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}}{{Infobox language |name=Valencian |nativename=valencià |pronunciation={{IPA-va|valensiˈa|}} or {{IPA-va|ba-|}} |states=Spain |ethnicity =Valencians |region=Valencia, Murcia (Carche) See also geographic distribution of Catalan |speakers=2.4 million |date=2004 |ref=[1] |speakers2= |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Italic |fam3=Romance |fam4=Western |fam5=Gallo-Romance[2] |fam6=Occitano-Romance[2] |fam7=Catalan |fam8=Western Catalan{{sfn|Wheeler|2006}} |script=Catalan orthography (Latin script) |nation=In Spain:{{flag|Valencian Community}} |agency=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |isoexception=dialect |glotto=none |map=Extensió del valencià al País Valencià.svg |mapsize=260px |notice=IPA }}{{Catalan-speaking world|image=|caption=|expanded=}}Valencian or Valencian language[3] ({{IPAc-en|v|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|s|i|ə|n}} or {{IPAc-en|v|ə|ˈ|l|ɛ|n|ʃ|ən}}; Valencian endonym valencià, llengua valenciana or idioma valencià ({{IPA-va|valensiˈa}} or {{IPA-ca|bəɫənsiˈa|ec}})) is the historical, traditional and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain), and extra-officially in the El Carche comarca in Murcia (Spain),[4][5][6][7] for referring to the Romance language also known as Catalan.[8][9][10][11][12] It is considered the Valencian Community's own language according to the region's 1982 Statute of Autonomy and the Spanish Constitution.[3] As a glottonym, it is used for referring either to the language as a whole or to the Valencian specific linguistic forms.[13][14]. According to philological studies, the varieties of this language spoken in the Valencian Community and El Carche cannot be considered a dialect restricted to these borders: the several dialects of Valencian (Alicante's Valencian, Southern Valencian, Central Valencian or Apitxat, Castellón's Valencian and transitional Valencian) belong to the Western group of Catalan dialects.[15][16][17][18][19] Valencian displays transitional features between Ibero-Romance languages and Gallo-Romance languages. Its similarity with Occitan has led many authors to group it under the Occitano-Romance languages. There is a controversy within the Valencian Community regarding its status as a glottonym or as a language on its own since most people in the Valencian Community consider it as a separate language, different from Catalan.[20][21] According to the 2006 Statute of Autonomy Valencian is regulated by the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua,[3] by means of the Normes de Castelló.[22] Due to not having been officially recognized for a long time, the number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the adoption of a huge amount of loanwords. [23] Some of the most important works of Valencian literature experienced a golden age during the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Important works include Joanot Martorell's chivalric romance Tirant lo Blanch, and Ausiàs March's poetry. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in the Valencian variety.[24]{{sfn|Costa Carreras|Yates|2009|pp=6–7}} The earliest recorded chess game with modern rules for moves of the queen and bishop was in the Valencian poem Scachs d'amor (1475). Official statusThe official status of Valencian is regulated by the Spanish Constitution and the Valencian Statute of Autonomy, together with the Law of Use and Education of Valencian. Article 6 of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, providing that:[25]
The Law of Use and Education of Valencian develops this framework, providing for implementation of a bilingual educational system, and regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both. Valencian is recognized under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages as "Valencian".[27] Distribution and usageDistributionValencian is not spoken all over the Valencian Community. Roughly a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10% of the population (its inland part and areas in the extreme south as well), is traditionally Castilian-speaking only, whereas Valencian is spoken to varying degrees elsewhere. Additionally, it is also spoken by a reduced number of people in Carche, a rural area in the Region of Murcia adjoining the Valencian Community; nevertheless Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Although the Valencian language was an important part of the history of this zone, nowadays only about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in the area of Carche.[28] Knowledge and usageIn 2010 the Generalitat Valenciana published a study, Knowledge and Social use of Valencian,[29] which included a survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were: Valencian was the language "always, generally, or most commonly used":
For ability:
The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually speak in Valencian in their social relations. The statistics hide the fact that in the areas where the language is still strong, most people use Valencian in preference to Castilian in all everyday situations.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} Moreover, according to a survey in 2008, there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities of Valencia and Alicante, where the percentage of everyday speakers is in single figures. All in all, in the 1993–2006 period, the number of speakers fell by 10 per cent.[30] One of the factors cited is the increase in the numbers of immigrants from other countries, who tend to favour using Spanish over local languages; accordingly, the number of residents who claim no understanding of Valencian sharply increased. One curiosity in the heartlands mentioned above, is that most of the children of immigrants go to public school and are therefore taught in Valencian and are far more comfortable speaking this with their friends. However, some children of Valencian speakers go to private schools run by the Church where the curriculum is in Castilian and consequently this becomes their preferred language.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Features of ValencianNote that this is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian as a group of dialectal varieties that differ from those of other Catalan dialects, particularly from the Central variety of the language. For more general information on the features of Valencian, see Catalan language. Note also that there is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. Phonology{{Main article|Catalan phonology}}{{selfref|For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Valencian for Wikipedia articles, see IPA/Catalan.}}Vowels{{Refimprove section|date=April 2017}}
In the table below, the vowels are transcribed in a very narrow transcription. In the rest of the article, the symbols {{IPA|[a̠, ɑ̝, ɑ̝̈, ɒ̝̈, e̠, ɪ̞, i̞, ɒ̝, o̟, ʊ̞, u̞]}} are written {{IPA|[a, ɑ, ɑ̈, ɒ̈, e, ɪ, i, ɒ, o, ʊ, u]}} for the sake of simplicity.
Consonants{{Refimprove section|date=April 2017}}
Morphology
VocabularyValencian vocuabulary contains words both restricted to the Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially with Northwestern ones. Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples include hui 'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialects avui) and espill 'mirror' (shared with Northwestern dialects, Central Catalan mirall). There is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which is dacsa in Central and Southern Valencian, but panís in Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in Northwestern Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this are tomaca 'tomato' (which is tomata outside of Southern Valencian) and matalaf 'mattress' (which is matalap in most of Valencia, including parts of the Southern Valencian area). Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in the IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how the cognate is used in the other standard.
Varieties of ValencianStandard ValencianThe Academy of Valencian Studies (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL), established by law in 1998 by the Valencian autonomous government and constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian.[41] Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard.{{sfn|Lledó|2011|p=339}} Standard Valencian is based on the standard of the Institute of Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans, IEC), used in Catalonia, with a few adaptations.{{sfn|Lledó|2011|p=338}} This standard roughly follows the Rules of Castelló (Normes de Castelló) from 1932,{{sfn|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|2005}} a set of othographic guidelines regarded as a compromise between the essence and style of Pompeu Fabra's guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies. Valencian subdialects
Authors and literatureMiddle Ages
Renaissance
Media in Valencian{{Main article|Ràdio Televisió Valenciana}}Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service Ràdio Televisió Valenciana (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the freedom of information of the Valencian people in their own language.[42] It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, À Punt, and it's owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by the Generalitat Valenciana. The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It's bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It's recognised as a regional TV channel.[43] Prior to its dissolution, the administration of RTVV under the People's Party (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the Valencia Metro derailment in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat Francisco Camps in the Gürtel scandal in 2009.[44] Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of sexual harassment.[45] In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by the PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the National Court after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat Alberto Fabra (also from PP) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable.[46] On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organized to take control of the broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013.[47] Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media.[48] Currently, the availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the other autonomous communities in Spain, including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated. Politico-Linguistic controversy{{Further|Valencian language controversy|Language secessionism|Blaverism|Anti-Catalanism}}Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, the Valencian Language Academy (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for the same language.[49] {{Wikisourcelang|ca|Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià|AVL: Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià}}{{Quote|width=72%|align=left|quote= [T]he historical patrimonial language of the Valencian people, from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communinites of Catalonia and Balearic islands, and Principality of Andorra. Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient Crown of Aragon [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...]|source=Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.{{sfn|Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|2005}}[50]}}The AVL was established in 1998 by the PP-UV government of Eduardo Zaplana. According to El País, Jordi Pujol, then president of Catalonia and of the CiU, negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of the appointment of José María Aznar as Prime Minister of Spain.[51] Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language".{{efn|"Nunca, nunca, pude negociar lo que no se puede negociar, ni aquello que no está en el ámbito de la negociación de un político. Es decir la unidad de la lengua."}} The AVL orthography is based on the Normes de Castelló, a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932. A rival set of rules, called Normes del Puig, were established in 1979 by the association RACV (Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes an alternative orthography. Compared to Standard Valencian, this orthography excludes many words not traditionally used in the Valencian Country, and also prefers spellings such as ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨y⟩ for /j/ (as in Castilian). It is mainly used by private individuals. The position of the RACV is supported by a minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics.[52] Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (Province of Lleida and most of the Province of Tarragona).{{sfn|Feldhausen|2010|p=5}}{{sfn|Wheeler|2005|pages=2–3}} The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)[53] Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004[21] showed that the majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.{{sfn|Wheeler|2003|p=207}} Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014,[20] 52% of Valencians considered Valencian to be a language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. This poll showed significant differences regarding age and level of education, with a majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes lead to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during the drafting of the European Constitution, the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ("Catalan") and in the Valencian Community ("Valencian"), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other.[54] See also
Notes1. ^{{citation |title= Evaluation of several Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression variants for language adaptation |author1=Míriam Luján |author2=Carlos D. Martínez |author3=Vicente Alabau | publisher= Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2008 | url= http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/217_paper.pdf |quote= the total number of people who speak Catalan is 7,200,000, (...). The Valencian dialect is spoken by 27% of all Catalan speakers.}} citing Vilajoana, Jordi, and Damià Pons. 2001. Catalan, Language of Europe. Generalitat de Catalunya, Department de Cultura. Govern de les Illes Balears, Conselleria d’Educació i Cultura. {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}2. ^1 Some Iberian scholars may alternatively classify Catalan as Iberian Romance/East Iberian. 3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.docv.gva.es/datos/2006/04/11/pdf/2006_4177.pdf|title=LEY ORGÁNICA 1/2006, de 10 de abril, de Reforma de la Ley Orgánica 5/1982, de 1 de julio, de Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad Valenciana.|accessdate=February 17, 2013|author=Generalitat Valenciana|date=April 10, 2006|format=pdf|work=DOCV}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/gabinet-de-comunicacio/notes-de-premsa-historic/El-valenci--continua-viu-en-la-comarca-murciana-del-Carxe|title=El valencià continua viu en la comarca murciana del Carxe|accessdate=September 13, 2014|author=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua|date=July 23, 2013|language=Valencian|work=www.avl.gva.es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913174418/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/gabinet-de-comunicacio/notes-de-premsa-historic/El-valenci--continua-viu-en-la-comarca-murciana-del-Carxe|archive-date=September 13, 2014}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=El valenciano ´conquista´ El Carche|url=http://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/municipios/2016/02/11/generalitat-anuncia-ayudas-promocion-valenciano/713266.html|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|work=www.laopiniondemurcia.es}} 6. ^{{citenews|title=En Murcia quieren hablar valenciano|url=http://www.elmundo.es/comunidad-valenciana/2016/02/21/56c8a76c22601d5d298b45d7.html|date=February 21, 2016|access-date=February 21, 2016|author=Miquel Hernandis|work=www.elmundo.es}} 7. ^{{citenews|agency=EUROPA PRESS|title=La AVL publica una 'Gramàtica Valenciana Bàsica' con las formas más "genuinas" y "vivas" de su tradición histórica|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2728807/0/avl-publica-gram-tica-valenciana-b-sica-con-formas-m-genuinas-vivas-su-tradicion-historica/|accessdate=April 23, 2016|work=www.20minutos.es|editors=20 MINUTOS EDITORA, S.L.|date=April 22, 2016}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://dle.rae.es/?id=bHykki2|title=Valenciano, na|accessdate=June 9, 2017|author=RAE|date=|work=Diccionario de la Real Academia Española|editors=|language=Spanish}} 9. ^DICTAMEN SOBRE LOS PRINCIPIOS Y CRITERIOS PARA LA DEFENSA DE LA DENOMINACIÓN Y ENTIDAD DEL VALENCIANO. {{quote|It is a fact the in Spain there are two equally legal names for referring to this language: Valencian, as stated by the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, and Catalan, as recognized in the Statutes of Catalonia and Balearic Islands.}} 10. ^«Otra sentencia equipara valenciano y catalán en las oposiciones, y ya van 13.» 20 minutos, January 7, 2008. 11. ^[https://www.docv.gva.es/portal/portal/2008/06/10/pdf/2008_7155.pdf DECRETO 84/2008, de 6 de junio, del Consell, por el que se ejecuta la sentencia de 20 de junio de 2005, de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de la Comunitat Valenciana]. 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://sindicat.net/n.php?n=7087|title=no trobat|website=sindicat.net}} 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |date=February 9, 2005 |title=Acord de l’Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL), adoptat en la reunió plenària del 9 de febrer del 2005, pel qual s’aprova el dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l’entitat del valencià |pages=52 |language=Valencian |url=http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |accessdate=February 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181117/http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web|author1=Institut d'Estudis Catalans|title=Resultats de la consulta:valencià|url=http://dlc.iec.cat/results.asp?txtEntrada=valenci%E0&operEntrada=0|work=DIEC 2|language=Valencian|accessdate=February 23, 2016|quote=2 6 m. [FL] Al País Valencià, llengua catalana.}} 15. ^The Valencian Normative Dictionary from the AVL states, in the third definition of Valencian, that it is the Valencian variety of the romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, Catalonia, Balearic Islands, Pyrenees-Orientales, La Franja and the Sardinian city of Alghero 16. ^The Catalan Language Dictionary of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of Valencian that it is equivalent to Catalan language in the Valencian Community. 17. ^The Valencian Normative Dictionary of the AVL states, in the third definition of Balearic, that it is the variety of Catalan spoken in the Balearic islands. 18. ^{{cite book |surname=Alcover |first=Antoni Maria |author-link=Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda |title=Per la llengua |access-date=September 26, 2012 |language=Catalan |year=1983 |place=Barcelona |isbn=9788472025448 |pages=37 |url=https://books.google.cat/books?id=UnPgDeA8aToC&hl=ca |cite= }} 19. ^{{cite book |surname=Moll |first=Francesc de Borja |author-link=Francesc de Borja Moll i Casasnovas |title=Gramàtica catalana: Referida especialment a les Illes Balears |access-date= February 7, 2019 |language=Catalan |place=Palma |isbn=84-273-0044-1 |pages=12-14 |url= https://books.google.es/books/about/Gram%C3%A1tica_catalana.html?id=OmEQAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |cite= }} 20. ^1 {{cite report |author=Presidència de la Generalitat Valenciana |date=2014 |title=Baròmetre d'abril 2014 |url=http://www.argos.gva.es/fileadmin/argos/Documentos/Encuestas/201404A_cruce.pdf |publisher=Presidència de la Generalitat Valenciana |access-date=2018-01-29}} 21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.lavanguardia.mobi/slowdevice/noticia/51262801790/Casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-CIS.html|title=LaVanguardia.com - Noticias, actualidad y última hora en Catalunya, España y el mundo|website=Lavanguardia.mobi|accessdate=12 October 2017}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1998-24262|title=BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-1998-24262|website=www.boe.es}} 23. ^{{cite journal|surname1=Casanova|first=Emili|title=CASTELLANISMOS Y SU CAMBIO SEMÁNTICO AL PENETRAR EN EL CATALÁN|url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/Ensenanza/biblioteca_ele/aepe/pdf/boletin_23_13_80/boletin_23_13_80_04.pdf|publisher=Universidad de Navarra}} 24. ^Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474. 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/consti/estatutos/estatutos.jsp?com=79&tipo=2&ini=1&fin=7&ini_sub=1&fin_sub=1|title=Título I. La Comunitat Valenciana - Estatuto Autonomía|website=Congreso.es|accessdate=12 October 2017}} 26. ^"La lengua propia de la Comunitat Valenciana es el valenciano." 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/EvaluationReports/SpainECRML2_es.pdf|format=PDF|title=Aplicación de la Carta en España, Segundo ciclo de supervisión. Estrasburgo, 11 de diciembre de 2008. A.1.3.28 pag 7 ; A.2.2.5 |page=107|publisher=Coe.int|accessdate=2015-03-01}} 28. ^{{cite web|author1=D. Martínez|title=Una isla valenciana en Murcia|url=http://www.abc.es/20111226/comunidad-valencia/abcp-isla-valenciana-murcia-20111226.html|website=ABC.es|accessdate=13 July 2017|location=Alicante|language=es|date=26 November 2011}} 29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.edu.gva.es/polin/docs/sies_docs/encuesta2010/index.html |title=Servei d’Investigació i Estudis Sociolingüístics (Knowledge and Social use of Valencian language)|year=2010 |publisher=Servei d’Investigació i Estudis Sociolingüístics |accessdate=1 July 2010}} 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.levante-emv.com/secciones/noticia.jsp?pRef=2008092600_19_499615__COMUNITAT-VALENCIANA-poblacion-habla-valenciano-bajado |title=El uso del valenciano cae siete puntos y ya sólo lo habla la mitad de la población |date=26 September 2008 |publisher=levante-emv.com |accessdate=9 October 2010}} 31. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=23}} 32. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=?}} 33. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|1996|p=?}} 34. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Saborit Vilar|2009|p=52}} 35. ^{{citation|last=Lacreu i Cuesta|first=Josep|year=2002|chapter=Valencian|title=Manual d'ús de l'estàndard oral|place=Valencia|edition=6th|publisher=Universitat de València|isbn=84-370-5390-0|pages=40–4}}. 36. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/Diccionari/Oral.pdf |title = L’estàndard oral del valencià (2002) |publisher = Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100930022057/http://www.avl.gva.es/PDF/Diccionari/Oral.pdf |archivedate = 30 September 2010 |df = dmy-all}} 37. ^{{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=Max W. |date=2005 |title= The Phonology Of Catalan |place=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press|page=13|isbn=978-0-19-925814-7}} 38. ^1 {{cite book|first=Antoni M.|last=Badia i Margarit|title=Gramática de la llengua catalana: Descriptiva, normativa, diatópica, diastrática|publisher=Proa|location=Barcelona|year=1995|language=Catalan}} 39. ^Diccionari Normatiu Valencià. http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/ 40. ^Diccionari de la llengua catalana, Segona edició. http://dlc.iec.cat/index.html 41. ^Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, article 6, section 4. 42. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.ugtrtvv.net/cms/PDFS/MATERIALES/LleiCreacioRTVV.pdf|title = Ley de Creación de la Entidad Pública Radiotelevisión Valenciana|date = 1984|accessdate =1 April 2015|website = UGT RTTV|publisher = }} 43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.apuntmedia.es/|title=Benvinguts a À Punt. L'espai públic de comunicació valencià|first=À Punt|last=media|website=À Punt}} 44. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.vertele.com/video-articulo/los-escandalos-de-canal-9-rescatados-por-el-intermedio/|title = Los escándalos de Canal 9|date = 2013|accessdate = 1 April 2015|website = vertele.com|publisher = }} 45. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/3735055/20100528/sanz-destituit-secretari-general-rtvv-assetjament-sexual.html|title = Sanz, destituït de secretari general de RTVV per assetjament sexual|date = 2010|accessdate =1 April 2015|website = Vilaweb|publisher = }} 46. ^{{Cite web|url = http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/11/05/valencia/1383648718_498928.html|title = El fracaso de Fabra acaba con el PP|date = 2013|accessdate = 1 April 2015|website = El País|publisher = }} 47. ^{{Cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25154669|title = Polic evict staff in Spain after closure of station|date = 2013|accessdate = 1 April 2015|website = BBC|publisher = }} 48. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.levante-emv.com/comunitat-valenciana/2014/06/19/coste-cierre-rtvv-asciende-144/1127465.html|title = El coste del cierre de RTVV asciende a 144,1 millones|date = 2014|accessdate = 1 April 2015|website = Levante-EMV|publisher = }} 49. ^"Dictamen de l'Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià". Report from Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua about denomination and identity of Valencian. 50. ^Original full text of Dictamen 1: D’acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l’actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d’Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d’altres territoris de l’antiga Corona d’Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l’Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix "sistema lingüístic", segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l’AVL. Dins d’eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l’AVL preservarà i potenciarà d’acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló. 51. ^{{cite web|title=Pujol revela que pactó con Zaplana para avanzar con discreción en la unidad del catalán|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2004/11/10/cvalenciana/1100117884_850215.html|publisher=El País|accessdate=13 July 2017|location=Barcelona / Valencia|language=es|date=10 November 2004}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.racv.es/vcia/vista-listado-academicos-numero|title=List of RACV academics|website=Racv.es|accessdate=12 October 2017|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214031455/http://www.racv.es/vcia/vista-listado-academicos-numero|archivedate=14 December 2016|df=dmy-all}} 53. ^Central Catalan has 90% to 95% inherent intelligibility for speakers of Valencian (1989 R. Hall, Jr.), cited on Ethnologue. 54. ^Isabel I Vilar, Ferran. "Traducció única de la Constitució europea". I-Zefir. 30 October 2004. 29 April 2009. References{{Reflist}}Bibliography
|last=Saborit Vilar |first=Josep |year=2009 |title=Millorem la pronúncia |publisher=Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua }}
External links{{wikiquote|es:Valenciano|Valencian}}{{Commons category|Valencià|Valencian}}{{InterWiki|code=ca|Catalan}}
|list ={{Romance languages}}{{Occitano-Romance languages and dialects}}{{Catalan dialects}}{{Languages of Spain}} }}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}{{Authority control}} 5 : Valencian|Catalan dialects|Sociolinguistics|Valencian Community|Language versus dialect |
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