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词条 2010 Manezhnaya Square riot trials
释义

  1. Other Russia

  2. Events at Manezhnaya Square

  3. Arrests and trials

     Igor Berezyuk  Ruslan Khubaev  Kirill Unchuk  Leonid Panin and Alexander Kozevin 

  4. International Response

  5. References

The 2010 Manezhnaya Square riot trials resulted in verdicts against Igor Berezyuk, Kirill Unchuk and Ruslan Khubaev for violent clashes in Moscow.[1] Each was a member of the Other Russia party, and found guilty on charges such as inciting hatred and organizing the December 11, 2010 Manezhnaya Square riots. Berezyuk was also charged with assaulting a police officer.[2] Human rights groups have argued that the three are political prisoners, and that their imprisonment is chiefly the result of their involvement in the unregistered Russian opposition party, Other Russia.[3][4]

Other Russia

Each prisoner was a member of the unregistered "Other Russia" party headed by writer Eduard Limonov. The small party is controversial in Russia, with Limonov having been labeled an extremist by Russian authorities. Other opposition party leaders have called the group a unique political coalition of "liberals, nationalists and socialists" united solely under Limonov's personality, rather than common ideology.[5] The party's positions have been characterized as "anti-Kremlin" but not nationalist.[6]

The party had been an active organizer and participant in a campaign called “Strategy 31," which organized a protest on the 31st of each month to express support for Article 31 of the Russian constitution, which guarantees right to peaceful assembly. Activists typically assemble on Moscow's Triumph Square.[7]

Events at Manezhnaya Square

The charges against the group relate to an incident on December 11, 2010, when football fans and local minorities clashed in a violent conflict that injured 32 people. Both groups, over 5,000 people, arrived at Manezhnaya square a week after football fan Yegor Sviridov was killed.[8] That case inflamed nationalist sentiment after the party involved in his murder were identified as five Dagestanis, and that the Russian authorities had released four from custody.[9] The Manezhnaya Square riots rose in the wake of that case, as protests from nationalist groups and counter-protesters clashed.[9] Shortly thereafter, Russian authorities raided the offices of Other Russia, which human rights organizations have flagged as a biased measure, claiming it selectively prosecuted the leftist party while ignoring the responsibility of right-wing nationalist organizations.[11]

Arrests and trials

Igor Berezyuk

Berezyuk, a citizen of Belarus and a member of the Other Russia party, was arrested in a series of raids on that party's office and party member's apartments in January 2011, the night before a planned opposition rally in Triumph Square, Moscow.[10] 11 other party members were detained and released. The Russian state had called for restrictions on public demonstrations following the outbreak of violent clashes between nationalists and minority groups.[10] He was sentenced to eight years in a prison camp.[3] This was reduced by three months after an appeal in 2012.[11]

At the trial, Berezyuk was identified by a witness as having struck an officer during the riot, a charge to which Berezyuk plead partially guilty.[12] However, no witness was on hand to verify that Berezyuk was an organizer of the riot.[13]

During the raids on Other Russia party headquarters in which Berezyuk was apprehended, police also seized "computer cases, notebooks, a printer, speech amplifying devices and telephones," and "leaflets and posters carrying Other Russia and Strategy 31 emblems and posters with the emblem of the banned National Bolshevik Party".[14]

Ruslan Khubaev

Khubaev was sentenced to four and a half years in a prison camp.[3] This sentence was reduced by two months after an appeal in 2012[11] and he was released from prison on January 23, 2015.[11] Human rights groups noted that during the trial, no witness was able to identify him as a participant or organizer of the riots.[13]

Khubaev had been arrested previously for organizing protests against military conscription. In that trial, his arrest was combined with drug charges, and sentenced to 4.5 years. However, that case was appealed to the European Court of Human Rights. He was released in 2010, and returned to political activity as an organizer of the Murmansk chapter of "The Other Russia."[11]

Kirill Unchuk

Kirill Unchuk was a known political activist, and had previously received a suspended prison sentence in 2008 for occupying a Foreign Ministry building.[15]

Unchuk was sentenced to three years in a prison camp[3] and was released on March 21, 2014.[11] As with the rest of the Other Russia defendants, no witness was able to identify him as a participant or organizer of the riots.[13]

Leonid Panin and Alexander Kozevin

Panin and Kozevin were arrested on similar charges and tried simultaneously. The two were not members of Other Russia.[2] Unlike the others, the two apologized in court,[16] and did not seek appeals to higher courts on the grounds of being denied a fair trial.[17]

International Response

The Union of Solidarity with Political Prisoners[4] and the Memorial Human Rights Center of Russia (Memo)[3] have declared the Other Russia arrests politically motivated and declared the three to be political prisoners.

Memo asserts the trio are political prisoners owing to the selective nature of their prosecution. The group notes that while Other Russia is a left-leaning, anti-nationalist group, Russian nationalist protesters were present at the same rally. Memo asserts that the absence of arrests from nationalist groups from the same rally shows an inconsistency in applying charges, tantamount to selective persecution.[18]

The trio appealed its case to the European Court of Human Rights in 2012. The court accepted the case that same year. The most recent reports on that review show the case is still being evaluated.[19]

Russian officials have stated that there is no state process for convicting a person for a political crime.[20][21] The Moscow Helsinki Group, the oldest human rights organization in Russia, argue that while there are no laws against political crimes, there have been cases of politically motivated charges.[22]

References

1. ^{{cite news|last1=de Carbonnel|first1=Alissa|title=Russian police arrest dozens at anti-govt rallies|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-protest-idUSLDE70U1K820110131|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Reuters|publisher=Reuters|date=31 January 2011}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Manezh Square Riot Suspects Appear in Court|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2011/8/article/manezh-square-riot-suspects-appear-in-court/441958.html|website=The Moscow Times|publisher=Moscow Times|accessdate=20 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220175351/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2011/8/article/manezh-square-riot-suspects-appear-in-court/441958.html|archivedate=20 February 2016|date=12 August 2011}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=The List of Persons Recognized as Political Prisoners by Russia’s Memorial Human Rights Center|url=http://imrussia.org/en/projects/political-prisoners/649-the-list-of-persons-recognized-as-political-prisoners-by-russias-memorial-human-rights-center|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221225756/http://imrussia.org/en/projects/political-prisoners/649-the-list-of-persons-recognized-as-political-prisoners-by-russias-memorial-human-rights-center|archivedate=21 December 2015}}
4. ^1 {{cite news|title=Moscow extends arrest of "The Other Russia" activist accused of Manege Square disorders|url=http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/16876/|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Caucasian Knot|publisher=Caucasian Knot|date=25 April 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220183347/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/16876/|archivedate=20 February 2016}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Scandalous opposition leader creates new political party|url=https://www.rt.com/politics/limonov-opposition-new-party/|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Reuters|publisher=Reuters|date=10 July 2010}}
6. ^{{cite news|last1=Alpert|first1=Lucas|title=11 Jailed in 2 Trials Tied to Riots|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/446673.html|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Moscow Times|date=31 October 2011}}
7. ^{{cite news|title=Opposition Activist Detained In Moscow|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/moscow_other_russia/2293125.html|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120204228/http://www.rferl.org/content/moscow_other_russia/2293125.html|archivedate=20 January 2015}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=Seven persons out of the list of political prisoners did not get into "Medvedev’s list"|url=http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/20319/|agency=Caucasian Knot|publisher=Caucasian Knot|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601165708/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/20319/|archivedate=1 June 2012}}
9. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Jury Rules Death That Started Race Riots Was Murder {{!}} News|url = http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/446010.html|website = The Moscow Times|access-date = 2016-02-20}}
10. ^1 {{cite news|title=Police make raids, arrests before Moscow rally|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/russia/police-make-raids-arrests-before-moscow-rally-96012.html|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Reuters|publisher=Kyiv Post|date=31 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220180615/https://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/russia/police-make-raids-arrests-before-moscow-rally-96012.html|archivedate=20 February 2016}}
11. ^1 {{cite news|title=Moscow City Court reduces sentences for riots in Manege Square|url=http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/20571/|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Caucasian Knot|publisher=Caucasian Knot|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902112529/http://www.eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/20571/|archivedate=2 September 2012}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Buslavskaya|first1=Julia|title=Three defendants on case of riots at Manege Square in Moscow plead partially guilty|url=http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/18294/|accessdate=20 February 2016|publisher=Caucasian Knot|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220200016/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/18294/|archivedate=20 February 2016}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1 = Buslavskaya|first1 = Julia|url = http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/18515/|accessdate = 20 February 2016|agency = Caucasian Knot|publisher = Caucasian Knot|date = 29 September 2011|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160220200219/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/18515/|archivedate = 20 February 2016|title = Witness fails to identify defendant at trial on Manege Square riots}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Other Russia activist detained in connection with Manezh events - Investigative Committee|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=57723416&site=ehost-live|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Interfax|publisher=Interfax|date=31 January 2011}}{{subscription needed|via=[https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Academic Search Complete}}
15. ^{{cite news|title=The Other Russia reports detention of its activists|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=59583443&site=ehost-live|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Interfax|publisher=Interfax|date=24 March 2011}}{{subscription needed|via=[https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Academic Search Complete}}
16. ^{{cite news|last1=Buslavskaya|first1=Julia|title=Trial on riots in Manege Square starts questioning the defendants|url=http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/18616/|accessdate=20 February 2016|agency=Caucasian Knot|publisher=Caucasian Knot|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220201508/http://eng.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/18616/|archivedate=20 February 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Convict appeals 2010 football riots sentence|url=http://www.rapsinews.com/news/20130109/266006150.html|website=Russian Legal Information Agency|publisher=RAPSI|accessdate=20 February 2016}}
18. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=Манежное дело (Manege Case)|url=http://memo.ru/d/3040.html|website=Memo.ru|publisher=Memorial Human Rights Center of Russia|accessdate=20 February 2016|language=Russian}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=ECHR requests additional materials in Moscow riots case|url=http://rapsinews.com/judicial_news/20121119/265425575.html|website=rapsinews.com|publisher=Russian Legal Information Agency|accessdate=20 February 2016}}
20. ^{{cite news|title = There are no political prisoners in Russia - Moscow City Court chair|url = http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=afb4463d-59ae-4021-a9a6-06013401414c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4209&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=94780586&db=bwh|accessdate = 13 February 2016|agency = Russia & FSU General News|publisher = Interfax|date = 5 March 2014|page = 1}} {{subscription needed|via = [https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Academic Search Complete}}
21. ^{{cite news|title = Putin denies existence of political prisoners in Russia|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=94780586&site=ehost-live|accessdate = 13 February 2016|agency = Interfax|publisher = Russia & FSU General News|date = 31 August 2012|page = 1}} {{subscription needed|via = [https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Academic Search Complete}}
22. ^{{cite news|title = Russia has political prisoners - Moscow Helsinki Group chairman|url = http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=90077829&site=ehost-live|accessdate = 13 February 2016|agency = Interfax|publisher = Interfax: Russia & CIS Military Newswire|date = 3 September 2013}} {{subscription needed|via = [https://www.ebsco.com EBSCO]'s Academic Search Complete}}

6 : Anti-Caucasus sentiment in Russia|Russian prisoners and detainees|Political repression in Russia|Human rights abuses in Russia|Trials in Russia|2010 in Russia
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