| 词条 | URL redirection | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
URL redirection, also called URL forwarding, is a World Wide Web technique for making a web page available under more than one URL address. When a web browser attempts to open a URL that has been redirected, a page with a different URL is opened. Similarly, domain redirection or domain forwarding is when all pages in a URL domain are redirected to a different domain, as when wikipedia.com and wikipedia.net are automatically redirected to wikipedia.org. URL redirection is done for various reasons: for URL shortening; to prevent broken links when web pages are moved; to allow multiple domain names belonging to the same owner to refer to a single web site; to guide navigation into and out of a website; for privacy protection; and for hostile purposes such as phishing attacks or malware distribution. PurposesThere are several reasons to use URL redirection: Similar domain namesA user might mistype a URL, for example, "example.com" and "exmaple.com". Organizations often register these "misspelled" domains and redirect them to the "correct" location: example.com. The addresses example.com and example.net could both redirect to a single domain, or web page, such as example.org. This technique is often used to "reserve" other top-level domains (TLD) with the same name, or make it easier for a true ".edu" or ".net" to redirect to a more recognizable ".com" domain. Moving pages to a new domainWeb pages may be redirected to a new domain for three reasons:
With URL redirects, incoming links to an outdated URL can be sent to the correct location. These links might be from other sites that have not realized that there is a change or from bookmarks/favorites that users have saved in their browsers. The same applies to search engines. They often have the older/outdated domain names and links in their database and will send search users to these old URLs. By using a "moved permanently" redirect to the new URL, visitors will still end up at the correct page. Also, in the next search engine pass, the search engine should detect and use the newer URL. Logging outgoing linksThe access logs of most web servers keep detailed information about where visitors came from and how they browsed the hosted site. They do not, however, log which links visitors left by. This is because the visitor's browser has no need to communicate with the original server when the visitor clicks on an outgoing link. This information can be captured in several ways. One way involves URL redirection. Instead of sending the visitor straight to the other site, links on the site can direct to a URL on the original website's domain that automatically redirects to the real target. This technique bears the downside of the delay caused by the additional request to the original website's server. As this added request will leave a trace in the server log, revealing exactly which link was followed, it can also be a privacy issue.[1] The same technique is also used by some corporate websites to implement a statement that the subsequent content is at another site, and therefore not necessarily affiliated with the corporation. In such scenarios, displaying the warning causes an additional delay. Short aliases for long URLs{{Main|URL shortening}}Web applications often include lengthy descriptive attributes in their URLs which represent data hierarchies, command structures, transaction paths and session information. This practice results in a URL that is aesthetically unpleasant and difficult to remember, and which may not fit within the size limitations of microblogging sites. URL shortening services provide a solution to this problem by redirecting a user to a longer URL from a shorter one. Meaningful, persistent aliases for long or changing URLs{{See also|Permalink|PURL|Link rot}}Sometimes the URL of a page changes even though the content stays the same. Therefore, URL redirection can help users who have bookmarks. This is routinely done on Wikipedia whenever a page is renamed. Post/Redirect/Get{{Main|Post/Redirect/Get}}Post/Redirect/Get (PRG) is a web development design pattern that prevents some duplicate form submissions, creating a more intuitive interface for user agents (users). Device targeting and geotargetingRedirects can be effectively used for targeting purposes like device targeting or geotargeting. Device targeting has become increasingly important with the rise of mobile clients. There are two approaches to serve mobile users: Make the website responsive or redirect to a mobile website version. If a mobile website version is offered, users with mobile clients will be automatically forwarded to the corresponding mobile content. For device targeting, client side redirects or non-cacheable server side redirects are used. Geotargeting is the approach to offer localized content and automatically forward the user to a localized version of the requested URL. This is helpful for websites that target audience in more than one location and/or language. Usually server side redirects are used for Geotargeting but client side redirects might be an option as well, depending on requirements.[2] Manipulating search enginesRedirects have been used to manipulate search engines with unethical intentions, e.g. sneaky redirects or URL hijacking. The goal of misleading redirects is to drive search traffic to landing pages, which do not have enough ranking power on their own or which are only remotely or not at all related to the search target. The approach requires a rank for a range of search terms with a number of URLs that would utilize sneaky redirects to forward the searcher to the target page. This method had a revival with the uprise of mobile devices and device targeting. URL hijacking is an off-domain redirect technique[3] that exploited the nature of the search engine's handling for temporary redirects. If a temporary redirect is encountered, search engines have to decide whether they assign the ranking value to the URL that initializes the redirect or to the redirect target URL. The URL that initiates the redirect may be kept to show up in search results, as the redirect indicates a temporary nature. Under certain circumstances it was possible to exploit this behaviour by applying temporary redirects to well ranking URLs, leading to a replacement of the original URL in search results by the URL that initialized the redirect, therefore "stealing" the ranking. This method was usually combined with sneaky redirects to re-target the user stream from the search results to a target page. Search engines have developed efficient technologies to detect these kind of manipulative approaches. Major search engines usually apply harsh ranking penalties on sites that get caught applying techniques like these.[4] Manipulating visitorsURL redirection is sometimes used as a part of phishing attacks that confuse visitors about which web site they are visiting.[5] Because modern browsers always show the real URL in the address bar, the threat is lessened. However, redirects can also take you to sites that will otherwise attempt to attack in other ways. For example, a redirect might take a user to a site that would attempt to trick them into downloading antivirus software and installing a Trojan of some sort instead. Removing |
| HTTP Status Code | HTTP Version | Temporary / Permanent | Cacheable | Request Method Subsequent Request |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 301 | HTTP/1.0 | Permanent | yes | GET / POST may change |
| 302 | HTTP/1.0 | Temporary | not by default | GET / POST may change |
| 303 | HTTP/1.1 | Temporary | never | always GET |
| 307 | HTTP/1.1 | Temporary | not by default | may not change |
| 308 | HTTP/1.1 | Permanent | by default | may not change |
All of these status codes require the URL of the redirect target to be given in the Location: header of the HTTP response. The 300 multiple choices will usually list all choices in the body of the message and show the default choice in the Location: header.
(Status codes 304 not modified and 305 use proxy are not redirects).
A HTTP response with the 301 "moved permanently" redirect looks like this:
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Location: http://www.example.org/
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 174
This page has moved to http://www.example.org/.
Web authors producing HTML content can't usually create redirects using HTTP headers as these are generated automatically by the web server program when serving an HTML file. The same is usually true even for programmers writing CGI scripts, though some servers allow scripts to add custom headers (e.g. by enabling "non-parsed-headers"). Many web servers will generate a 3xx status code if a script outputs a "Location:" header line. For example, in PHP, one can use the "header" function:
header('HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently');
header('Location: http://www.example.com/');
exit();
More headers may be required to prevent caching.[7] The programmer must ensure that the headers are output before the body. This may not fit easily with the natural flow of control through the code. To help with this, some frameworks for server-side content generation can buffer the body data. In the ASP scripting language, this can also be accomplished using response.buffer=true and response.redirect "http://www.example.com/" HTTP/1.1 allows for either a relative URI reference or an absolute URI reference.[8] If the URI reference is relative the client computes the required absolute URI reference according to the rules defined in RFC 3986.[9]
The Apache HTTP Server mod_alias extension can be used to redirect certain requests. Typical configuration directives look like:
Redirect permanent /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html
Redirect 301 /oldpage.html http://www.example.com/newpage.html
For more flexible URL rewriting and redirection, Apache mod_rewrite can be used. E.g., to redirect a requests to a canonical domain name:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^([^.:]+\\.)*oldsite\\.example\\.com\\.?(:[0-9]*)?$ [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://newsite.example.net/$1 [R=301,L]
Such configuration can be applied to one or all sites on the server through the server configuration files or to a single content directory through a .htaccess file.
For example, if a request for [https://www.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=HAMMER§ion=5 /DragonFlyBSD/HAMMER.5] were to come along, it would first be redirected internally to /d/HAMMER.5 with the first rewrite directive below (only affecting the internal state, without any HTTP replies issued to the client just yet), and then with the second rewrite directive, an HTTP response with a 302 Found status code would be issued to the client to actually redirect to the external cgi script of web-man:[13]
location /DragonFly {
rewrite ^/DragonFly(BSD)?([,/].*)?$ /d$2 last;
}
location /d {
set $db "http://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=";
set $ds "§ion=";
rewrite ^/./([^/]+)\\.([1-9])$ $db$1$ds$2 redirect;
}
This is an example of a simple HTML document that uses this technique:
Please follow this link.
This technique can be used by web authors because the meta tag is contained inside the document itself. The meta tag must be placed in the "head" section of the HTML file. The number "0" in this example may be replaced by another number to achieve a delay of that many seconds. The anchor in the "body" section is for users whose browsers do not support this feature.
The same effect can be achieved with an HTTP refresh header:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Refresh: 0; url=http://www.example.com/
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 78
Please follow this link.
This response is easier to generate by CGI programs because one does not need to change the default status code.
Here is a simple CGI program that effects this redirect:
print "Refresh: 0; url=http://www.example.com/\\r\";
print "Content-Type: text/html\\r\";
print "\\r\";
print "Please follow this link!"
Note: Usually, the HTTP server adds the status line and the Content-Length header automatically.
The W3C discourage the use of meta refresh, since it does not communicate any information about either the original or new resource, to the browser (or search engine). The W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (7.4)[17] discourage the creation of auto-refreshing pages, since most web browsers do not allow the user to disable or control the refresh rate. Some articles that they have written on the issue include W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (1.0): Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes, Use standard redirects: don't break the back button![18] and Core Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 section 7.[19]
JavaScript can cause a redirect by setting the window.location attribute, e.g.:
window.location='http://www.example.com/'
Normally JavaScript pushes the redirector site's URL to the browser's history. It can cause redirect loops when users hit the back button. With the following command you can prevent this type of behaviour.[20]
window.location.replace('http://www.example.com/')
However, HTTP headers or the refresh meta tag may be preferred for security reasons and because JavaScript will not be executed by some browsers and many web crawlers.
A slightly different effect can be achieved by creating an inline frame:
One main difference to the above redirect methods is that for a frame redirect, the browser displays the URL of the frame document and not the URL of the target page in the URL bar. This cloaking technique may be used so that the reader sees a more memorable URL or to fraudulently conceal a phishing site as part of website spoofing.[21]
Before HTML5,[22] the same effect could be done with an HTML frame that contains the target page:
One redirect may lead to another. For example, the URL "http://wikipedia.com" (with "*.com" as domain) is first redirected to https://www.wikipedia.org/ (with domain name in .org), where you can navigate to the [https://en.wikipedia.org/ language-specific site]. This is unavoidable if the different links in the chain are served by different servers though it should be minimised by rewriting the URL as much as possible on the server before returning it to the browser as a redirect.
Wikipedia has been redirecting its pages to HTTPS by default since 2015.[23]
Sometimes a mistake can cause a page to end up redirecting back to itself, possibly via other pages, leading to an infinite sequence of redirects. Browsers should stop redirecting after a certain number of hops and display an error message.
The HTTP/1.1 Standard states:[24]
A client SHOULD detect and intervene in cyclical redirections (i.e., "infinite" redirection loops).
Note: An earlier version of this specification recommended a maximum of five redirections ([RFC 2068], Section 10.3). Content developers need to be aware that some clients might implement such a fixed limitation.
Note that the URLs in the sequence might not repeat, e.g.: http://www.example.com/1 -> http://www.example.com/2 -> http://www.example.com/3 ...
There exist services that can perform URL redirection on demand, with no need for technical work or access to the web server your site is hosted on.
A redirect service is an information management system, which provides an internet link that redirects users to the desired content. The typical benefit to the user is the use of a memorable domain name, and a reduction in the length of the URL or web address. A redirecting link can also be used as a permanent address for content that frequently changes hosts, similarly to the Domain Name System. Hyperlinks involving URL redirection services are frequently used in spam messages directed at blogs and wikis. Thus, one way to reduce spam is to reject all edits and comments containing hyperlinks to known URL redirection services; however, this will also remove legitimate edits and comments and may not be an effective method to reduce spam.
Recently, URL redirection services have taken to using AJAX as an efficient, user friendly method for creating shortened URLs. A major drawback of some URL redirection services is the use of delay pages, or frame based advertising, to generate revenue.
The first redirect services took advantage of top-level domains (TLD) such as ".to" (Tonga), ".at" (Austria) and ".is" (Iceland). Their goal was to make memorable URLs. The first mainstream redirect service was V3.com that boasted 4 million users at its peak in 2000. V3.com success was attributed to having a wide variety of short memorable domains including "r.im", "go.to", "i.am", "come.to" and "start.at". V3.com was acquired by FortuneCity.com, a large free web hosting company, in early 1999.[25] As the sales price of top level domains started falling from $70.00 per year to less than $10.00, use of redirection services declined. With the launch of TinyURL in 2002 a new kind of redirecting service was born, namely URL shortening. Their goal was to make long URLs short, to be able to post them on internet forums. Since 2006, with the 140 character limit on the extremely popular Twitter service, these short URL services have been heavily used.
Redirection services can hide the referrer by placing an intermediate page between the page the link is on and its destination. Although these are conceptually similar to other URL redirection services, they serve a different purpose, and they rarely attempt to shorten or obfuscate the destination URL (as their only intended side-effect is to hide referrer information and provide a clear gateway between other websites.) This type of redirection is often used to prevent potentially-malicious links from gaining information using the referrer, for example a session ID in the query string. Many large community websites use link redirection on external links to lessen the chance of an exploit that could be used to steal account information, as well as make it clear when a user is leaving a service, to lessen the chance of effective phishing .
Here is a simplistic example of such a service, written in PHP.
$url = htmlspecialchars($_GET['url']);
header('Refresh: 0; url=http://' . $url);
?>
The above example does not check who called it (e.g. by referrer, although that could be spoofed). Also, it does not check the URL provided. This means that a malicious person could link to the redirection page using a URL parameter of his/her own selection, from any page, which uses the web server's resources.
URL redirection can be abused by attackers for phishing attacks, such as open redirect and covert redirect. "An open redirect is an application that takes a parameter and redirects a user to the parameter value without any validation."[26] "Covert redirect is an application that takes a parameter and redirects a user to the parameter value WITHOUT SUFFICIENT validation."[27] It was disclosed in May 2014 by a mathematical doctoral student Wang Jing from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.[28]
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