| 词条 | Ushant |
| 释义 |
|name = Ushant |native name = Ouessant, Eusa |commune status = Commune |image = Ushant SPOT 1273.jpg |caption = Satellite image of Ushant in 2003 |image coat of arms = COA fr Ouessant.svg |region = Brittany |department = Finistère |arrondissement = Brest |canton = Saint-Renan |INSEE = 29155 |postal code = 29242 |mayor = Denis Palluel |term = {{Smaller|2014–2020}} |intercommunality = |coordinates = {{coord|48.4581|-5.0956|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation m = 30 |elevation min m = 0 |elevation max m = 61 |area km2 = 15.58 |population = 856 |population date = {{Smaller|2008}} |website = Official website }} Ushant ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ʌ|ʃ|ə|n|t}};[1] {{lang-br|Eusa}}, {{IPA-br|ˈøsa|pron}}; {{lang-fr|Ouessant}}, {{IPA-fr|wɛsɑ̃|pron}}) is a French island at the south-western end of the English Channel which marks the north-westernmost point of metropolitan France. It belongs to Brittany and is in the traditional region of Leon. Administratively, Ushant is a commune in the Finistère department. It is the only place in Brittany, except the name Brittany itself, with a separate name in English. GeographyThe island is ringed by several smaller islands, including Keller Island (Île de Keller) and Kadoran (Île Cadoran) to the north. The {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us}} channel between Ushant and Keller is called the Toull C'heller. Ushant marks a southern limit of the Celtic Sea[2] and the southern entrance to the western English Channel, the northern entrance being the Isles of Scilly, southwest of Land's End in Cornwall, England. Although it is sometimes considered an island in the English Channel, it does not form part of the Channel Islands. According to the definitions of the International Hydrographic Organization the island lies outside the English Channel and is in the Celtic Sea.[3] The island is a rocky landmass some {{convert|8|km|mi|abbr=on}} by {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} with a total area of {{convert|15|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. HistoryUshant is famous for its maritime past, both as a fishing community and as a key landmark in the Channel approaches. It is named in the refrain of the sea shanty "Spanish Ladies":
Several naval battles have been fought near Ushant between the British and French navies. On 23 July, 1815, the captive Emperor Napoleon – carried on board {{HMS|Bellerophon|1786|6}} towards his final exile – spent several hours on deck watching Ushant, the last piece of French territory he would ever see.[4] During World War II, a force of British Commandos and US Army Rangers of the 29th Provisional Rangers successfully attacked a German radar installation on the island.[5] In March 1978, the oil tanker Amoco Cadiz ran aground at Portsall about {{Convert|19|mi|km|0}} from the island, leading to major pollution of the Brittany coast. According to an old Breton proverb, "{{Lang|fr|Qui voit Molène voit sa peine / Qui voit Ouessant voit son sang / Qui voit Sein voit sa fin / Qui voit Groix voit sa croix.}}" ("He who sees Molène sees his pains / He who sees Ushant sees his blood / He who sees Sein sees his end / He who sees Groix sees his cross"). This proverb is related to the area around the island, considered one of the most challenging to navigate in the world with its many rocks and more than ten knot tide streams. A standard start and finish line for circumnavigations of the Earth is between Ushant and Lizard Point.{{cn|date=February 2016}} PopulationThere is only one significant community on the island: the village of Lambaol (Lampaul). {{Historical populations| percentages=pagr | cols=3 | align=left | 1800|1510 | 1806|1465 | 1821|1851 | 1831|2032 | 1836|2151 | 1841|2194 | 1846|1983 | 1851|2271 | 1856|2258 | 1861|2391 | 1866|2368 | 1872|2377 | 1876|2382 | 1881|2364 | 1886|2307 | 1891|2490 | 1896|2287 | 1901|2717 | 1906|2761| 1911|2953 | 1921|2586 | 1926|2524 | 1931|2439 | 1936|2363 | 1946|2223 | 1954|2071 | 1962|1938 | 1968|1814 | 1975|1450 | 1982|1221 | 1990|1062 | 1999|932 | 2008|856 }}{{Clear left}} ClimateKöppen climate classification: Oceanic climate (Cfb) According to the Trewartha climate classification, Ushant is subtropical despite cool summers. {{Weather box|location = Ushant (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1995–present) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 15.1 |Feb record high C = 15.2 |Mar record high C = 18.4 |Apr record high C = 22.5 |May record high C = 24.1 |Jun record high C = 27.7 |Jul record high C = 28.2 |Aug record high C = 29.3 |Sep record high C = 25.2 |Oct record high C = 24.3 |Nov record high C = 18.1 |Dec record high C = 16.0 |year record high C = 29.3 |Jan high C = 10.1 |Feb high C = 10.4 |Mar high C = 11.5 |Apr high C = 12.9 |May high C = 15.0 |Jun high C = 17.5 |Jul high C = 19.1 |Aug high C = 19.6 |Sep high C = 18.2 |Oct high C = 15.9 |Nov high C = 12.9 |Dec high C = 10.7 |year high C = 14.5 |Jan mean C = 8.3 |Feb mean C = 8.4 |Mar mean C = 9.4 |Apr mean C = 10.5 |May mean C = 12.6 |Jun mean C = 14.9 |Jul mean C = 16.4 |Aug mean C = 16.8 |Sep mean C = 15.7 |Oct mean C = 13.8 |Nov mean C = 11.0 |Dec mean C = 8.8 |year mean C = 12.2 |Jan low C = 6.5 |Feb low C = 6.4 |Mar low C = 7.2 |Apr low C = 8.1 |May low C = 10.1 |Jun low C = 12.2 |Jul low C = 13.6 |Aug low C = 14.0 |Sep low C = 13.1 |Oct low C = 11.7 |Nov low C = 9.2 |Dec low C = 7.0 |year low C = 9.9 |Jan record low C = -2.5 |Feb record low C = -1.1 |Mar record low C = -0.4 |Apr record low C = 1.9 |May record low C = 3.8 |Jun record low C = 8.0 |Jul record low C = 9.8 |Aug record low C = 10.5 |Sep record low C = 8.3 |Oct record low C = 5.4 |Nov record low C = 2.8 |Dec record low C = -0.2 |year record low C = -2.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 91.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 70.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 55.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 63.5 |May precipitation mm = 57.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 43.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 53.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 56.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 54.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 79.2 |Nov precipitation mm = 100.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 94.0 |year precipitation mm = 819.0 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 15.5 |Feb precipitation days = 11.7 |Mar precipitation days = 11.8 |Apr precipitation days = 11.1 |May precipitation days = 9.1 |Jun precipitation days = 8.1 |Jul precipitation days = 8.5 |Aug precipitation days = 8.9 |Sep precipitation days = 9.0 |Oct precipitation days = 13.2 |Nov precipitation days = 16.7 |Dec precipitation days = 15.5 |year precipitation days = 139.1 |Jan snow days = 1.2 |Feb snow days = 1.6 |Mar snow days = 0.4 |Apr snow days = 0.1 |May snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.0 |Nov snow days = 0.1 |Dec snow days = 0.9 |year snow days = 4.3 |source 1 = Meteo France[6] }} SightsThe Creac'h lighthouse (Phare du Creach) is reputedly the most powerful in the world.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} EventsIn 2007, Ushant hosted a Scottish book festival and subsequently created their own tartan;[7] and in August 2010, the islanders were reported to be seeking to establish cultural links with a Scottish island. Rob Gibson, Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Highlands and Islands welcomed the suggestion.[8] TransportUshant is connected to the French mainland by both air and sea. Passenger ferries of the Penn Ar Bed company operate from Brest and Le Conquet year-round, and also from Camaret in summer, stopping at the island of Molène en route.[9] The airline Finistair operates flights on Cessna 208 planes from Brest Bretagne Airport.[10] FaunaThe Ouessant sheep is a rare breed originating from Ushant. It is one of the northern European short-tailed sheep group of breeds, a type ubiquitous in northern Europe up to Roman times, but which now survives only in a few places. Apart from Ushant, these are remote islands and mountains of Britain and Scandinavia and some places around the Baltic Sea. The Ouessant is one of the smallest breeds of domestic sheep. It is usually black or dark brown (a few are white), and it is now kept elsewhere in the world as a heritage breed. The isolation of the island has helped the conservation of the Apis mellifera mellifera dark bee, unaffected by pollution, pesticides and Varroa parasites.[11] In the rest of France it has been substituted by Apis mellifera ligustica. As a side effect, the Braula coeca,[12] that has elsewhere perished by the anti-Varroa treatments, can still be found among the Ushant bees. The association Conservatoire de l'Abeille Noire Bretonne[13] tries to develop this bee race intending to reintroduce it in Western France.[14] Literary references"Lord Ushant" is the title given the heir to the Duchy of Tintagel (Cornwall) in Edith Wharton's The Buccaneers (1938). Ushant is also the title of the autobiography of the American poet and novelist Conrad Aiken, published in 1952. Ushant is mentioned in George Orwell's diaries, in passing.[15] Ushant is also a character briefly appearing in Herman Melville's White-Jacket. Ushant is highly admired for his beard. See chapter 84 of the book for further information. Ushant is mentioned repeatedly in the works of Patrick O'Brian in reference to the maritime activities and position of various ships and characters in the series. Ushant appears occasionally as a landfall in C. S. Forester's novels about Horatio Hornblower. Ushant is one of the locations in the mystery Act of Mercy by Peter Tremayne. The book is set in 666 A.D. Ushant is the setting of the 2004 French film L'Équipier (English title: The Light) directed by Philippe Lioret. Father Truitard, a character in Bruce Chatwin's novel The Viceroy of Ouidah, spent "years communing with the waves and petrels on the island of Ushant". Ushant is mentioned in Dmitry Lukhmanov's narrative 20 000 miles under sail.[16] It's also mentioned in Le Sang de la sirène (The Blood of the Siren, 1901) by Anatole Le Braz. A ship from Ushant (Ouessant in French) is mentioned in the poem Barbara by French poet Jacques Prévert. Rudyard Kipling mentions it in his poem Anchor Song. Ushant hands out annual Ouessant island literary prizes worldwide.[17] Yann Tiersen recorded his album, Eusa (2016). Every track is named after places of Ushant. In a 1971 novella, 'Überfahrt. Eine Liebesgeschichte,' by East German writer Anna Seghers, Ushant is mentioned towards the end of an Atlantic sea crossing from Brazil to East Germany. A character quotes in German the proverb 'Whoever sees Ushant sees their blood.' English translation - 'Crossing: A Love Story' by Anna Seghers, translated by Douglas Irving (USA: Diálogos Books, 2016), p. 154 The 1910 novel Das Meer by German author Bernhard Kellermann takes place on the island of Ushant. Many features of the island, such as Phare du Creach and Port du Stiff are described in detail, while the main character stays at the la Villa des tempêtes, which is in ruins today. See also{{Portal|Brittany}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ushant|title=Definition of "Ushant" - Collins English Dictionary|work=collinsdictionary.com|accessdate=29 November 2015}} 2. ^C. Michael Hogan. 2011. Celtic Sea. eds. P.saundry & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the /environment. Washington DC. 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections|year=1971|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|accessdate=25 September 2010|pages=42 [corrections to page 13]}} 4. ^{{cite book |last=Cordingly |first=David |title=The Billy Ruffian |pages=256–7 |location=New York |publisher=Bloomsbury |date=2003}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Omaha Beach and Beyond: The Long March of Sergeant Bob Slaughter|first=John Robert|last=Slaughter|pages=70–71|publisher=Zenith Press|date=8 November 2009|isbn=9780760337349}} 6. ^{{cite web| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180304051733/https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_29155005.pdf| archivedate = 4 March 2018| url = https://donneespubliques.meteofrance.fr/FichesClim/FICHECLIM_29155005.pdf| title = Ouessant–Stiff (29)| work = Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records| publisher = Meteo France| language = French| accessdate = 5 March 2018}} 7. ^{{cite news|title=French island of Ouessant adopts local tartan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-10929253|date=10 August 2010|publisher=BBC News}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Islanders Seek Scots Friends|date=16 August 2010|newspaper=The Herald|location=Glasgow}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pennarbed.fr/|title=Bateau vers les iles Ouessant, Molène et Sein - Penn Ar Bed|work=pennarbed.fr|accessdate=29 November 2015|language=fr}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.finistair.fr/|title=Bienvenue sur www.finistair.fr - Compagnie Finist'air|work=finistair.fr|accessdate=29 November 2015|language=fr}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Abeille et miel en Bretagne|first1=Gérard|last1=Alle|first2=Jean-Louis|last2=Le Moigne|url=http://www.abeillenoireouessant.fr/index.php/articles-de-presse/22-l-ile-d-ouessant-est-devenue-le-sanctuaire-des-abeilles-noires|language=fr|publisher=Coop Breizh|year=2011|isbn=9782843465222}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abeillenoireouessant.fr/index.php/braula-coeca|title=Braula cœca|first=Jean-Pierr|last=Martin|language=fr}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/science/20120404-abeille-noire-ouessant-est-pleine-forme|title=L'Abeille Noire d’Ouessant est en pleine forme|author=Dominique Raizon|date=4 April 2012|publisher=Radio France Internationale|accessdate=29 November 2015|language=fr}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espace-sciences.org/science/10065-sciences-ouest/20117-Annee-2004/10274-210/11075-gros-plan/19229-laboratoire/19230-l-abeille-noire-reintegre/index.html|title=L'abeille noire réintègre le continent|work=espace-sciences.org|accessdate=29 November 2015|language=fr}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://orwelldiaries.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/september-3/|title=September 3, 1938|work=Orwell Diaries 1938-1942|accessdate=29 November 2015}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://lib.rus.ec/b/255797/read|title=Жизнь моряка (fb2)|work=rus.ec|accessdate=29 November 2015|language=ru}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2015/05/13/2003618189|title=Translation of eco-fantasy book wins French island prize|newspaper=Taipei Times|date=13 May 2015|accessdate=29 November 2015|first=Dan|last=Bloom}} External links{{Commons category|Ouessant}}
4 : Ushant|Communes of Finistère|Islands of Brittany|Islands of the North Atlantic Ocean |
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