“Utility player”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In sports, a utility player is one who can play several positions competently. Sports in which the term is often used include football, baseball, rugby union, rugby league, water polo, and softball.

The term has gained prominence in all sports due to its use in fantasy leagues, but in rugby and rugby league, it is commonly used by commentators to recognize a player's versatility.

Association football

In football, like other sports, a utility player can play in several positions in the outfield.

A good example is the Manchester United player Phil Jones, a utility player being used as a right back and centre back as well as taking up both defensive and more attacking midfield roles. Danish centre-back Bjørn Paulsen is equally adept on the central midfield and has also successfully taken the role of striker, especially if his team is losing. The former Bulgarian international and Sporting Lisbon player Ivaylo Yordanov has played in all three outfield roles. Former Scottish international and Rangers captain Lee McCulloch also played in every outfield role for the club. Former Dutch international and Feyenoord, PSV Eindhoven and Milan player Ruud Gullit played as a defender, midfielder and striker, changing his position even within a single game to accommodate the gaps caused by substitutions.

Perhaps an early example (though before the term gained popular usage) was England 1966 World Cup winner Martin Peters, who famously scored in that final. He played in every position – including briefly as a goalkeeper – for West Ham United.

A few outfield players have also made competent substitute goalkeepers, for example Phil Jagielka, Jan Koller (originally trained as a goalkeeper before converting into a striker) and Cosmin Moți.^[1] But in the case of goalkeepers playing as outfield players, it is extremely rare; David James for Manchester City in 2005 match against Middlesbrough for one instance. Some may be free kick and penalty specialists (Rogério Ceni, José Luis Chilavert and Jorge Campos), but they do not hold a role in the outfield. John O'Shea, a former Manchester United player, is a famous example for playing in all positions in his United career.

Baseball

In baseball, a utility player is a player who can play several different positions. In general, each Major League Baseball team has at least one player who can be described as a utility player.

Most professional teams have two types of utility players. There are "utility infielders", who usually play all of the infield positions (plus occasionally catcher). Utility outfielders, or fourth outfielders, tend to play all three outfield positions at various times. Occasionally, there will be players who perform a combination of the two duties. Utility players tend to be players who come off the bench, though this is not absolute. Often, players who do not have high prospects to be a major league star will learn additional positions so they can look more attractive to major league clubs as bench talent.

In {{by|1991}}, the Detroit Tigers' Tony Phillips was the first player to start ten games at five different positions in the same season.^[2] César Tovar,^[3] Cookie Rojas,^[4] Bert Campaneris,^[5] Shane Halter,^[6] Don Kelly, Jose Oquendo^[7] Scott Sheldon,^[8] and Andrew Romine all played every position (including pitcher) during their respective careers, with Tovar, Camperanis, Halter, Sheldon, and Romine all doing it in one game.

In {{by|2005}} Chone Figgins started 48 games at third, 45 in center field and 36 at second, and finished 17th in American League Most Valuable Player balloting.^[9] Ryan Theriot of the San Francisco Giants has played shortstop, third base, second and outfield at some point in his short major league career. Mark DeRosa for the Chicago Cubs, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Cardinals Atlanta Braves, and the San Francisco Giants has played most defensive positions. Former third baseman Brandon Inge has played third base, catcher, left field, right field, and center field. Second baseman Ben Zobrist of the Chicago Cubs has played first, third, second, shortstop and outfield, José Bautista of Toronto Blue Jays has played first base, second base, third base, and outfield, and Josh Harrison of the Pittsburgh Pirates has played second base, shortstop, third base, outfield, and pitcher. All three have been named All Stars while playing multiple positions in their All-Star seasons.^[10] In {{by|2015}}, Brock Holt of the Boston Red Sox was the first player ever to be selected to the All Star Game after starting at seven or more positions before the break.^[11] Zobrist and Bautista both finished in the top 10 in MVP voting while starting at least 40 games at two different defensive positions. Luis Sojo is considered to be the classic modern utility player in baseball, as he was a natural shortstop, but could also play 3rd base, 2nd base, 1st base, and even left field. It was said that in emergency situations, he could even play a bit of catcher.

A third type of utility player is often seen in youth baseball, and occasionally in college baseball—a player talented enough as a pitcher and position player to play in both roles. The term "utility player" is not typically used to describe such an individual, with "two-way player" used instead. Two recent examples of two-way players in modern college baseball are A. J. Reed and Brendan McKay, both of whom were consensus national players of the year while playing regularly as first basemen and starting pitchers—Reed in 2014 with Kentucky^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] and McKay in 2017 with Louisville.^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]^[20] Both players would win the John Olerud Award as the best two-way college player, with McKay winning the award three times (the only player to win this award more than once). Reed would ultimately become exclusively a first baseman,^[21] while McKay is currently being developed in the minor leagues as a two-way player.^[22]

Even more rarely, a player can have the talent to play both roles at the top professional level. Babe Ruth began his career as a pitcher, but proved to be such a strong hitter that he briefly alternated in the two roles until becoming a full-time position player. A current example is Shohei Ohtani, who made the Best Nine of Japan's Pacific League as both a pitcher and a hitter in 2016, and is a designated hitter / starting pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels.^[23]

Basketball

The term "utility player" is rarely used in basketball outside of fantasy basketball leagues.^[24] Instead; basketball uses the terms tweener and swingman to refer to a player who can play two or three different positions, with more specific terms being combo guard, forward-center, and stretch four.

Ice hockey

In ice hockey, it is common for centres and wingers to play either position in certain situations. Depending on need, a team may use a natural centreman on the wing if they have too many centres or, conversely, a winger may be pressed to play centre because of a lack of suitable players in that area. Because of the frequency of forwards playing both positions, the term utility player tends to refer not to a player that plays more than one forward position, but to a player that can play both defence and forward. Teams may use a defenceman as a forward, or vice versa, for a variety of reasons.

Sometimes a natural defenceman who struggles on the defensive side of the game but possesses strong offensive qualities may be used as a winger. Marc-Andre Bergeron and Kurtis Foster, for example, have proven to be quality offensive defencemen who struggle in defending their own zone. As such, they have dressed as forwards so their teams can continue to use their offensive abilities on the powerplay while still using the standard six defencemen during even strength.

An extra defenceman may also be pressed to play forward in an emergency situation, where a team has a rash of injuries to their forwards and do not have time to summon a replacement player from a farm team.

It is very common for teams to use a forward on "the point" during the powerplay to provide a greater offensive threat. Though the forward is playing defence in this situation, they aren't necessarily seen as true utility players.

Along with Bergeron and Foster, other notable defencemen that have played forward at some point in their careers include Phil Housley, Brent Burns, Mark Streit,^[25] Christoph Schubert, Ian White and Chris Campoli.^[26] Notable forwards who have played defence include Sergei Fedorov,^[27] Mathieu Dandenault, Brooks Laich and Sami Kapanen.^[28]

In some cases a player has made a full-time conversion from one position to the other and experienced success. Hockey Hall of Famer Red Kelly spent the first half of his career as an offensive defenceman for the Detroit Red Wings before finishing his career as a strong two-way centreman for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Wendel Clark was a star defenceman in junior before converting to left wing and scoring over 300 goals and 500 points in 15 NHL seasons. (Some junior hockey teams have a tendency to put their best offensive players on defence instead of as forwards, since defencemen generally have more time on the ice.) Dustin Byfuglien is an example of a current player who has made the switch from forward to defence full-time. Jonathan Ericsson of the Detroit Red Wings is another example of a player who converted from forward to defense.^[29]

It is extremely rare for goaltenders to play any position other than goaltender; likewise, it is just as rare for non-goaltenders to suit up in goal, because of the significant difference in skills and equipment required for the position.

Gridiron football

In gridiron football, the utility player is often capable of playing multiple positions, and often they may play both offense and defense. The concept was far more common in the early days of football, when pro teams used their best athletes in as many ways as possible, and substitutions were far more restricted, meaning players had to stay on the field for offense, defense, and "special teams". This was known as the one-platoon system.

The triple threat man, who could run, pass, and kick, was particularly popular during the early days of football from the time the forward pass was invented to the World War II era (see, for instance, Bradbury Robinson, Tommy Hughitt, Sammy Baugh, and, during his college years, Johnny Unitas). Most levels of football lifted the substitution restrictions during the post-World War II era in the late 1940s, beginning with "platooning" (use of different offensive and defensive units) and eventually transitioning to complete free substitution. Chuck Bednarik, a center and linebacker, was the last full-time two way player in the NFL, having retired in 1962. Despite this, the American Football League of the 1960s frequently used players at multiple positions, particularly kickers and punters (e.g. George Blanda, Paul Maguire, Cookie Gilchrist, Gino Cappelletti, and Gene Mingo, a running back who became the first black placekicker in modern professional football, among others). Because of increased injury risk awareness, since the AFL-NFL merger these types of players are increasingly rare, and true utility players usually end up specializing in one position (for example, Lane Johnson played quarterback, tight end, defensive end and offensive tackle through college but was tagged specifically at offensive tackle when drafted into the NFL, and Lorenzo Alexander, who earned a reputation as a "one-man gang" for his ability to play multiple positions, had settled in as a linebacker for most of his career in the NFL^[30]). Those that do play multiple positions for any extended period of time are mostly backups (e.g. Guido Merkens and Brad Smith) or career minor-league players (e.g. Don Jonas, Eric Crouch, and Charles Puleri). It is still very common in smaller high schools to see top players play two or even three ways (offense, defense, and special teams), in multiple positions, but in college and pro ball, where rosters are larger and the talent pool is more elite, the injury risk outweighs potential benefits.

In the National Football League, Bill Belichick of the New England Patriots uses the utility player frequently. Belichick has used his linebackers, including Bryan Cox and Mike Vrabel, as H-backs on offense, and Belichick has doubled his wide receivers (e.g. Troy Brown and Randy Moss) as cornerbacks and safeties. Houston Texans defensive end J. J. Watt has also been utilized in multiple positions. Watt lined up at tight end in special goal-line packages in 2014, catching three touchdown passes. The 6' 5" Watt played tight end in high school before becoming a full-time defensive player. Likewise, Buffalo Bills defensive tackle Kyle Williams played sparingly as a fullback in the last two years of his career, catching a pass, rushing for a touchdown, and blocking for another. William "The Refrigerator" Perry, a defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears, famously played as a fullback to score a touchdown in Super Bowl XX.

The tackle eligible is a special form of utility player. Examples of those who used this play notably include Jason Peters, Warren Sapp, Jumbo Elliott, Mitch Frerotte, Anthony Muñoz, Joe Staley, and Donald Penn. In such a situation, a player who is lined up in the offensive tackle position is eligible to catch a forward pass. Another example of a type of utility player is the halfback option play, in which a running back performs the passing duties of a quarterback. Walter Payton, LaDanian Tomlinson, and, most recently, Ronnie Brown have used this play multiple times, and this type of play has spawned an entire offensive scheme. Note that generally, a player who plays one regular position as well as special teams is usually not considered a utility player, nor are hybrid running back/wide receivers such as Reggie Bush; only those who play two distinct offensive and/or defensive positions are considered such, as are those who play an offensive or defensive position and in addition kick or punt.

The "offense/offensive weapon" (also known as OW) is an offensive player that can play multiple different positions. The OW role contains, but is not limited too, players that can play quarterback, running back, tight end, and wide receiver. Kordell Stewart was the first player to be used in this role back in the 1990s, but it became popular in the early 2010s. Back when Stewart played this role, it was known as the "Slash" role. The Jacksonville Jaguars' OW Denard Robinson was the first to be officially an OW but other current examples of the OW position include Carolina Panthers Quarterback Joe Webb (has started at WR in the NFL) Minnesota Vikings Tight End and Fullback MarQueis Gray (who started at QB and WR at the University of Minnesota), and New Orleans Saints quarterback Taysom Hill (who also plays special teams as a kick returner).

The Arena Football League, for many years, made almost all of its players, with the exception of two players on each side (always a quarterback, a kicker {the quarterback and kicker were never on the field at the same time} and usually a wide receiver and two defensive backs), play both sides of the ball; this was known as "ironman." The "ironman" concept was dropped in 2007.

With the exception of the now defunct NFL Europe, almost all European American Football leagues have players that play offense, defense, and special teams. Especially when the number of "American" players is limited, they are often on the field for as many snaps as possible, both on offense and defense.

Rugby league

The use of utility in rugby league is more expansive because not only would a player play only at backs' (or forwards') positions, some may play in forward and back positions with similar roles (e.g. halfback/hooker), or even play so many different positions as injury cover. Lance Hohaia is a prime example of this as he played in six different positions in his NRL career.

Rugby union

Utility player is a term used mostly in New Zealand. In rugby union, it comes in a form of utility back. It is mostly a back who can cover at least two positions. Notable examples in New Zealand include Daniel Bowden, Luke McAlister and Cory Jane, but Australia also has many utility backs like Adam Ashley-Cooper, Kurtley Beale and Matt Giteau. A South African example is François Steyn.

Despite that, there are forwards who are capable of covering multiple positions. Many players in the back row of the scrum (flankers and number eights) will frequently switch between the two positions. Notable players in English rugby have made the transition between back row to the back line as they possess transferrable skills & are usually the quicker & more mobile of the pack, less often a player may also be capable of playing lock as well as a back-row position, with several modern examples being Sébastien Chabal, Steven Luatua, Kieran Read, and Maro Itoje, all with international caps in both rows of the scrum. However, this description never applies to props who can play both ends of the front row (i.e. Numbers 1 & 3), unless the player has the ability to cover as a hooker (e.g. John Afoa, a prop who could cover as a hooker, or John Smit, primarily a hooker but also capped internationally at both prop positions).

Fantasy sports

In fantasy baseball and basketball, a utility player is a player (specifically a batter in baseball) who accumulates statistics without being assigned to a particular position. The batter can play any position; he need not actually be a utility player (for example, if a fantasy manager has two first baseman, he can assign one to the first base position and one to a utility slot). Similarly, a person assigned a utility slot in fantasy basketball need not be a tweener or swingman.

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/liverpool/11094410/Liverpool-v-Ludogorets-Razgrad-When-defender-Cosmin-Moti-was-hero-of-penalty-shoot-out-playing-in-goal.html|title=Liverpool v Ludogorets Razgrad: When defender Cosmin Moti was hero of penalty shoot-out - playing in goal|first=Jason|last=Burt|date=13 September 2014|publisher=|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}
2. ^{{cite news|title=Stretching One's Earning Power|first=Milton|last=Kent|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=1994-04-29|url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-04-29/sports/1994119046_1_new-position-delgado-blue-jays}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/tovarce01.shtml|title=Cesar Tovar Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/r/rojasco01.shtml|title=Cookie Rojas Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/c/campabe01.shtml|title=Bert Campaneris Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/h/haltesh01.shtml|title=Shane Halter Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/o/oquenjo01.shtml|title=Jose Oquendo Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/s/sheldsc01.shtml|title=Scott Sheldon Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2017-07-31}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/f/figgich01.shtml|title=Chone Figgins Statistics and History|work=Baseball-Reference|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|accessdate=2010-05-14}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/mlb/players/7264/career;_ylt=AqdQfeiFpahSPQNM8MfGgQyFCLcF |title=José Bautista - Toronto Blue Jays - Career Statistics - MLB |publisher=Yahoo.com |accessdate=2013-12-16}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jul/14/holt-1st-all-star-to-start-at-7-positions-before-b/?page=1|title=Holt 1st All-Star to start at 7 positions before break|first=The Washington Times|last=http://www.washingtontimes.com|date=|website=washingtontimes.com}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/college/baseball/2014/06/14/kentuckys-2-way-star-a-j-reed-wins-howser-trophy/10523951/ |title=Kentucky's 2-way star A.J. Reed wins Howser Trophy| newspaper=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |date=June 14, 2014 |accessdate=June 14, 2014}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.baseballamerica.com/college/college-player-of-the-year-kentuckys-reed-starred-at-plate-on-mound/ |title=College Player Of The Year: Kentucky’s Reed Starred At Plate, On Mound |first=Aaron |last=Fitt |publisher=Baseball America |date=June 11, 2014 |accessdate=June 16, 2014}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.courier-journal.com/story/sports/college/kentucky/2014/05/29/aj-reed-nabs-uk-baseballs-first-national-player-year-award/9714129/|newspaper=The Courier-Journal |location=Louisville, KY |title=A.J. Reed nabs UK baseball’s first national player of the year award|date=May 29, 2014|accessdate=May 29, 2014}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article/mlb/astros-prospect-aj-reed-wins-golden-spikes-award?ymd=20140717&content_id=85006888&vkey=news_mlb |title=Astros' prospect Reed wins Golden Spikes Award |first=Spencer |last=Fordin |publisher=MLB.com |date=July 17, 2014 |accessdate=July 22, 2014}}
16. ^{{cite press release|url=http://www.sportswriters.net/ncbwa/news/2017/howser170617.html |title=Louisville's McKay Wins 2017 Dick Howser Trophy |publisher=National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association |date=June 17, 2017 |accessdate=June 19, 2017}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.baseballamerica.com/college/2017-college-player-year-brendan-mckay-excels-fronts/ |title= 2017 College Player of the Year: Brendan McKay Excels on All Fronts |first=Teddy |last=Cahill |publisher=Baseball America |date=June 8, 2017 |accessdate=June 12, 2017}}
18. ^{{cite press release|url=http://baseballnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-Collegiate-Baseball-All-Americans-Release.pdf |title=Collegiate Baseball's NCAA Div. I All-Americans |publisher=Collegiate Baseball Newspaper |date=June 1, 2017 |accessdate=June 19, 2017}}
19. ^{{cite press release|url=http://abca.org/news/2017/2017_abca_players_of_the_year |title=2017 ABCA National Players of the Year announced |publisher=American Baseball Coaches Association |date=June 28, 2017 |accessdate=June 29, 2017}}
20. ^{{cite press release |url=http://web.usabaseball.com/article.jsp?ymd=20170629&content_id=239476650&vkey=news_gsa |title=Louisville's Brendan McKay Wins 2017 USA Baseball Golden Spikes Award |publisher=USA Baseball |date=June 29, 2017 |accessdate=July 2, 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630121932/http://web.usabaseball.com/article.jsp?ymd=20170629&content_id=239476650&vkey=news_gsa |archivedate=June 30, 2017 |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=607223#/career/R/hitting/2017/ALL |title=Players: A. J. Reed |publisher=Minor League Baseball |accessdate=August 8, 2017}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.tampabay.com/sports/baseball/rays/rays-draft-louisvilles-brendan-mckay-plan-to-let-him-pitch-and-hit/2327056 |title=Rays draft Louisville's Brendan McKay, plan to let him pitch and hit |first=Roger |last=Mooney |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |date=June 12, 2017 |accessdate=August 8, 2017}}
23. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/18208693/shohei-otani-eyeing-move-mlb-2017-season |title=Japanese MVP Shohei Otani weighing MLB move for 2018 |publisher=ESPN.com |date=December 6, 2016 |accessdate=January 9, 2017}}
24. ^{{Citation|url=http://www.fantasybasketballmoneyleagues.com/|title=Fantasy basketball|date=October 14, 2013|publisher=fantasybasketballmoneyleagues.com|accessdate=2013-10-14}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/sports/story.html?id=0d969d38-5373-4c15-94e4-c3e9c2002620 |title=Versatile Streit makes it look easy with Habs |publisher=Canada.com |date=2008-02-11 |accessdate=2013-12-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326053419/http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/sports/story.html?id=0d969d38-5373-4c15-94e4-c3e9c2002620 |archivedate=2014-03-26 |df= }}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://senators.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=510124 |title=Campoli making forward move - Ottawa Senators|publisher=NHL.com |accessdate= 2013-12-16}}
27. ^http://www.dispatch.com/live/contentbe/dispatch/2007/03/16/20070316-B4-02.html{{dead link|date=December 2013}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://whalerslegends.blogspot.com/2009/06/sami-kapanen.html |title=Hartford Whalers Legends: Sami Kapanen |publisher=WhalersLegends.blogspot.com |date=2009-06-07 |accessdate=2013-12-16}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.redwingscentral.com/prospects/ericsson.php |accessdate=April 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213093400/http://www.redwingscentral.com/prospects/ericsson.php |archivedate=February 13, 2010 }}
30. ^{{cite web|work=Redskins.com|url=http://www.redskins.com/news-and-events/article-1/Alexander-The-Face-Of-Roster-Versatility/ca9a28c3-008e-4d2e-9378-c859f386140b|title=Alexander The Face Of Roster Versatility|last=Tinsman| first=Brian|date=June 27, 2012|access-date=June 27, 2012}}