词条 | Upper structure |
释义 |
In jazz music, the term upper structure or upper structure triad refers to a voicing approach developed by jazz pianists and arrangers defined by the sounding of a major or minor triad in the uppermost pitches of a more complex harmony.[1] ExamplesExample 1: Below, a common voicing used by jazz pianists is given for the chord C7{{music|#}}9 (C major chord with a minor 7th, and extended with an augmented 9th). In the lower-stave the notes E{{music|natural}} and B{{music|b}} are given. These form a tritone which defines the dominant sound, and are the major 3rd and flattened 7th of the C7{{music|#}}9 chord. In the upper-stave the notes E{{music|b}}, G, and B{{music|b}} are given together: these form an E{{music|b}} major triad. This E{{music|b}} major triad is what would be called the upper structure. Considered in relation to the root C, the notes of this E{{music|b}} major triad function, respectively, as the sharpened ninth (actually a flattened tenth, enharmonically equal to the sharpened ninth which forms the root of the E{{music|b}} major chord), fifth, and seventh in relation to that root. (Note: the root C is omitted here, and is often done so by jazz pianists for ease of playing, or because a bass player is present.) Example 2: The following example illustrates the notes of an F{{music|#}} minor triad functioning as part of a C13{{music|b}}9{{music|#}}11 chord (C major chord with a minor 7th, minor ninth, augmented 11th, and major 13th): In relation to the root of C, the C{{music|#}} (enharmonic with D{{music|b}}) functions as a flattened ninth, the F{{music|#}} functions as a sharpened eleventh, and the A functions as the thirteenth. ApplicationDetermining which additional pitches can be juxtaposed with the chord is achieved by considering the relationship between a particular chord and the scale it implies. An example follows:
Shorthand notationCommon jazz parlance refers to upper structures by way of the interval between the root of the bottom chord and the root of the triad juxtaposed above it.[2] For instance, in example one above (C7{{music|#}}9) the triad of E{{music|b}} major is a (compound) minor 3rd away from C (root of the bottom chord). Thus, this upper structure can be called upper structure flat three, or US{{music|b}}III for short. Example two (C13{{music|b}}9{{music|#}}11) is called upper structure sharp four minor, and can be written shorthand as US{{music|#}}iv. Other possible upper structures are:
See also
Sources1. ^Ellenberger, Kurt. Materials and Concepts in Jazz Improvisation, p.20. {{Chords}}{{Jazz theory}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Upper Structure}}2. ^"The Jazz Piano Book". Mark Levine. (1989). Petaluma, CA: Chapter Fourteen - Upper Structures pages 109-124 3 : Chords|Jazz techniques|Jazz terminology |
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