词条 | Bardiya |
释义 |
|name = Bardiya/ Smerdis |title = King of Kings Great King King of Persia King of Babylon Pharaoh of Egypt King of Countries |image = Gaumata portrait on the Behistun inscription.jpg |caption = Portrait of the Achaemenid ruler toppled by Darius, as appearing on the Behistun inscription. He ruled for several months over the Achaemenid Empire. It remains unknown whether he was the legitimate Smerdis/ Bardiya, son of Cyrus the Great, falsely claimed by Darius to be an imposter, or indeed a real imposter called Gaumata. | succession = King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire | reign = 522 BC | predecessor = Cambyses | successor = Darius I | succession1 = Pharaoh of Egypt | reign1 = 525–522 BC | predecessor1 = Cambyses II | successor1 = Darius the Great |full name = |birth_date = |death_date = |burial_date = 522 BC |burial_place = |spouse = Phaidyme |issue = Parmys |royal house = |dynasty = Achaemenid |father = Cyrus II (the Great) |mother = Cassandane |religion = Zoroastrianism }}Bardiya ({{lang-peo|𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹}}[1] Bardiya),[2] also known as Smerdis among the Greeks ({{lang-grc|Σμέρδις}} Smerdis) (possibly died 522 BC), was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. There are sharply divided views on his life. He either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called Gaumāta[3] ({{lang-peo|𐎥𐎢𐎶𐎠𐎫}}), until he was toppled by Darius the Great.[4][5] Name and sourcesThe prince's name is listed variously in the historical sources. In Darius the Great's Behistun inscription, his Persian name is Bardia or Bardiya. Herodotus calls him Smerdis, which is the prevalent Greek form of his name; the Persian name has been assimilated to the Greek (Asiatic) name Smerdis or Smerdies, a name which also occurs in the poems of Alcaeus and Anacreon. He is called Tonyoxarces (Sphendadates) by Ctesias,[6] he is called Tanooxares by Xenophon, who takes the name from Ctesias,[7] and he is called Mardos by Justin[8] and Aeschylus.[9] In English-language histories he has traditionally been called Smerdis, after Herodotus, but recent histories tend to call him Bardiya.[10][11] Traditional viewThe traditional view is based on several ancient sources, including the Behistun inscription[12] as well as Herodotus,[13] in Ctesias,[14] and Justin, although there are minor differences among them. The three oldest surviving sources agree that Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates was overthrown by Darius and others in a coup d'état, and that Darius then ascended the throne. Most sources (including Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) have Darius as part of a group of seven conspirators. In Greek and Latin sources, Darius subsequently gained kingship by cheating in a contest. Bardiya was the younger son of Cyrus the Great and a full or half-brother of Cambyses II. According to Ctesias, on his deathbed Cyrus appointed Bardiya as satrap (governor) of some of the far-eastern provinces.[15] According to Darius the Great, Cambyses II, after becoming king of Persia but before setting out for Egypt, killed Bardiya and kept this secret. However, according to Herodotus who gives two detailed stories, Bardiya went to Egypt with Cambyses and was there for some time but later Cambyses sent him back to Susa out of envy, because “Bardiya alone could draw the bow brought from the Ethiopian king.” Herodotus then states that "Cambyses had a dream in which he saw his brother sitting on the royal throne. As a result of this dream Cambyses sent his trusted counselor Prexaspes from Egypt to Susa with the order to kill Smerdis" (i.e., Bardiya).[16] Bardiya's death was not known to the people, and so in the spring of 522 BC, a usurper pretended to be him and proclaimed himself king on a mountain near the Persian town of Paishiyauvada. Darius claimed that the real name of the usurper was Gaumata, a Magian priest from Media; this name has been preserved by Justin i. 9 (from Charon of Lampsacus?) but given to his brother Cambyses (called Patizeithes by Herodotus) who is said to have been the real promoter of the intrigue. According to Herodotus, the name of the Magian usurper was Oropastes, but according to Ctesias it was Sphendadates. The despotic rule of Cambyses, coupled with his long absence in Egypt, contributed to the fact that "the whole people, Persians, Medes and all the other nations," acknowledged the usurper, especially as he granted a tax relief for three years.[18] Cambyses began to march against him, but died in the spring of 522 BC in disputed circumstances. Before his death he confessed to the murder of his brother, and publicly explained the whole fraud, but this was not generally believed. Nobody had the courage to oppose the new king, who ruled for seven months over the whole empire. The new king transferred the seat of government to Media. A number of Persian nobles discovered that their new ruler was an impostor, and a group of seven nobles formed a plot to kill him. They surprised him at a castle in Nisa, home of the Nisean horses, and stabbed him to death in September 522 BC. One of the seven, Darius, was proclaimed as ruler shortly after. While the primary sources do not agree on the names and many other details, the three oldest surviving sources (Darius himself, Herodotus and Ctesias) all portray Gaumata/Pseudo-Smerdis/Sphendadates as an imposter who usurped the throne by posing as one of the sons of Cyrus the Great, i.e. as one of the brothers of Cambyses II. In Darius' trilingual Behistun inscription, the prince being impersonated is named "Pirtiya" in Elamite, "Bardiya" in Old Persian, and "Barziya" in Akkadian. In the Histories, the prince and his imposter have the same name (Smerdis). For Ctesias, Sphendadates poses as 'Tanyoxarces'. Other Greek sources have various other names for the figure being impersonated, including 'Tanoxares', 'Mergis' and 'Mardos'.[19]{{rp|98}} In Herodotus' HistoriesA longer version of the story appears in Book 3 of Herodotus' Histories, written c. 450 BC. That story there (3.1–38, 3.61–88) can be roughly summarized as follows:[20][21] While in Egypt, Cambyses wounds the thigh of the sacred bull worshipped as the god Apis, and when the sacred bull dies from the wound, Cambyses loses his already tenuous grasp on sanity (3.27–3.30). Jealous of his brother Smerdis' skill with a particular bow brought from the king of Ethiopia, Cambyses sends Smerdis back to Persis. Cambyses then has a dream in which Smerdis would supplant him, so he sends a henchman to murder him secretly (3.30). The assassination succeeds and is meant to be kept secret. In Ctesias' PersikaCtesias' version (c. 400 BC) runs as follows (XI/F9.8 and XII/F13.11-17, via Photius Bibl. 72):[22][23] King Cyrus, as he lay dying, appointed his elder son, Cambyses, to the throne and appointed his younger son, Tanyoxarces, governor of the provinces of Bactria, Chorasmia, Parthia, and Carmania. Shortly after Cambyses ascends the throne, a certain Sphendadates who had been whipped by Tanyoxarces for some offence, informs Cambyses that his brother is plotting against him. As proof of this he declares that Tanyoxarces would refuse to come if summoned. Revisionist viewThe evaluation of the sources has been cause for much disagreement in modern scholarship. While there is agreement that Darius seized the throne through a coup d'état, some historians consider that the person who ruled for a few months was the real son of Cyrus, and that the story of his impersonation by a magus was an invention of Darius to justify his seizure of the throne.[24][25][26][27] The key argument against a fabrication is that there is no evidence for it, and lacking further discoveries that view "must remain hypothetical".[28] However the idea that Gaumata was a fabrication is nonetheless appealing because "it was vital for a man like Darius, who had no particular rights to the throne, to invent a character (Gaumāta) condemned for his acts against gods and men."[29] There are some implausibilities in the "official" story, e.g. the impostor resembled the real Bardiya so closely that most of his wives did not spot the difference, except for queen Phaidyme.[30][31] Darius often accused rebels and opponents of being impostors (such as Nebuchadnezzar III), and it could be straining credulity to say that they all were.[11][27][32] AftermathIn the next year, another person claiming to be Bardiya, named Vahyazdāta ({{lang-peo|𐎺𐏃𐎹𐏀𐎭𐎠𐎫}}[33]) rose against Darius in eastern Persia and met with great success, but he was finally defeated, taken prisoner and executed.[34] Perhaps he is identical with the King Maraphis "the Maraphian," name of a Persian tribe, who occurs as successor in the list of Persian kings given by Aeschylus.[35] The real Bardiya had only one daughter, called Parmys, who eventually married Darius the Great. Some contracts dating from his reign have been found in Babylonia, where his name is spelt Barziya or Bardiya.[36] Darius says that Bardiya destroyed some temples, which Darius later restored. Bardiya also took away the herds and houses of the people, which Darius corrected once he gained the throne.[37] The death of the false Bardiya was annually celebrated in Persia by a feast called "the killing of the magian," (Magiophani) at which no magian was allowed to show himself.[38][39] Bardiya in fictionThis episode is dealt with by Gore Vidal in his novel Creation. He takes the view that the person who ruled for a few months was the real Bardiya. "The impostor magician Smerdis" is mentioned in the short story by Jorge Luis Borges, Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius. He is the only historical character that the protagonist is able to recognize when discovering the article on the fictitious nation of Uqbar, and it is stated that his name has been invoked mainly as a metaphor. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Akbarzadeh|first=D.|author2=A. Yahyanezhad|title=The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)|publisher=Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati|year=2006|language=Persian|isbn=964-8499-05-5|pages=59}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/OldPersianGrammarTextsLexicon1950|title=Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon|date=1950|last=Kent|first=Roland G.}} 3. ^This article does not take sides on this dispute, but further investigation of recent scholarship in both Iran and the West would be useful. 4. ^{{cite book|last=Akbarzadeh|first=D.|author2=A. Yahyanezhad|title=The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)|publisher=Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati|year=2006|language=Persian|isbn=964-8499-05-5|pages=60}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/OldPersianGrammarTextsLexicon1950|title=Old Persian: Grammar, Texts, Lexicon|year=1950|last=Kent|first=Roland G.}} 6. ^Ctesias Pers. 8 7. ^Xenophon Cyrop. Vin. 7.ii 8. ^Justin i.9, Mergis 9. ^Aeschylus Pers. 774 10. ^Leick, Gwendolyn Who's Who in the Ancient Near East 11. ^1 Marc Van De Mieroop A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 B.C. 2nd edition (Oxford 2007) pp. 290–291 12. ^livius.org/articles/place/behistun 13. ^A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Books 3–4 (Cambridge, MA 1921) pp. 38–41, 76–117 File:Smerdis(Herodotus).pdf 14. ^{{citation|author1=Ctesias|last2=Stronk|first2=Jan P., tr.|title=Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation|year=2010|publisher=Wellem|pages=323–325}}. 15. ^Ctesias, Persica: Book 11, Fragment 9, taken from Photius' excerpt http://www.livius.org/ct-cz/ctesias/photius_persica.html#%A78 cf. Xenophon Cyrop. vin. 7, if 16. ^{{cite encyclopaedia|title=Bardia|last=Dandamaev|first=M.|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume=3|location=New York|year=2001}} 17. ^{{cite book |title=Behistun, minor inscriptions DBb inscription- Livius |url=http://www.livius.org/sources/content/behistun-persian-text/behistun-minor-inscriptions/}} 18. ^Herodotus III.68 19. ^{{citation|last=Briant|first=Pierre|title=From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire|year=2002|publisher=Eisenbrauns}}. 20. ^{{citation|author1=Herodotus|last2=Godley|first2=A. D., tr.|title=Herodotus, with an English translation by A. D. Godley|year=1931|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|pages=}}. 21. ^A. D. Godley Herodotus : The Persian Wars : Books 3–4 (Cambridge, MA 1921) pp. 38–41, 76–117 File:Smerdis(Herodotus).pdf 22. ^{{citation|author1=Ctesias|last2=Nicols|first2=Andrew, ed., tr.|title=The Complete Fragments of Ctesias of Cnidus|year=2008|publisher=University of Florida (PhD thesis)|pages=25, 90, 92–93}}. 23. ^{{citation|author1=Ctesias|last2=Stronk|first2=Jan P., tr.|title=Ctesias' Persian History: Introduction, text, and translation|year=2010|publisher=Wellem|pages=323–325}}. 24. ^{{citation |last=Olmstead |first=A. T.|title=History of the Persian Empire|year=1959|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}. 25. ^{{citation|last=Axworthy|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Axworthy|title=Iran: Empire of the Mind|year=2008|location=New York|publisher=Basic Books}}. 26. ^{{citation|last=Van De Mieroop|first=Marc|title=A History of the Ancient Near East|edition=2nd|year=2006|publisher=Blackwell}}. 27. ^1 Holland, Tom Persian Fire 28. ^{{citation|last=Dandamayev|first=M. A.|chapter=Bardiya|year=1988|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|series=vol. 3, fasc. 8|pages=785–786|location=Costa Mesa|publisher=Mazda}}. 29. ^{{citation|last=Briant|first=Pierre|chapter=Gaumāta|year=2000|title=Encyclopedia Iranica|series=vol. X, fasc. 3|pages=333–335|location=New York|publisher=Routledge, Kegan Paul}}. 30. ^http://www.persepolis.nu/queens.htm#phaidyme 31. ^Bourke, Dr. Stephen (chief consultant) The Middle East: Cradle of Civilisation Revealed p. 225, {{ISBN|978-0-500-25147-8}} 32. ^Behistun Inscription 4.1 (52) 33. ^{{cite book|last=Akbarzadeh|first=D.|author2=A. Yahyanezhad|title=The Behistun Inscriptions (Old Persian Texts)|publisher=Khaneye-Farhikhtagan-e Honarhaye Sonati|year=2006|language=Persian|isbn=964-8499-05-5|pages=115}} 34. ^Behistun Inscription ~ 40 if. 35. ^Aeschylus Pers. 778 36. ^For the chronology, see Parker & Dubberstein, Babylonian Chronology. 37. ^Behistun Inscription i.14 38. ^Herodotus III.79 39. ^Ctesias Pers. 15
12 : 6th-century BC Kings of the Achaemenid Empire|6th-century BC Pharaohs|Pharaohs of the Achaemenid dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt|522 BC deaths|6th-century BC murdered monarchs|Murdered Persian monarchs|Deaths by stabbing in Iran|Impostor pretenders|Year of birth unknown|Persian masculine given names|Descendants of Cyrus the Great |
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