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词条 Vadodara
释义

  1. History

     Etymology  Old Ankotakka  Recent history 

  2. Geography

  3. Climate

  4. Economy

  5. Civic administration

  6. Transport

     Air  Railway 

  7. Demographics

  8. Culture

     Religions and festivals  Art and architecture 

  9. Sports

  10. Media

  11. Places of interest

  12. References

  13. Further reading

  14. External links

{{About|the municipality in India|its name sake district|Vadodara district}}{{redirect|Baroda}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vadodara
|other_name = Baroda
| official_name = Vadodara
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Cosmopolitan City
| image_skyline =


| image_caption = Nyay Mandir in the heart of Vadodara, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda and The Lakshmi Vilas Palace
| nickname = Sayaji Nagari (City of Sayajirao Gaekwad), Sanskari Nagari (Cultural City)
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Vadodara in Gujarat
| coordinates = {{coord|22|18|N|73|12|E|region:IN-GJ|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Gujarat
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Vadodara District
| subdivision_type3 = Zone
| subdivision_name3 = 4[1]
| subdivision_type4 = Ward
| subdivision_name4 = 25[1][1]
| established_title = Vadodara Municipal Corporation
| established_date = Established 1950
| governing_body = VUDA, VMSS
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Jigeesha Sheth
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Ajay Bhadoo
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = [1]
| area_total_km2 = 400
| area_rank = 18
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 129
| population_footnotes = [2]
| population_total = {{formatnum: 2065771}}[3]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 20th (3rd in Gujarat State)
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Vadodarian, Barodian
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 390 0XX
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = (91)265
| iso_code = IN
| registration_plate = GJ-06 (Urban)/GJ-29 (Rural)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Village
| blank1_info_sec1 = Ahmedabad
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = Bharuch, Anand
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy Rate
| blank3_info_sec1 = 94.5%
| blank4_name_sec1 = Legislature type
| blank4_info_sec1 = Municipal Corporation
| blank5_name_sec1 = Legislature Strength
| blank5_info_sec1 = 84[1]
| blank6_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank6_info_sec1 = 1[8]
| blank7_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank7_info_sec1 = 13[9]
| blank1_name_sec2 = Climate
| blank1_info_sec2 = Tropical savanna {{small|(Köppen: Aw)}}
| blank2_name_sec2 = Planning agency
| blank2_info_sec2 = 1 (VUDA)
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Gandhinagar
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|126|km|mi}} NE (Rail & Air)
| blank4_name_sec2 = Distance from Mumbai
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|395|km|mi}} S (Rail & Air)
| blank5_name_sec2 = Distance from Ahmedabad
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|100|km|mi}} NW (Road)
| website = {{URL|www.vmc.gov.in}}
}}

Vadodara ({{IPA-gu|ʋəˈɽodəɾɑː}}; formerly known as Baroda) is the third-largest[4] city in the Indian state of Gujarat, after Ahmedabad and Surat. It is the administrative headquarters of Vadodara District and is located on the banks of the Vishwamitri river, {{convert|141|km}} from the state capital Gandhinagar. The railway line and NH 8 that connect Delhi and Mumbai pass through Vadodara. It is known as a Sanskari city of India.

{{as of|2011}}, Vadodara had a population of almost 2.065 million people.[5] The city is known for the Lakshmi Vilas Palace, the residence of Baroda State's Maratha royal family, the Gaekwads. It is also the home of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, the largest university in Gujarat. An important industrial, cultural and educational hub of western India, the city houses several institutions of national and regional importance while its major industries include petrochemicals, engineering, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, IT and foreign exchange services.{{cn|date= June 2018}}

History

{{refimprove section|date = January 2015}}

The first recorded history of the city is that of the early trader settlers who settled in the region in 812 AD. The province was mainly Hindu-dominated with Hindu kings ruling until 1297. The Gupta Empire was the first power in the region in the early years of the CE. Later, the region was taken over by the Chaulukya dynasty. By this time Muslim rule had spread across India, and the reins of power were then snatched by the Delhi Sultans. The city was ruled for a long time by these Sultans until they were overthrown by the Mughals.

Etymology

The city used to be called Chandanavati after its ruler Raja Chandan of the Dor tribe of Rajputs. The capital was also known as Virakshetra or Viravati (Land of Warriors). Later on, it was known as Vadpatraka or Vadodará, which according to tradition is a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word vatodar meaning in the belly of the Banyan tree. It is now almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; but early English travellers and merchants mention the town as Brodera,[6] and it is from this that the name Baroda is derived. In 1974, the official name of the city was changed to Vadodara.

In 1907, a small village and township[7] in Michigan, United States, were named after Baroda.

Old Ankotakka

It is believed that early man lived on the banks of the Mahi River, which formed the floodplain during that age.[8] The movements of these hunter-gatherers, living on the banks of the river, grubbing the roots and killing animals with crude stone tools made out of the cobbles and pebbles available on the river bank, were necessarily controlled by the availability of convenient raw materials for their tools. There is evidence of the existence of early man in the Mahi River valley at a number of sites within {{convert|10|to|20|km}} to the north-east of Vadodara. However, no evidence of the existence of these people is found in and around present-day Vadodara. This may be because of the absence of gravels and cobbles on the banks of the Vishwamitri rivulet. {{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

Recent history

{{main|Baroda State}}

Baroda State was a former Indian State. Vadodara's more recent history began when the Maratha general Pilaji Gaekwad conquered Songadh from the Mughals in 1726.[9] Before the Gaekwads captured Baroda, it was ruled by the Babi Nawabs, who were the officers of the Mughal rulers. Most notably, from 1705–1716, Sardar Senapati Khanderao Dabhade led the Maratha Empire forces in Baroda. Except for a short period, Baroda continued to be in the reign of the Gaekwads from 1734 to 1948. Initially detailed to collect revenue on behalf of the Peshwa in Gujarat, Pilaji Gaekwad remained there to carve out a kingdom for himself. Damajirao, who was son and successor of Pilaji Gaekwad, defeated the Mughal armies and conquered Baroda in 1734.[9] His successors consolidated their power over large tracts of Gujarat, becoming easily the most powerful rulers in the region. After the Maratha defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761,[9] control of the empire by the Peshwas weakened as it became a loose confederacy, and the Gaekwad Maharajas ruled the kingdom until it acceded to Independent Republic of India in 1949. In 1802,[9] the British intervened to defend a Maharaja that had recently inherited the throne from rival claimants, and Vadodara concluded a subsidiary alliance with the British that recognised the Kingdom as a Princely state and allowed the Maharajas of Baroda internal political sovereignty in return for recognising British 'Paramountcy', a form of suzerainty in which the control of the state's foreign affairs was completely surrendered. {{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

The golden period in the Maratha rule of Vadodara started with the accession of Maharaja Sayajirao III in 1875.[9]

Near Maharaja Sayaji Gaekwad University there is a well known garden which was built by Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad himself in 1879 A.D. This garden is known as Sayaji Baug known for visitors centre.This place is situated on river Vishwamitri.

Geography

Vadodara is located at {{coord|22.30|N|73.19|E|}} in western India at an elevation of {{convert|39|m}}. It is the 18th-largest city in India with an area of {{convert|235|km2}} and a population of 2.1 million, according to the 2010–11 census. The city sits on the banks of the Vishwamitri River, in central Gujarat. The Vishwamitri frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. The city is located on the fertile plain between the Mahi and Narmada Rivers. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the cosmopolis falls under seismic zone-III, in a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).[10]

Climate

Despite the roughly 800 mm of precipitation that the city receives annually, Vadodara features a semi-arid climate (BSh) under Köppen's Climate classification due to the area's high potential evapotranspiration. There are three main seasons: Summer, Monsoon and Winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The weather is hot during March to July, when the average maximum is {{convert|40|°C}}, and the average minimum is {{convert|23|C}}. From November to February, the average maximum temperature is {{convert|30|°C}}, the average minimum is {{convert|15|°C}}, and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chilly days in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is {{convert|93|cm|in|abbr=on}}, but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the river to flood[11] like the 2005 Gujarat flood or the 2008 Indian floods which were catastrophic.[12]

The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|46.7|C}} on 11 May 1960 crossed with {{convert|48.0|C}} on 19 May 2016,[13] while the lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-1.1|C}} on 15 January 1935.[14]

{{weather box|width=auto
|location = Vadodara
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 36.2
|Feb record high C = 41.7
|Mar record high C = 44.4
|Apr record high C = 45.9
|May record high C = 48.0
|Jun record high C = 45.6
|Jul record high C = 40.6
|Aug record high C = 37.9
|Sep record high C = 41.1
|Oct record high C = 42.1
|Nov record high C = 39.6
|Dec record high C = 36.8
|Jan high C = 29.5
|Feb high C = 31.9
|Mar high C = 36.2
|Apr high C = 39.2
|May high C = 40.1
|Jun high C = 36.8
|Jul high C = 32.5
|Aug high C = 31.4
|Sep high C = 33.0
|Oct high C = 35.5
|Nov high C = 33.4
|Dec high C = 30.7
|Jan low C = 12.5
|Feb low C = 14.2
|Mar low C = 18.4
|Apr low C = 23.0
|May low C = 26.6
|Jun low C = 27.0
|Jul low C = 25.8
|Aug low C = 25.0
|Sep low C = 24.5
|Oct low C = 21.4
|Nov low C = 16.9
|Dec low C = 13.7
|Jan record low C = −1.1
|Feb record low C = 1.7
|Mar record low C = 6.7
|Apr record low C = 11.7
|May record low C = 18.9
|Jun record low C = 20.2
|Jul record low C = 21.1
|Aug record low C = 22.2
|Sep record low C = 18.9
|Oct record low C = 11.7
|Nov record low C = 7.2
|Dec record low C = 3.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm= 2.2
|Feb precipitation mm= 0.7
|Mar precipitation mm= 0.7
|Apr precipitation mm= 1.4
|May precipitation mm= 6.1
|Jun precipitation mm= 118.9
|Jul precipitation mm= 274.6
|Aug precipitation mm= 242.4
|Sep precipitation mm= 124.2
|Oct precipitation mm= 26.4
|Nov precipitation mm= 1.3
|Dec precipitation mm= 3.7
|Jan humidity=45
|Feb humidity=43
|Mar humidity=35
|Apr humidity=33
|May humidity=49
|Jun humidity=67
|Jul humidity=80
|Aug humidity=75
|Sep humidity=73
|Oct humidity=62
|Nov humidity=58
|Dec humidity=54
|year humidity=56
|Jan rain days=0
|Feb rain days=0
|Mar rain days=0
|Apr rain days=0
|May rain days=0
|Jun rain days=9
|Jul rain days=14
|Aug rain days=11
|Sep rain days=7
|Oct rain days=3
|Nov rain days=1
|Dec rain days=0
|year rain days=49
|source 1 = India Meteorological Department (1952–2000)[15]
|source 2 = Weatherbase (Avg. rainy days)
}}

Economy

In Vadodara various large-scale industries such as Indian Oil Corporation(IOCL), Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals (GSFC), Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL, now owned by Reliance Industries Limited) and Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited (GACL) have come up in the vicinity of Gujarat Refinery and all of them are dependent on it for their fuel and feedstock. Other large-scale public sector units are Heavy Water Project, Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited (GIPCL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) & Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL). In addition to these public sector enterprises, a number of other large-scale enterprises have come up in the private sector such as Bombardier Transportation.[16][17]

Located in Vadodara are over 35% India's power transmission and distribution equipment manufacturers and an estimated 800 ancillaries supporting the big players in Power Sector equipment manufacturing and engineering industry.[18]

In line with the 'Knowledge City'[19] vision of the Confederation of Indian Industry, Vadodara is gradually becoming a hub in Gujarat for IT and other development projects.

Vadodara is also home to the Vadodara Stock Exchange (VSE).

Civic administration

Vadodara City Officials
Mayor Dr. Jigeeshaben Jatinbhai Sheth[20]
Municipal Commissioner Shri Ajay Bhadoo
'Police Commissioner Manoj Shashidhar

Vadodara is administered by the Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan (VMSS). Some of the regions surrounding the city are administered by the Vadodara Urban Development Authority (VUDA). The VMSS was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act, 1949. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into four zones and 26 wards.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

The two main institutions involved in planning and development in Vadodara are VMSS and the VUDA. The jurisdiction of both these agencies is demarcated clearly not only physically but also functionally. The governing acts for both the institutions differ. The principal responsibility of VUDA is to ensure a holistic development of the Vadodara agglomeration covering an area of {{convert|714.56|km2|abbr=on}},[21] whereas VMSS is involved in the development of area of {{convert|235|km2|abbr=on}}.[21]

Three corporators are elected from each ward, who in turn elect a mayor. Executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the Gujarat state government. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services, municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital and the city library. The Vadodara City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an IPS officer.

The City elects 1[22] member to the Lok Sabha (parliament) and 5[23] to the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha(Assembly) All of the 5 assembly seats of Vadodara were won by the BJP during the legislative elections in 2002. In the 2006 VMSS elections, the BJP won 74[24] seats, 6 seats went to the Congress.

  • Election Wards: 38[21]
  • Seats (Corporators): 114[21]
  • Population per ward: 31,122
  • Seats reserved for women: 38
  • Total voters (as on 1-1-2019): 1,638,321

The Vadodara City Police are responsible for law enforcement and public safety in Vadodara, India. They are a subdivision of the state police force of Gujarat and are headed by a commissioner. The Vadodara police force is responsible for the protection and safety of Vadodara citizens. Shri Anupam Singh Gahlaut is the current Commissioner of Vadodara City Police.[25]

Transport

The city is on the major rail and road arteries joining Mumbai with Delhi and Mumbai with Ahmedabad. Due to this Vadodara is known as a Gateway to the Golden Quadrilateral.

Air

Vadodara Airport (IATA: BDQ) is located north-east of the city. Vadodara has flight connections with Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Jaipur, Indore and Bangalore. A new integrated international terminal has been constructed at the Vadodara airport and was inaugurated in October 2016. Vadodara is the first Green Airport in Gujarat and Second Green Airport in India after Kochi.[26][27][28][29][30]

Railway

Vadodara was part of the historic Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BBCI), which arrived in the city in January 1861.[31] On 5 November 1951 the BBCI Railway was merged with the Saurashtra, Rajputana and Jaipur railways to create the Western Railway. Vadodara Railway Station now belongs to the Western Railway zone of Indian Railways and is a major junction on the Western Railway Main Line.

Vadodara Junction railway station is Gujarat's busiest junction with almost 358 trains passing through every day. It comes under Vadodara Division of Western Railways. Passengers can travel to almost all the parts of India from Vadodara Junction, where there is a junction from the directions of Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Delhi and Kota (all four directions). It has one of the largest electric locomotives sheds in Gujarat and various trains have a loco change over at Vadodara. Trains such as Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Duranto and important mail/express trains halt at Vadodara Junction. Apart from various small railway stations, Vadodara has 10 major railway stations namely Vadodara Junction (BRC'), Pratapnagar, Vishwamitri, Makarpura, Karajan (Miyagaon), Itola, Varnama, Bajwa, Ranoli, and Nandesari.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

Demographics

According to the 2011 India census, Vadodara metropolitan area had a population of {{formatnum:1,822,221}}. In Vadodara, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.[32] Gujarati, Urdu, Marathi, Hindi and English are the languages spoken in the city. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

{{IndiaCensusPop|state=
|title= Population Growth of Vadodara
|1820= 100000
|1865= 140000
|1881= 101800
|1891= 116400
|1901= 103800
|1911= 99300
|1921= 94700
|1931= 112900
|1941= 153300
|1951= 211400
|1961= 295100
|1968= 400700
|1971= 467000
|1981= 744000
|1991= 1126800
|2001= 1491045
|2011= 1822221
|footnote= source:[33][34]
}}{{bar box
|title=Religions in Vadodara city (2011)[32]
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|orange|85.39}}{{bar percent|Islam|green|11.40}}{{bar percent|Jainism|blue|1.32}}{{bar percent|Christianity|pink|1.22}}{{bar percent|Sikhism|yellow|0.45}}{{bar percent|Others|black|0.22}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

People speaking different languages stay in the city. Apart from Gujaratis and Marathis, a significant population of North Indians, Rajasthanis, South Indians and Bengalis have settled in the city. All of them have various associations and community bodies in the city.

Culture

Vadodara is also known as Sanskari Nagari, i.e. Cultured City and according to the Gujarat tourism authority is the most sought after location for the dance known as Garba.

Religions and festivals

Diwali, Uttarayana, Holi, Eid, Gudi Padwa, Ganesh Chaturthi, Navaratri (Garba), Maha Shivaratri are celebrated with great joy. {{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

Apart from this, Ganesh Chaturthi and Uttarayan are also celebrated with great zeal. During Ganesh Chaturthi, there are many Ganesh pandals (stalls) arranged at the streets of the city. These are kept for seven days or ten days before the idol of Ganesha is immersed in various water bodies in the city and majority of them are immersed at Sursagar Lake. People also have these idols placed at their home for short periods.

Uttarayan is a festival of kites, music and "tilgud" in the city. Before the festival starts, the markets are lined up with vendors selling kites, threads, balloons, and firecrackers as well as various local cuisines. At night the sky is illuminated by crackers, kandils and fire balloons. The Marathi women here also perform "Haldi Kumku".{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}

The most followed religion in the city is Hinduism, practiced by 85% of the population. The second most followed religion is Islam, followed by 11% of the population. All other religious groups make up the remaining 4% of the population.[35]

Art and architecture

Vadodara has a vibrant history related to Art and Architecture. Since the era of Royal Gaekwad family, it has been a hub of Arts and Literature. Hence, it has been bestowed the title of "Kala Nagari (Art City)". Maharaja Sayajirao University offers innumerable arts courses within the campus.

Sports

Vadodara has a professional cricket team, the Baroda cricket team, as well as the oldest cricket ground in Asia, called Moti Baug.[36] The team has won the Ranji Trophy six times. Reliance Stadium, a private cricket ground owned by Reliance Industries, hosts ODIs. Some of the notable cricketer's from Baroda are Atul Bedade, Nayan Mongia, Irfan Pathan, Yusuf Pathan, Hardik Pandya, Kiran More, Krunal Pandya, Deepak Hooda, Ambati Rayudu.Former Indian pacer Zaheer Khan also grew up here.

Media

The city has five local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), Big FM (92.7 MHz), and All India Radio, Vividh Bharti (93.9 MHz)(Aakashwani). Radio City (91.1 MHz) is known all over Vadodara for its Rag Rag Ma Vadodara City profile. All India Radio is broadcast on the AM band.[37] Satellite radio was launched in nearby city of Ahmedabad by WorldSpace in 2005.[38] Vadodara News Magazine(VNM) is a local news TV channel that covers events in the city.

Places of interest

  • Palaces – Laxmi Vilas Palace, Nazarbaug Palace (destroyed), Makarpura Palace, Pratap Vilas Palace (now occupied by Railway Staff College)
  • Buildings & monuments – Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Kirti Mandir, Kirti Stambh, Nyay Mandir, Khanderao Market, Aurobindo Ashram, EME Temple (Dakshinamurty Temple), Hazira Maqbara, Kala Ghoda, Mairal Ganpati Mandir
  • Museums & gardens – Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum, Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery, Sayaji Baug, Ajwa & Nimeta garden
  • Excursions – Ajwa & Nimeta, Dabhoi, Pavagadh, Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Kayavarohan, Jhand Hanuman, Hathni Mata Waterfall, Dakor, Sursagar Lake, Dediapada, Vadhavana Bird Sanctuary
  • Temples – Lumbini Buddha Vihar-Harni, Vanchhara derasar, Pavagadh temple, Krishna Temple-Dakor, Siddhivinayak Temple, Saibaba Temple Jubilee gardens,
  • Trimandir Vadodara - A non-sectarian temple founded by Param Pujya Dada Bhagwan where Simandhar Swami, Shree Krishna Bhagwan and Shiv Bhagwan are placed on the same platform.[39]

References

1. ^{{cite web|publisher=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |title=Ward Office Details |url=https://vmc.gov.in/WardDetails.aspx |accessdate=1 Oct 2017 }}
2. ^Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011. censusindia.gov.in
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Census 2011|first1=Indian|title=Indian Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=550195}}
4. ^CHAPTER – 4 PROFILE OF SELECTED CITIES OF GUJARAT. inflibnet.ac.in
5. ^{{cite web |publisher=World Gazetteer |title=India: Metropolitan Areas |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |accessdate=14 June 2007 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121204184656/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a |archivedate=4 December 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
6. ^{{cite web |publisher=Collect Britain, British Library|title=Hand Painting of Bridge over the River Vishwamitri, near Brodera |url=http://www.collectbritain.com/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019XZZ0000455C9U00087000&largeimage=1#largeimage |accessdate=3 July 2007}}
7. ^{{cite web |publisher=Berrien County Community Development Department, Michigan |title=Village of Baroda|url=http://www.berriencounty.org/econdev/pdfs/Baroda%20Village.pdf?PHPSESSID=6ab1c85699c1bc3938fd03e51eb704ac |accessdate=27 June 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927161115/http://www.berriencounty.org/econdev/pdfs/Baroda%20Village.pdf?PHPSESSID=6ab1c85699c1bc3938fd03e51eb704ac |archivedate = 27 September 2007}}
8. ^{{cite web|title = History of Vadodara – Baroda|url = http://www.historyofvadodara.in/introduction/|website = Introduction {{!}} History of Vadodara – Baroda|accessdate = 17 March 2015}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |publisher=The Royal Ark |title=Baroda State History |url=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/India/baroda.htm |accessdate=14 June 2007}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gsdma.org/hazard/eq/200_year.jpg |title=Gujarat Earthquake Hazard Risk Zone |accessdate=23 August 2006 |author= |last= |first= |authorlink= |author2= |date= |year= |month= |format= |work= |publisher=Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority |pages= |language= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929061637/http://www.gsdma.org/hazard/eq/200_year.jpg |archivedate=29 September 2007 }}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Baroda, India (2~35 kilometers) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=74724&units=metric|accessdate=6 August 2013}}{{better source|date=December 2013}}
12. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.iahv.org/in-en/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Gujarat-Floods-2005-Report.pdf | title=Gujarat Floods 2005: Project Report | publisher=International Association for Human Values and the Art of Living | date=2005 | accessdate=November 2, 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accuweather.com/en/in/vadodara/202439/may-weather/202439|title=Vadodara May Weather 2016 – AccuWeather Forecast for Gujarat India|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |title=Ever Recorded Maximum/Minimum Temperature up to 2010 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |accessdate=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GmnoaB0m?url=http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf |archive-date=21 May 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^{{cite web |title = Climate of Vadodara |url = http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |publisher = India meteorological department |accessdate = 31 May 2014 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020426/http://www.imd.gov.in/doc/climateimp.pdf |deadurl = yes |archive-date = 13 April 2015 |df = dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bombardier.com/en/corporate/about-us/worldwide-presence/india?docID=0901260d8001725d# |title=Corporate > About Us > Worldwide Presence > India |publisher=Bombardier.com |date= |accessdate=26 May 2012}}
17. ^MasterCard launches technology hub in India with facilities in Pune and Vadodara – The Economic Times. Economictimes.indiatimes.com (5 February 2015). Retrieved on 2015-10-10.
18. ^Switch conference at Vadodara in October – The Times of India. timesofindia.indiatimes.com (01 August 2016).
19. ^{{cite web |author=|publisher=Confederation of Indian Industry |title=Vadodara: Knowledge City |url=http://www.dtpt.com/pdfs/Why%20Vadodara.pdf|accessdate=16 March 2010|format=PDF}}
20. ^ {{url=https://vmc.gov.in/ViewContacts.aspx}}
21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|publisher=Vadodara Municipal Corporation |title=Institutional Setup in Vadodara |url=http://www.vadodaracity.com/cdp_pdf/Link%206.pdf |accessdate=29 July 2007 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929050939/http://www.vadodaracity.com/cdp_pdf/Link%206.pdf |archivedate=29 September 2007 }}
22. ^1 {{cite web |publisher=Gujarat Assembly |title=List of Lok Sabha Constituencies from Gujarat |url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/loksabhamember.htm |accessdate=1 Oct 2017}}
23. ^1 {{cite web |publisher=Gujarat Assembly|title=List of MLAs from Vadodara District |url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/epvadodara.htm |accessdate=30 June 2007}}
24. ^{{cite news |publisher=The Hindu Daily |title=Sweeping victory for BJP in Gujarat civic polls |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406311300.htm |accessdate=9 July 2007 |location=Chennai, India |date=14 December 2005}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://cpvadodara.gujarat.gov.in/cpvadodara/default.aspx|title=Vadodara City Police – Details|website=cpvadodara.gujarat.gov.in}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/showarticlerss.aspx?nid=muaqdWy43dPulsTSLyQpFxAFCY2RaiKae8NcPA21HKE4KNcM=|title=Vadodara’s new airport makes place in Limca Record |publisher=Dnasyndication.com|accessdate=26 November 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pm-modi-inaugurates-new-international-terminal-at-vadodara-airport-116102200655_1.html|title=Vadodara gets India's second green airport after Kochi|first=Vimukt|last=Dave|date=22 October 2016|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2016|via=Business Standard}}
28. ^PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Vadodara International Airporthttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/PM-Narendra-Modi-inaugurates-Vadodara-International-Airport/articleshow/54998435.cms
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.schwartzarch.com/projects/vadodara_airport.html|title=Vadodara Airport -[FSA]-|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2016}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gensler.com/projects/vadodara-international-airport|title=Vadodara International Airport – Projects – Gensler|publisher=|accessdate=26 November 2016}}
31. ^{{cite news |publisher=Times of India|title=150th year of Railway in Vadodara|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/150th-year-of-rlys-in-city-to-be-celebrated-on-Jan-9/articleshow/5371170.cms |accessdate=24 December 2009|first1=Sachin|last1=Sharma|date=23 December 2009}}
32. ^1 Vadodara City Census 2011 data. Census2011.co.in. Retrieved on 10 October 2015.
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=Census of World}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/338-vadodara.html |website=Census2011}}
36. ^{{cite web |publisher=Cricinfo|title=Ground Profile |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58516.html#Profile |accessdate=17 November 2008}}
37. ^{{cite web |author=|publisher=Asiawaves |title=Radio Stations in Gujarat, India |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/gujarat-radio.htm |accessdate=14 June 2007}}
38. ^{{cite web |publisher=Worldspace Satellite Radio |title=WorldSpace Satellite Radio Lights Up Ahmedabad |url=http://www.worldspace.com/press/11_03_2005.html |date=3 November 2005 |accessdate=30 July 2006}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.trimandir.org/list-of-trimandirs/vadodara-trimandir/|title=The Vadodara Trimandir|accessdate=2018-05-02}}

Further reading

{{refbegin|30em}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Desai
|first = Anjali
|title=India Guide, Gujarat – Visitor's Guide
|publisher=India Guide Publications
|isbn = 0-9789517-0-0
  • {{cite book

|last = F. A. H Elliot
|first =
|title=The rulers of Baroda
|publisher=Baroda State Press 1934
|ASIN = B0006C35QS}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Gense
|first = James
|title=The Gaikwads of Baroda
|publisher=D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co 1942
|ASIN = B0007K1PL6}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Kothekara
|first = Santa
|title=The Gaikwads of Baroda and the East India Company, 1770–1820
|publisher=Nagpur University
|ASIN = B0006D2LAI}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Gaekwad
|first = Fatesinghrao
|title=Sayajirao of Baroda: The Prince and the Man
|publisher=Popular Prakashan
|isbn = 978-0-86132-214-5
  • {{cite book

|last = Gaekwar
|first = Sayaji Rao
|title=Speeches and addresses of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda
|publisher=H. Milford 1933
|ASIN = B000855T0I}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Rice
|first = Stanley
|title=Life of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja of Baroda
|publisher=Oxford University Press 1931
|ASIN = B00085DDFG}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Clair
|first = Edward
|title=A Year with the Gaekwar of Baroda
|publisher=D. Estes & co 1911
|ASIN = B0008BLVV8}}
  • {{cite book

|last = MacLeod
|first = John
|title=Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947
|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers
|isbn = 90-04-11343-6
  • {{cite book

|last = Kamerkar
|first = Mani
|title=British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818–1848
|publisher=Popular Prakashan
|ASIN = B000JLZE6A}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Kooiman
|first = Dick
|title=Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda and Hyderabad in the 1930s
|publisher=Manohar Pubns
|isbn = 978-81-7304-421-2
  • {{cite book

|last = Desai
|first = Govindbhai
|title=Forty Years in Baroda: Being Reminiscences of Forty Years' Service in the Baroda State
|publisher=Pustakalaya Sahayak Sahakari Mandal 1929
|ASIN = B0006E18R4}}
  • {{cite book

|last = Maharaja of Baroda
|first =
|title=The Palaces of India
|publisher=Viking Pr
|isbn = 978-0-00-211678-7
  • {{cite book

|last = Sadashiv
|first = Anant
| authorlink = Anant Sadashiv Altekar
|title=A History of important ancient towns & cities in Gujarat & Kathiawad
|ASIN = B0008B2NGA}}
  • {{cite book

|last = William
|first = George
|title=Cities of India
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|isbn = 0-543-93823-9
  • {{cite book

|last = Doshi
|first = Saryu
|title=The royal bequest: Art treasures of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery
|publisher=India Book House
|isbn = 978-81-7508-009-6
  • {{cite book

|last = Roshan
|first =
|title=Sri Aurobindo in Baroda
|publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publications Department
|isbn = 978-81-7058-318-9
  • {{cite book

|last = Sheik
|first = Gulammohammed
|title=Contemporary Art in Baroda
|publisher=Manohar Pubns
|isbn = 978-81-85229-04-1
  • {{cite book

|last = Bell
|first = Horace
|authorlink=Horace Bell (civil engineer)
|title=Railway Policy in India
|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation
|isbn = 1-4021-8443-3
  • {{cite book

|last = Shafer
|first = Kathleen
|title=Baroda: the Story of a Small Place. Celebrate Baroda 1890–1990
|publisher=Baroda Centennial Committee, Michigan, United States
|ASIN = B000K016MG}}{{refend}}

External links

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