| 词条 | Unterwalden | |||
| 释义 |
|native_name = Unterwalden |conventional_long_name = Unterwalden |common_name = Unterwalden |status = Talschaft |empire = Holy Roman Empire |status_text = Canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy |year_start = 13th century |year_end = 1798 1815–1999 |event1 = Rütlischwur |date_event1 = 1307 (traditional date) |event2 = Pact of Brunnen |date_event2 = 1315 |event3 = division of Obwalden and Nidwalden |date_event3 = c. 1350 |event_end = Disestablished modern canton |p1 = Zürichgau (Swabia) |image_p1 = |p2 = Aargau (Burgundy) |image_p2 = |p3 = Canton of Waldstätten |image_p3 = |s1 = Canton of Waldstätten |image_s1 = |s2 = Canton of Obwalden |image_s2 = |s3 = Canton of Nidwalden |image_s3 = |capital = |image_coat= Wappen Unterwalden alt.svg |image_flag= Old flag of Unterwalden.svg }} Unterwalden (Latinized as Sylvania, later also Subsylvania as opposed to Supersylvania) is the old name of a forest-canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne, consisting of two valleys or Talschaften, now two separate Swiss cantons (or two half-cantons), Obwalden and Nidwalden. Unterwalden was one of the three participants in the foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy, named in the Pact of Brunnen of 1315 with Uri and Schwyz. The division of Unterwalden into two separate territories, Obwalden and Nidwalden in the early period is less than clear. Unterwalden figures as communitas hominum Intramontanorum Vallis Inferioris "community of the men between the mountains of the Lower Valley" in the Federal Charter of 1291; this is usually rendered as "the community of the Lower Valley of Unterwalden" in modern translations, and interpreted as Nidwalden or "Unterwalden proper". While Nidwalden and Obwalden may or may not have existed as independent sub-entities of Unterwalden during 1291-1315, there was an internal division between Obwalden and Nidwalden at least from 1350. The flag of Unterwalden in the 14th and 15th centuries was divided horizontally into equal parts red over white, identical with the flag of Solothurn. After the accession of Solothurn to the Confederacy in 1481, there were two cantons with identical flags, sometimes disambiguated by modifying the design of Solothurn's flag. By 1600, Nidwalden was known as Unterwalden proper or Subsylvania, while Obwalden was known as "Unterwalden ob dem Wald", strictly speaking an oxymoron, as it were Subsylvania super silva. From this time, there are also two separate coats of arms for the two half-cantons, the red-and-white flag for Unterwalden proper or Nidwalden, while Obwalden had a silver key in a red field. By the 1640s, these two designs were re-combined in a white-and-red key on a red-and-white field (per fess gules and argent, a key paleways with double wards counterchanged) as the coat of arms of the united canton. In Early Modern Switzerland, Unterwalden counted as a single state in "foreign relations" with the other member states of the Swiss Confederacy, but it consisted of two separate states internally, with separate governments, jurisdictions and separate flags. Martin Zeiller in 1642 reports Unterwalden as divided in two separate Talschaften the inhabitants of which were derived from separate races, those of Obwalden from the "Romans", those in Nidwalden from the "Cimbri" (viz. Germans). Unterwalden was restored in the Act of Mediation (1803) with a single constitution, but with two separate capitals, Sarnen and Stans, and two separate cantonal assemblies with equal sovereignty.[1] Unterwalden was a canton of the Restored Swiss Confederacy of 1815,[2] and it was listed as a canton in the constitution of 1848, as Unterwalden (ob und nid dem Wald).[3] The name of Unterwalden has been omitted in the 1999 constitution, with Obwalden und Nidwalden named as two separate cantons.[4] GalleryReferences1. ^[https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Mediationsakte#F%C3%BCnfzehntes_Capitel_-_Verfassung_des_Kantons_Unterwalden Fünfzehntes_Capitel_-_Verfassung_des_Kantons_Unterwalden] 2. ^wikisource:Translation:Federal Treaty of 1815 3. ^Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. vom 12. September 1848. 4. ^[https://www.admin.ch/opc/de/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html SR 101 (admin.ch)]
5 : Regions of Switzerland|Former cantons of Switzerland|14th-century establishments in the Old Swiss Confederacy|1310s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire|1315 establishments in Europe |
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