immigration Station |image3 = Clothing being readied for steam de-lousing at the El Paso disinfection plant.jpg |caption3 = Clothing being readied for steam de-lousing at the El Paso disinfection plant of the US Immigration Station |image4 = Women’s baths at the El Paso disinfecting plant.jpg |caption4 = Women’s baths at the El Paso disinfecting plant of the US Immigration Station }} 1917 Bath Riots occurred in January 1917 at the Santa Fe Bridge between El Paso, Texas and Juárez, Mexico. The riots lasted from January 28 to January 30 and were sparked by new immigration policies at the El Paso–Juárez Immigration and Naturalization Service office, requiring Mexicans crossing the border to take de-lousing baths and be vaccinated. Reports of nude photography of women bathers and fear of potential fire from the kerosene baths led Carmelita Torres to refuse to submit to the procedure. Denied a refund of her transport fare, she began yelling at the officials and convinced other riders to join her. After three days, the discontent subsided, but the disinfections of Mexicans at the U.S. border continued for forty years. BackgroundBy 1914, Venustiano Carranza had been sworn into office as Mexico's head of state ending the main fighting of the Mexican Revolution. President Woodrow Wilson, tired of the fighting and more concerned with events unfolding in Europe and World War I, withdrew American forces from Mexico. Pancho Villa refused to give up the fight and continued to execute border skirmishes.{{sfn|Beller|2008|pp=44, 46}} Between 1915 and 1917, typhus (which was sometimes reported as typhoid fever) spread from Mexico City to the provinces from Veracruz to Jalisco.{{sfn|Knight|1990|p=421, 623}} In September 1916, Carranza called for a constitutional convention to end the conflict and bring peace to Mexico.{{sfn|Beller|2008|p=46}} The convention ended simultaneously with the end of the riots, on January 31, 1917,{{sfn|Beller|2008|p=47}} and subsequently the new constitution was signed on February 5.{{sfn|Beller|2008|p=112}} During the same period, Thomas Calloway Lea, Jr. was elected as mayor of El Paso, Texas. Lea sent telegrams to U.S. Senators in Washington demanding a quarantine be put in place to stem the tide of "dirty lousey destitute Mexicans" who would spread typhus into El Paso.{{sfn|Perez, Jr.|2016}} Though the Public Health Service Officer for El Paso, Dr. B. J. Lloyd, admitted there was little danger and opposed a quarantine, he suggested opening de-lousing plants.{{sfn|Burnett|2006}} U.S. officials quickly adopted a policy of sanitizing Mexican immigrants at a disinfecting station in El Paso. The policy initially applied to all Mexicans entering the United States at El Paso,{{sfn|Pierce|1917|p=427}} but soon spread to the Laredo–Nuevo Laredo crossing, as well as all along the U.S. Mexico border.{{sfn|Pierce|1917|p=429}} Men and women were separated, with any children accompanying the women, into separate buildings, where they were stripped of all clothing and valuables. Clothing and valuables were steamed, while items like shoes, hats or belts, which might be damaged by steam were exposed to cyanogen gas. Attendants examined the nude persons for lice. If lice were found, men's hair was clipped close to the head and the clippings were burned. Women's hair was doused in a mixture of vinegar and kerosene, wrapped in a towel, and left on the hair for at least 30 minutes. If re-inspection indicated all nits had not been removed, the process was repeated. Once attendants declared the lice test had been "passed", the naked people were gathered in a bathing area and sprayed with a liquid soap made of soap chips and kerosene oil.{{sfn|Pierce|1917|p=427}} After collecting their sanitized clothing and dressing, incomers were evaluated by a foreman, vaccinated and given a certificate that they had completed the procedure. From the disinfecting area, migrants then entered the Immigration and Naturalization Service building for processing.{{sfn|Pierce|1917|p=428}} RiotAround 7:30 a.m.{{sfn|The El Paso Herald|January 29, 1917|p=1}} on January 28, 1917, the riot began when inspectors attempted to remove Mexican women from their trolley, which they were riding to work. Ordered to disembark and submit to the disinfection process, Carmelita Torres refused, having heard reports that nude women were being photographed while in the baths.{{sfn|The El Paso Morning Times|January 29, 1917|p=1}} Reports had also circulated that bathers might be set on fire, as had happened the previous year when gasoline baths at the El Paso City Jail had resulted in the death of 28 inmates when a cigarette ignited bathers.{{sfn|The Detroit Free Press|1917|p=2}} She requested permission to enter without submitting to bathing and was refused. She then demanded a refund of her fare and upon refusal of a refund convinced the other women on her cable car to protest. The women began shouting and hurling stones at health and immigration officials, sentries and civilians, who had gathered to watch the disturbance. The majority of the early protesters were young, domestic workers employed in homes in El Paso but as the crowd grew to several thousand a mixture of people became involved. Four trolley's which had made early morning runs to collect workers on the Juárez side were seized and did not return to the El Paso side until mid-afternoon.{{sfn|The El Paso Morning Times|January 29, 1917|p=1}} Around 10 o'clock, General Andrés G. García drove to the center of the bridge to try to quiet the mob and was only partially successful, as the mob tried to prevent his car from leaving the Mexican side. By the afternoon, when it was clear that those who had entered the baths were not being harmed, the crowds were finally dispersed by mounted soldiers on each side of the border.{{sfn|The El Paso Morning Times|January 29, 1917|p=1}} One cable car motorman and a mail coach driver were reported to have been beaten by rioters and several media movie makers were attacked.{{sfn|The Detroit Free Press|1917|pp=1, 2}} Despite rumors that someone had been shot, Mexican authorities denied the event and reported that no serious injuries resulted.{{sfn|The Times Dispatch|1917|p=1}} On the 29th rioting continued, but this time, the majority of rioters were men. Newspapers reported that the men were taking advantage of the bath disturbance to protest the Carranza regime and voice support for his rival Pancho Villa. Juárez Police Chief Maximo Torres ordered all rioters arrested and the Mexican cavalry dispersed the rioters from the bridge.{{sfn|The Elyria Evening Telegram|1917|p=5}} Business owners and households who were without laborers consulted with the Chamber of Commerce to resolve the issues promptly as most workers refused to come to work. Officials clarified that those who were not infected could be passed without having to bathe and that certificates were valid for a week.{{sfn|The El Paso Morning Times|January 30, 1917|pp=1, 2}} By January 30, precautionary measures taken by authorities on both sides of the border had quelled the rioting.{{sfn|The Reno Evening Gazette|1917|p=1}} Two men and one woman were arrested at the American side of the bridge for assaulting a customs officer and an infantryman, but no further violence was reported.{{sfn|The Fort Wayne Sentinel|1917|p=32}} Policemen from Juárez monitored the southern end of the bridge crossing, a Mexican health inspector Andrés García was present to maintain respectful treatment at the disinfection plant, and street car service between the two cities was suspended.{{sfn|The Reno Evening Gazette|1917|p=1}} Notices had been posted in Juárez to advise that the inspectors in El Paso would accept health certificates issued by Mexican health inspectors.{{sfn|The Iowa City Citizen|1917|p=2}} LegacyThough hailed by some as the "Latina Rosa Parks", Carmelita Torres was mostly forgotten and her actions had little lasting effect.{{sfn|Burnett|2006}} The Immigration Act of 1917 passed just days after the riot and imposed barriers for Mexican laborers entering the United States. For the first time in history, workers were required to pass literacy tests, pay a head tax and were forbidden to perform contract labor.{{sfn|Powell|2009|p=137}} Business owners in the Southwest pressed Congress to exempt Mexican workers from contract labor restrictions and head taxes. After the U.S. entered World War I businessmen were able to lift the 1917 Immigration terms for Mexican workers and the exemption lasted until 1921.{{sfn|Coerver|Pasztor|Buffington|2004|p=224}} However, the bathing and fumigations, which later used insecticides and DDT continued into the 1950s.{{sfn|Burnett|2006}} A similar riot the following year was averted when prompt action by Mexican authorities intervened with American authorities. Reports of a typhus death in Juárez were denied by Mexicans and the port and trolleys were temporarily closed to prevent altercations.{{sfn|The El Paso Herald|1918|pp=1, 5}} In 2006, David Dorado Romo published Ringside Seat to a Revolution which brought the story back to the attention of the public and Chicano scholars.{{sfn|Burnett|2006}}{{sfn|Acuña|2012}} National Public Radio featured a story on the riots in 2006.{{sfn|Burnett|2006}} ReferencesCitationsBibliography{{refbegin|30em}}
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8 : 1917 in the United States|1917 riots|Women activists|Immigration activism|Labor disputes in Texas|January 1917 events|Labour disputes in Mexico|1917 labor disputes and strikes |
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