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词条 Uzbek language
释义

  1. Name

  2. History

  3. Writing systems

  4. Grammar

      Phonology    Vowels    Consonants    Morphology and syntax    Word order  

  5. Number of speakers

  6. Loan words

  7. Dialects

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. Sources

  11. External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Uzbek
|nativename=oʻzbekcha, oʻzbek tili; ўзбекча, ўзбек тили; اوزبیکچه, اوزبیک تیلی
|states= Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Russia, China
|ethnicity=Uzbeks
|speakers = 33 million
|date = 2019
|ref = e18
|familycolor = Altaic
|fam1=Turkic
|fam2=Common Turkic
|fam3=Karluk[1]
|ancestor=Middle Turkic
|ancestor2=Khorezmian
|ancestor3=Chagatai
|nation= {{UZB}}
{{AFG}} (3rd official language)
|script=Latin, Cyrillic, and Arabic (used in Afghanistan and China), Uzbek Braille
(Uzbek alphabets)
|iso1=uz
|iso2=uzb
|iso3=uzb
|lc1=uzn|ld1=Northern
|lc2=uzs|ld2=Southern
|lingua=44-AAB-da, db
|glotto=uzbe1247
|glottorefname=Uzbek
|notice=IPA
|minority={{plainlist|
  • {{flag|Tajikistan}}
  • {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
  • {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} (until 2010)
  • {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
  • {{flag|Russia}}
  • {{flag|China}}

}}
|agency = Tashkent State University of Uzbek language and literature
|map=Uzbek language.png
| mapalt = A map, showing that Uzbek is spoken throughout Uzbekistan, except the western third (where Karakalpak dominates), and northern Afghanistan.
| mapcaption = Dark blue = majority; light blue = minority
}}

Uzbek is a Turkic language that is the first official and only declared national language of Uzbekistan. The language of Uzbeks, it is spoken by some 33 million native speakers in Uzbekistan and elsewhere in Central Asia.

Uzbek belongs to the Eastern Turkic, or Karluk, branch of the Turkic language family. External influences include Persian, Arabic and Russian. One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel {{IPA|/ɑ/}} to {{IPA|/ɒ/}}, a feature that was influenced by Persian.

Name

In the language itself, Uzbek is {{lang|uz|oʻzbek tili}} or {{lang|uz|oʻzbekcha}}. In Arabic script, {{lang|uz-Arab|اوزبیک تیلی}} and {{lang|uz-Arab|اوزبیکچه}}.

History

Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya, Syr Darya and Zarafshan river basins since at least 600–700 CE, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Sogdia, Bactria and Khwarezm. The first Turkic dynasty in the region was that of the Kara-Khanid Khanate in the 9th–12th centuries,[2] who were a confederation of Karluks, Chigils, Yaghma and other tribes.[3]

Uzbek can be considered the direct descendant or a later form of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan, Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty[4] (including the early Mughal rulers of India). The language was championed by Ali-Shir Nava'i in the 15th and 16th centuries. Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai language literature.[5][6] He significantly contributed to the development of the Chagatai language and its direct descendant Uzbek and is widely considered to be the founder of Uzbek literature.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Ultimately based on the Karluk variant of the Turkic languages, Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords. By the 19th century it was rarely used for literary composition, but disappeared only in the early 20th century.

The term Uzbek as applied to language has meant different things at different times. Prior to 1921 "Uzbek" and "Sart" were considered to be different dialects:

  • "Uzbek" was a vowel-harmonised Kipchak variety spoken by descendants of those who arrived in Transoxiana with Muhammad Shaybani in the 16th century, who lived mainly around Bukhara and Samarkand, although the Turkic spoken in Tashkent was also vowel-harmonised. It can be called old Uzbek and it's considered to be related to that specific group of people.
  • "Sart" was a Karluk dialect spoken by the older settled Turkic populations of the region in the Fergana Valley and the Qashqadaryo Region, and in some parts of what is now the Samarqand Region; it contained a heavier admixture of Persian and Arabic, and did not have vowel harmony. It became the standard Uzbek language and the official dialect of Uzbekistan.

In Khanate of Khiva, Sarts spoke a highly Oghuz Turkified form of Karluk Turkic. After 1921 the Soviet regime abolished the term Sart as derogatory, and decreed that henceforth the entire settled Turkic population of Turkestan would be known as Uzbeks, even though many had no Uzbek tribal heritage.

However, the standard written language that was chosen for the new republic in 1924, despite the protests of Uzbek Bolsheviks such as Fayzulla Khodzhayev, was not pre-revolutionary "Uzbek" but the "Sart" language of the Samarkand region. Edward A. Allworth argued that this "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as the 15th century author Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity.[14] All three dialects continue to exist within modern spoken Uzbek.

Writing systems

{{Main|Uzbek alphabet}}

Uzbek has been written in a variety of scripts throughout history:

  • Pre-1928: the Arabic-based Yaña imlâ alphabet by literates, approximately 3.7% of Uzbeks at the time.[15]
    • 1880s: Russian missionaries attempted to use Cyrillic for Uzbek.[15]
  • 1928–1940: the Latin-based Yañalif used officially.
  • 1940–1992: the Cyrillic script used officially.
  • Since 1992: a Yañalif-based Latin script is official in Uzbekistan.

Despite the official status of the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the use of Cyrillic is still widespread, especially in advertisements and signs. In newspapers, scripts may be mixed, with headlines in Latin and articles in Cyrillic.[16] The Arabic script is no longer used in Uzbekistan except symbolically in limited texts[16] or for the academic studies of Chagatai (Old Uzbek).[15]

In the western Chinese region of Xinjiang, where there is an Uzbek minority, the Arabic is still used.

In Afghanistan, the traditional Arabic orthography is still used.

Grammar

Phonology

Vowels

Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes:[17]

UnroundedRounded
Closei}}u}}
Mide}}o}}
Openæ}}ɒ}}

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasalm}}n}}ŋ}}
Plosive/Affricate voicelessp}}t̪}}t͡s}})t͡ʃ}}k}}q}}ʔ}})
voicedb}}d̪}}d͡ʒ}}ɡ}}
Fricative voicelessɸ}}s}}ʃ}}χ}}h}}
voicedz}}ʒ}})ʁ}}
Approximantl}}j}}w}}
Rhoticr}}

Morphology and syntax

As a Turkic language, Uzbek is null subject, agglutinative and has no articles and no noun classes (gender or otherwise). The word order is subject–object–verb (SOV). Words are usually oxytones (i.e. the last syllable is stressed), but certain endings and suffixal particles are not stressed.

In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words:

  • nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs)
  • verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs)
Verbs

Uzbek uses the following verbal suffixes:

Suffix Function Example Translation
-moq infinitive kelmoq to come
-di past tense keldi came
-ing imperative keling! come!
-sa conditional kelsa would come

The present and future tenses are both expressed with the -a and -y suffixes.

Articles

Nouns take the -ni suffix as an indefinite article. Unsuffixed nouns are understood as definite.

Pronouns
Pronoun Translation
men I
biz we
sen you
(informal singular)
siz you
(formal singular and plural)
u he/she/it
Word order

The word order in the Uzbek language is subject–object–verb (SOV), which means that, unlike in English, the object comes before the verb and the verb is the last element of the sentence.

I see the book
Menkitobkordim
subject direct object transitive verb
1.SG. book see-PRES.IND.

Number of speakers

Estimates of the number of speakers of Uzbek vary widely. The Swedish encyclopedia Nationalencyklopedin estimates the number of native speakers to be 30 million,[18]

and the CIA World Factbook estimates 25 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 21 million in Uzbekistan,[19] 3.4 million in Afghanistan,[20] 900,000 in Tajikistan,[21] 800,000 in Kyrgyzstan,[22] 500,000 in Kazakhstan,[23] 300,000 in Turkmenistan,[24] and 300,000 in Russia.[25]

Loan words

The influence of Islam, and by extension, Arabic, is evident in Uzbek loanwords. There is also a residual influence of Russian, from the time when Uzbeks were under the rule of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Most importantly, Uzbek vocabulary, phraseology and pronunciation has been heavily influenced by Persian through its historic roots. Uzbek has been significantly influenced by Persian and it also influenced Tajik (a variety of Persian).[26] Among Turkic languages, perhaps Uzbek is the most influenced language by Persian.[27]

Dialects

The Uzbek language has many dialects, varying widely from region to region. However, there is a commonly understood dialect which is used in mass media and in most printed materials. Among the most-widespread dialects are the Tashkent dialect, Uzbek dialect, the Ferghana dialect, the Khorezm dialect, the Chimkent-Turkestan dialect, and the Surkhandarya dialect.

See also

  • Chagatai language
  • Southern Uzbek language

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Scott Newton|title=Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JWLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA232&dq=Chagatai+%22Old+Uzbek%22+official&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi8sMj0tO_KAhXI1R4KHe_2DEgQ6AEIIzAB#v=onepage&q=Chagatai%20%22Old%20Uzbek%22%20official&f=false|date=20 November 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-92978-9|pages=232–}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ooo-perevod.ru/news/uzbekskiy.html |title=The Origins of the Uzbek Language |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=5 January 2013|language=Russian}}
3. ^{{citation|last = Golden|first = Peter. B.|chapter =Chapter 13 – The Karakhanids and Early Islam|year = 1990|title = The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|editor-last = Sinor|editor-first = Denis|publisher = Cambridge University Press|isbn = 0-521-24304-1}}
4. ^{{cite book |title=Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance, a Historical Overview |last=Allworth |first=Edward |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1994 |publisher=Duke University Press |location= |isbn=0-8223-1521-1 |pages=72 }}
5. ^{{cite encyclopedia | editor = Robert McHenry | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Navā’ī, (Mir) ‘Alī Shīr | language = | edition = 15th | date = | year = 1993 | month = | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc | volume = 8 | location = Chicago | id = | doi = | page = 563 }}
6. ^{{cite encyclopedia | last = Subtelny| first = M. E. | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = C. E. Bosworth |editor2=E. Van Donzel |editor3=W. P. Heinrichs |editor4=Ch. Pellat | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Islam | title = Mīr ‘Alī Shīr Nawā’ī | language = | edition = | date = | year = 1993 | month = | publisher = Brill Publishers | volume = VII | location = Leiden—New York | id = | doi = | pages = 90–93 }}
7. ^{{cite encyclopedia | last = Valitova | first = A. A.| authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = A. M. Prokhorov | encyclopedia = Great Soviet Encyclopedia | title = Alisher Navoi | language = Russian | edition = 3rd | date = | year = 1974 | month = | publisher = Soviet Encyclopedia | volume = 17 | location = Moscow | id = | doi = | pages = 194–195 }}
8. ^{{cite encyclopedia | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | editor = A. M. Prokhorov | encyclopedia = Great Encyclopedic Dictionary | title = Navoi, Nizamiddin Mir Alisher | language = Russian | edition = 2nd | date = | year = 1997 | month = | publisher = Great Russian Encyclopedia | volume = | location = Saint Petersburg | id = | doi = | page = 777 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://writershistory.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=628&Itemid=35|title=Alisher Navoi|author=|date=|work=Writers History|publisher=|accessdate=26 January 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016065019/http://writershistory.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=628&Itemid=35|archivedate=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://enews.fergananews.com/article.php?id=2554 |title=Uzbekistan – The monuments of classical writers of oriental literature are removed in Samarqand |author= Maxim Isaev |date=7 July 2009 |work=Ferghana News |publisher= |accessdate=26 January 2012}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanat.orexca.com/eng/1-06/alisher.shtml| title= Alisher Navoi and his epoch in the context of Uzbekistan art culture development [sic] |author= Kamola Akilova | work=San'at Magazine|accessdate=28 January 2012}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uzhotels.net/culture/index.html|title=Uzbek Culture |work=UzHotels |accessdate=27 January 2012}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://kitob.uz/view_book.php?id=1316|title=Alisher Navoi – The Crown of Literature|author=|date=|work=Kitob.uz Children's Digital Library|publisher=|accessdate=8 February 2012|language=Uzbek}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
14. ^{{cite book|last=Allworth|first=Edward A.|title=The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History|year=1990|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8179-8732-9|pages=229–230|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beCoAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT202 }}
15. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Batalden|first=Stephen K.|title=The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC&pg=PA194|year=1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-89774-940-4|page=194}}
16. ^1 {{cite book|author=European Society for Central Asian Studies. International Conference|title=Central Asia on Display |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&pg=PA221| year=2005|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-8309-6|page=221}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Sjoberg|first1=Andrée F.|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar|series=Uralic and Altaic Series|volume=18|date=1963|publisher=Indiana University|location=Bloomington|pages=16–18}}
18. ^"Världens 100 största språk 2007" ("The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007"), Nationalencyklopedin
19. ^{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html|work=CIA|accessdate=7 December 2012}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Languages of Afghanistan|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AF|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=7 December 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Languages of Tajikistan|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TJ |work=Ethnologue|accessdate=7 December 2012}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Ethnic Makeup of the Population|url=http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/din.files/census/5010003.pdf|work=National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic|accessdate=7 December 2012|language=Russian}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=National Census 2009|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf|work=Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan|accessdate=7 December 2010|language=Russian|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5uvOtyVTC?url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf|archivedate=12 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Languages of Turkmenistan|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TM|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=7 December 2012}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=National Census 2010|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls|work=Federal State Statistics Service|accessdate=7 December 2012|language=Russian}}
26. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=xGZedef70zAC&pg=PA655&dq=persian+language+uzbek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj73pqGiOHfAhUIjSwKHY2dBwQQ6AEIJzAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Hickey, Raymond 2010. The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwel page 655]
27. ^ 

Sources

{{refbegin}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/300453555|title=Comprehensive Uzbek-English Dictionary|last=Mamatov|first=Jahangir|last2=Kadirova|first2=Karamat|date=2008|publisher=Dunwoody Press|year=|isbn=1-931546-83-5|location=Hyattsville, Maryland|pages=|oclc=300453555}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40980286|title=The Turkic Languages|last=Csató|first=Éva Ágnes|last2=Johanson|first2=Lars|date=1936|publisher=Routledge|year=|isbn=0-415-41261-7|location=London|pages=|oclc=40980286}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Bregel|first=Yu|date=1978|title=The Sarts in The Khanate of Khiva|jstor=41930294|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=12|issue=2|pages=120–151|doi=10.2307/41930294}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51061526|title=Modern Literary Uzbek: A Manual for Intensive Elementary, Intermediate, and Advanced Courses|last=Bodrogligeti|first=András J. E.|date=2002|publisher=Lincom Europa|year=|isbn=3-89586-695-4|location=München|pages=|oclc=51061526}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/815507595|title=Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek Experience|last=Fierman|first=William|date=1991|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|year=|isbn=3-11-085338-8|location=Berlin|pages=|oclc=815507595}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34576336|title=Modern literary Uzbek I|last=Ismatullaev|first=Khaĭrulla|date=1995|publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies|year=|isbn=0-933070-36-5|location=Bloomington, Indiana|pages=|oclc=34576336}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35822650|title=Uzbek-English Dictionary|last=Karl|first=A. Krippes|date=1996|publisher=Dunwoody Press|year=|isbn=1-881265-45-5|edition=Rev|location=Kensington|pages=|oclc=35822650}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/468438031|title=Uzbek Structural Grammar|last=Sjoberg|first=Andrée Frances|date=1997|publisher=Curzon Press|year=|isbn=0-7007-0818-9|edition=|location=Richmond|pages=|oclc=468438031}}
  • {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5100980|title=Uzbek-English Dictionary|last=Waterson|first=Natalie|date=1980|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=|isbn=0-19-713597-8|location=Oxford|pages=|oclc=5100980}}
  • Republic of Uzbekistan, Ministry of Higher and Middle Eductation. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110921095752/http://el.tfi.uz/pdf/lyoaoai_uzl.pdf Lotin yozuviga asoslangan oʻzbek alifbosi va imlosi ] (Latin writing based Uzbek alphabet and orthography), Tashkent Finance Institute: Tashkent, 2004.
  • A. Shermatov. "A New Stage in the Development of Uzbek Dialectology" in Essays on Uzbek History, Culture and Language. Ed. Bakhtiyar A. Nazarov & Denis Sinor. Bloomington, Indiana, 1993, pp. 101–9.
{{refend}}

External links

{{InterWiki|code=uz}}{{Wikibooks}}{{Wikivoyage|Uzbek phrasebook|Uzbek|a phrasebook}}
Converters
  • Uzbek Cyrillic–Latin converter
  • Uzbek Cyrillic-Latin text and website converter
  • Uzbek Latin-Cyrillic text and website converter
Dictionaries
  • Dictionary of the Uzbek Language Volume I (А—Р) (Tashkent, 1981)
  • Dictionary of the Uzbek Language, Volume II (С—Ҳ) (Tashkent, 1981)
  • English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English online dictionary
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130111180320/http://dic.englishlife.uz/ English-Uzbek and Uzbek-English online dictionary]
  • Russian-Uzbek and Uzbek-Russian online dictionary
  • Uzbek<>Turkish dictionary (Pamukkale University)
  • Ole Olufsen: "[https://archive.org/details/avocabularydial00olufgoog A Vocabulary of the Dialect of Bokhara"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=jPsYAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false] (København 1905)
Grammar and orthography
  • Introduction to the Uzbek Language, Mark Dickens
  • Principal Orthographic Rules For The Uzbek Language, translation of Uzbekistan Cabinet of Minister's Resolution No. 339, of August 24, 1995
  • Uzbek alphabet, Omniglot
Learning/teaching materials
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20121028143832/http://onatili.uz/ Ona tili uz], a website about Uzbek
  • Uzbek language materials, Uz-Translations
{{Languages of Uzbekistan}}{{Languages of Afghanistan}}{{Languages of China}}{{Turkic languages}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}{{Authority control}}

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