| 词条 | Upland sandpiper |
| 释义 |
| image = UplandSandpiperOntarioCropped.jpg | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | genus = Bartramia | parent_authority = Lesson, 1831 | species = longicauda | authority = (Bechstein, 1812) | synonyms = *Tringa longicauda Bechstein, 1812 | range_map = Bartramia longicauda map.svg }} The upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) is a large sandpiper, closely related to the curlews.[2] Older names are the upland plover and Bartram's sandpiper. In Louisiana, it is also colloquially known as the papabotte.[3] It is the only member of the genus Bartramia. The genus name and the old common name Bartram's sandpiper commemorate the American naturalist William Bartram. The species name longicauda is from Latin longus, "long" and caudus, "tail".[4] The name "Bartram's sandpiper" was made popular by Alexander Wilson, who was taught ornithology and natural history illustration by Bartram. DescriptionAn adult is roughly {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} long with a {{convert|26|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} wingspan. The average weight is {{convert|6|oz|g|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. This odd bird has a small dove-like head on a long neck. It is heavily marbled black and brown on the back and wings. The neck is streaked with dark brown which continues down to the breast and on to the flanks. The belly and undertail coverts are white. The tail is quite long for a sandpiper. The upland also sports a white eye-ring and long yellow legs. RangeThey breed from eastern Alaska south east of the Rocky Mountains through Montana to northern Oklahoma and then northeast to Pennsylvania, New England and extreme southern Quebec and Ontario. There are also local breeding populations in northeast Oregon and west central Idaho. They winter in northeastern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. It is an extremely rare vagrant to the South Pacific, with one record each from Australia and New Zealand. HabitatEven though they are sandpipers, they prefer open country with tall grasses to coastal habitat. They are also found at airports, blueberry farms and abandoned strip mines in the east. Their true core range and habitat is in the northern midwest United States. Behavior and dietUpland sandpipers forage in fields, picking up food by sight. They are frequently sighted on fence posts and even telephone poles. When an "uppy" alights, it holds its wings up for a few seconds. They are constantly scanning the horizon for intruders. The upland sandpiper's diet includes grasshoppers, crickets, weevils, beetles, moths, ants, flies, bugs, centipedes, millipedes, spiders, snails and earthworms. It also eats some grains and seeds. BreedingUpland sandpipers can sometimes be found in small, loose nesting colonies. The breeding season is from early-to-late summer; nests are located on the ground in dense grass. The female lays 4 eggs. Both parents look after the young and may perform distraction displays to lure predators away from the nest or young birds. CallUpland sandpipers can be identified by a distinctive call, sometimes called a "wolf whistle", which features a long, ascending whistle followed by a second rising and/or falling call. These sounds are often made while the bird is landing or while flying high.[5] ConservationThe numbers of these birds increased as forests were cleared in the early 19th century, but declined sharply in the late 19th century due to hunting. They are now regularly present in Midwestern North America but populations are scattered in the east. Loss of prairie habitat is a concern.[5] Also, livestock grazing has been found to reduce the number of nests in a field. Controlled burns may benefit this species as they feed on low-growing plants that are more easily spotted after a fire.[8] References1. ^{{IUCN|id=22693203 |title=Bartramia longicauda |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} [5][6]2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Gavin H. |last2=Wills |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Székely |first3=Tamás |title=A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny |date=August 2004 |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=4 |issue=28 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-28 |pmid=15329156 |pmc=515296}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.daredictionary.com/view/dare/ID_00042307 |title=papabotte |date= |website=Dictionary of American Regional English |publisher=Harvard University Press |access-date=12 February 2016}} 4. ^{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher= Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=68, 229}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal |journal=Prairies to Pines: News from Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota |title=Fall 2010 Update |publisher=The Nature Conservancy}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last=Stucker |first=Steve |title=Minnesota Profile: Upland Sandpiper |journal=Minnesota Conservation Volunteer |date=March–April 2008 |publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources |page=80 |url=https://webapps8.dnr.state.mn.us/volunteer_index/past_issues/article_pdf?id=3598 |format=PDF}} }} External links{{Commons category|Bartramia longicauda}}{{Wikispecies|Bartramia longicauda}}
8 : Sandpipers|Scolopacidae|Birds of Canada|Birds of the United States|Birds of North America|Birds of South America|Birds described in 1812|Taxa named by Johann Matthäus Bechstein |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。