1. Motivation

2. Description

3. Examples

4. Algorithm for encoding and decoding
    Encoding  Decoding 

5. Unicode signature

6. Security

7. References

8. See also

UTF-7 (7-bit Unicode Transformation Format) is a variable-length character encoding that was proposed for representing Unicode text using a stream of ASCII characters. It was originally intended to provide a means of encoding Unicode text for use in Internet E-mail messages that was more efficient than the combination of UTF-8 with quoted-printable.

UTF-7 is used by less than 0.003% of websites.^[1] UTF-8 has since 2009 been the dominant encoding (of any kind, not just of Unicode encodings) for the World Wide Web (and declared mandatory "for all things" by WHATWG^[2]).

Motivation

MIME, the modern standard of E-mail format, forbids encoding of headers using byte values above the ASCII range. Although MIME allows encoding the message body in various character sets (broader than ASCII), the underlying transmission infrastructure (SMTP, the main E-mail transfer standard) is still not guaranteed to be 8-bit clean. Therefore, a non-trivial content transfer encoding has to be applied in case of doubt. Unfortunately base64 has a disadvantage of making even US-ASCII characters unreadable in non-MIME clients. On the other hand, UTF-8 combined with quoted-printable produces a very size-inefficient format requiring 6–9 bytes for non-ASCII characters from the BMP and 12 bytes for characters outside the BMP.

Provided certain rules are followed during encoding, UTF-7 can be sent in e-mail without using an underlying MIME transfer encoding, but still must be explicitly identified as the text character set. In addition, if used within e-mail headers such as "Subject:", UTF-7 must be contained in MIME encoded words identifying the character set. Since encoded words force use of either quoted-printable or base64, UTF-7 was designed to avoid using the = sign as an escape character to avoid double escaping when it is combined with quoted-printable (or its variant, the RFC 2047/1522 ?Q?-encoding of headers).

UTF-7 is generally not used as a native representation within applications as it is very awkward to process. Despite its size advantage over the combination of UTF-8 with either quoted-printable or base64, the now defunct Internet Mail Consortium recommended against its use.^[3]

8BITMIME has also been introduced, which reduces the need to encode message bodies in a 7-bit format.

A modified form of UTF-7 (sometimes dubbed 'mUTF-7'{{CN|date=December 2015}}) is currently used in the IMAP e-mail retrieval protocol for mailbox names.^[4]

Description

UTF-7 was first proposed as an experimental protocol in RFC 1642, A Mail-Safe Transformation Format of Unicode. This RFC has been made obsolete by RFC 2152, an informational RFC which never became a standard. As RFC 2152 clearly states, the RFC "does not specify an Internet standard of any kind". Despite this, RFC 2152 is quoted as the definition of UTF-7 in the IANA's list of charsets. Neither is UTF-7 a Unicode Standard. The Unicode Standard 5.0 only lists UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32.

There is also a modified version, specified in RFC 2060, which is sometimes identified as UTF-7.

Some characters can be represented directly as single ASCII bytes. The first group is known as "direct characters" and contains 62 alphanumeric characters and 9 symbols: ' ( ) , - . / : ?. The direct characters are safe to include literally. The other main group, known as "optional direct characters", contains all other printable characters in the range {{U+|0020}}–U+007E except ~ \\ + and space. Using the optional direct characters reduces size and enhances human readability but also increases the chance of breakage by things like badly designed mail gateways and may require extra escaping when used in encoded words for header fields.

Space, tab, carriage return and line feed may also be represented directly as single ASCII bytes. However, if the encoded text is to be used in e-mail, care is needed to ensure that these characters are used in ways that do not require further content transfer encoding to be suitable for e-mail. The plus sign (+) may be encoded as +-.

Other characters must be encoded in UTF-16 (hence U+10000 and higher would be encoded into surrogates), big-endian (hence higher-order bits appear first), and then in modified Base64. The start of these blocks of modified Base64 encoded UTF-16 is indicated by a + sign. The end is indicated by any character not in the modified Base64 set. If the character after the modified Base64 is a - (ASCII hyphen-minus) then it is consumed by the decoder and decoding resumes with the next character. Otherwise decoding resumes with the character after the base64.

Examples

• "Hello, World!" is encoded as "Hello, World!"
• "1 + 1 = 2" is encoded as "1 +- 1 +AD0 2"
• "£1" is encoded as "+AKM-1". The Unicode code point for the pound sign is U+00A3 (which is 00A3₁₆ in UTF-16), which converts into modified Base64 as in the table below. There are two bits left over, which are padded to 0.

Algorithm for encoding and decoding

Encoding

First, an encoder must decide which characters to represent directly in ASCII form, which + has to be escaped as +-, and which to place in blocks of Unicode characters. A simple encoder may encode all characters it considers safe for direct encoding directly. However the cost of ending a Unicode sequence, outputing a single character directly in ASCII and then starting another Unicode sequence is 3 to 3⅔ bytes. This is more than the 2⅔ bytes needed to represent the character as a part of a Unicode sequence. Each Unicode sequence must be encoded using the following procedure, then surrounded by the appropriate delimiters.

Using the £† (U+00A3 U+2020) character sequence as an example:

Decoding

First an encoded data must be separated into plain ASCII text chunks (including +es followed by a dash) and nonempty Unicode blocks as mentioned in the description section. Once this is done, each Unicode block must be decoded with the following procedure (using the result of the encoding example above as our example)

1. Express each Base64 code as the bit sequence it represents:
   AKMgIA → 000000 001010 001100 100000 001000 000000
2. Regroup the binary into groups of sixteen bits, starting from the left:
   000000 001010 001100 100000 001000 000000 → 0000000010100011 0010000000100000 0000
3. If there is an incomplete group at the end containing only zeros, discard it (if the incomplete group contains any ones, the code is invalid):
   0000000010100011 0010000000100000
4. Each group of 16 bits is a character's Unicode (UTF-16) number and can be expressed in other forms:
   0000 0000 1010 0011 ≡ 0x00A3 ≡ 163₁₀

Unicode signature

A Unicode signature (often loosely called a "BOM") is an optional special byte sequence at the very start of a stream or file that, without being data itself, indicates the encoding used for the data that follows; a signature is used in the absence of metadata that denotes the encoding. For a given encoding scheme, the signature is that scheme's representation of Unicode code point U+FEFF, the so-called BOM (byte-order mark) [character].

While a Unicode signature is typically a single, fixed byte sequence, the nature of UTF-7 necessitates 5 variations: The last 2 bits of the 4th byte of the UTF-7 encoding of U+FEFF belong to the following character, resulting in 4 possible bit patterns and therefore 4 different possible bytes in the 4th position. The 5th variation is needed to disambiguate the case where no characters at all follow the signature. See the UTF-7 entry in the table of Unicode signatures.

Security

UTF-7 allows multiple representations of the same source string. In particular, ASCII characters can be represented as part of Unicode blocks. As such, if standard ASCII-based escaping or validation processes are used on strings that may be later interpreted as UTF-7, then Unicode blocks may be used to slip malicious strings past them. To mitigate this problem, systems should perform decoding before validation and should avoid attempting to autodetect UTF-7.

Older versions of Internet Explorer can be tricked into interpreting the page as UTF-7. This can be used for a cross-site scripting attack as the < and > marks can be encoded as +ADw- and +AD4- in UTF-7, which most validators let through as simple text.^[5]

References

See also

• Comparison of Unicode encodings

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