| 词条 | Valeriya Novodvorskaya |
| 释义 |
| name = Valeriya Novodvorskaya | image = Valeriya Novodvorskaya3.jpg | imagesize = 200px | caption = | order = 1st Chairman of the Democratic Union | office = | term_start = 8 May 1988 | term_end = 12 July 2014 | predecessor = Position created | successor = | birth_name = Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya | birth_date = {{birth date|1950|5|17|df=y}} | birth_place = Baranovichi, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union | nationality = Russian | death_date = {{death date and age|2014|7|12|1950|5|17|df=yes}} | death_place = Moscow, Russia | death_cause = Toxic shock syndrome | party = Democratic Union | relations = | residence = | alma_mater = Moscow Region State University | occupation = Journalist | religion = Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya ({{lang-ru|Вале́рия Ильи́нична Новодво́рская}}, 17 May 1950, Baranovichi, Byelorussian SSR – 12 July 2014, Moscow) was a Soviet dissident, writer and liberal politician.[1] She was the founder and the chairwoman of the "Democratic Union" party and a member of the editorial board of The New Times.[2] BiographyNovodvorskaya was born in 1950 to a Jewish engineer, Ilya Borisovich (Boruchovich) Burshtyn, and a pediatrician, Nina Feodorovna Novodvorskaya, who came from a noble Russian family.[3] Her parents divorced in 1967; Ilya Borisovich later emigrated to North America. Novodvorskaya was active in the Soviet dissident movement since her youth, and first imprisoned by the Soviet authorities in 1969, when she was 19, for distributing leaflets that criticized the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia. The leaflets included her poetry: "Thank you, the Communist Party for our bitterness and despair, for our shameful silence, thank you the Party!"[4] She was arrested and imprisoned at a Soviet psychiatric hospital and, like many other Soviet dissidents, diagnosed with "sluggish schizophrenia".[5] In the early 1990s, psychiatrists of the Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia proved that the claim of her mental illness was bogus.[6][7] She described her experience in her book Beyond Despair. Novodvorskaya stood as a Democratic Union candidate in the 1993 Russian legislative election in a single-mandate district as part of the Russia's Choice bloc, and she also contested the 1995 Russian legislative election on the list of the Party of Economic Freedom. She was not elected in either election, and never held public office.[8] Novodvorskaya self-identified primarily as a liberal politician and was described by her colleagues as "a critic of Russian realities in the best traditions of Pyotr Chaadayev, Vissarion Belinsky and Alexander Herzen".[9][10][11] She was strongly critical of Chechen Wars, Vladimir Putin's domestic policies, and the rebirth of Soviet propaganda in Russia.[12][13][14] She also accused the Russian government of murdering Polish president Lech Kaczyński in a plane crash on 10 April 2010 in Smolensk Oblast.[15] In 2009 Novodvorskaya published an autobiographical book, Farewell of Slavianka: A Thriller, that includes all her articles from Novy Vzglad, the details of her case, fragments of speech her lawyer Henri Reznik gave in 1996 and her last word in court.[16] The case lasted for two years and was apparently closed. Personal lifeThroughout her life, Novodvorskaya lived in a flat with her mother Nina Fyodorovna (Нина Федоровна Новодворская, 1928–2017), a pediatrician, and cat Stasik.[17] In the summers they rented a dacha in Kratovo.[18][19] She was fond of swimming, science fiction, theater and cats.[19] In 1990 Novodvorskaya was baptized by the noncanonical Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church Reunited. She belonged to that church till her death while remaining highly critical of the Russian Orthodox Church.[20] According to her priest Yakov Krotov, "she was more of a Christian than I ever was".[21] DeathOn 12 July 2014, Novodvorskaya died of toxic shock syndrome, which arose from phlegmon of the left foot.[22] AwardsNovodvorskaya received the Starovoytova award "for contribution to the defense of human rights and strengthening democracy in Russia". She said at the ceremony that "we are not in opposition to, but in confrontation with, the present regime".[23] BibliographyNovodvorskaya published several books that are supplemented with the publications from Novy Vzglyad newspaper:[24] ({{ISBN|978-5-8159-0893-2}})
References1. ^Lukin, Alexander. The Political Culture of the Russian "Democrats". New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-829558-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-19-829558-7}}. P. 260n. 2. ^(also mentioned, Gleb Yakunin and Konstantin Borovoi) Arbatov, Alexei. Military Reform in Russia,International Security, Vol. 22, No. 4 3. ^Rachel Gedrich. Exclusive interview with Ilya Borisovich Burshtyn who talks about his legendary Lera for the first time. Krugozor magazine (Boston). May 15, 2015 (in Russian) 4. ^{{cite book| last=Barron| first=John| year =1975| title = KGB - The Secret Work of Soviet Secret Agents| publisher =Corgi Books| location =London| isbn =0-552-09890-6}} p. 55 in Russian edition ({{ISBN|0-911971-29-7}}) 5. ^Valeriya Ilyinichna Novodvorskaya – viperson.ru 6. ^{{cite journal|last=Савенко|first=Юрий|script-title=ru:20-летие НПА России|journal=Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal|year=2009|issue=№ 1|pages=5–18|url=http://www.npar.ru/journal/2009/1/01-20.htm|accessdate=26 December 2011|issn=1028-8554|language=ru}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last=Савенко|first=Юрий|script-title=ru:Дело Андрея Новикова. Психиатрию в политических целях использует власть, а не психиатры: Интервью Ю.С. Савенко корреспонденту "Новой газеты" Галине Мурсалиевой|journal=Nezavisimiy Psikhiatricheskiy Zhurnal|year=2007|issue=№ 4|pages=88–91|url=http://www.npar.ru/journal/2007/4/savnov.htm|accessdate=26 December 2011|issn=1028-8554|language=ru}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Millar|first=James R.|title=Encyclopedia of Russian History|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=2004|pages=372–373|isbn=0-02-865907-4|oclc=62165740}} 9. ^Anna Badkhen. DEMOCRACY ON THE BRINK: Dissent / Russia back on track to absolute rule / Democracy activists again out in the cold. San Francisco Chronicle, March 10, 2004 10. ^Robert Coalson. Valeria Novodvorskaya: Russia's 'Don Quixote' Of Democracy, Human Rights at Radio Liberty, June 03, 2016 11. ^Nikolai Svanidze, Vladimir Ryzhkov. In The Memory of Valeria Novodvorskaya. Echo of Moscow, July 12, 2014 (in Russian) 12. ^Газета «Новый взгляд» N46 от 28 августа 1993г.. Democratic Union website 13. ^Комсомольская правда (9.2.2007) 14. ^Валерия Новодворская на радио "Эхо Москвы" 29 августа 2008 г., radio interview, August 29, 2008, on "Moscow Echo" (Ekho Moskvy) 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://grani.ru/Events/Disaster/m.176940.html|script-title=ru:Жестокая посадка|last=Novodvorskaya|first=Valeria|author-link=Valeria Novodvorskaya|date=11 April 2010|publisher=Grani.ru|accessdate=12 April 2010|language=ru}} 16. ^Valeria Novodvorskaya (2009). Farewell of Slavianka. A Thriller. Moscow: Zakharov Books, 464 pages. {{ISBN|978-5-8159-0893-2}} 17. ^Известная девственница снялась для Playboy, "Утро", 9 November 2005. 18. ^Валерия Новодворская – между весталкой и гейшей {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714231654/http://www.sem40.ru/ourpeople/famous/11509/ |date=14 July 2014 }} 19. ^1 Новодворская Валерия Ильинична {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135141/http://www.rusperson.com/html/11/RU01005230.htm |date=14 July 2014 }} 20. ^Novodvorskaya's Interdict on Echo of Moscow, October 4, 2012 (in Russian) 21. ^Vladimir Oyvin. [https://www.portal-credo.ru/site/?act=authority&id=2093 YAKOV KROTOV: Of all members of our parish Novodvorskaya was the most comfortable one]. Credo.ru - Portal of religious news, 2014 (in Russian) 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2014/07/12/novodvorskaya/|title=Правозащитница Валерия Новодворская умерла в Москве|publisher=Lenta.ru|date=2014-07-12}} 23. ^Anna Politkovskaya (2007) A Journalist's Final Account of Life, Corruption, and Death in Putin's Russia, Random House, {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6682-7}}, page 38. 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mippbooks.com/Page.BCart.cls?Type=Books&BOOKSID=131122 |title=Farewell of the Slav. Thriller: collection |publisher=Mippbooks.com |date= |accessdate=2014-07-13}} External links{{commons category|Valeriya Novodvorskaya}}
23 : 1950 births|2014 deaths|Asexual women|People from Baranovichi|Russian anti-communists|Russian dissidents|Russian libertarians|Russian people of Belarusian descent|Russian political activists|Russian politicians|Russian women in politics|Soviet dissidents|Russian non-fiction writers|Russian political writers|20th-century Russian writers|21st-century Russian writers|Russian memoirists|Women memoirists|20th-century women writers|21st-century women writers|Inmates of Lefortovo Prison|Eastern Orthodox Christians from Russia|Russian people of Jewish descent |
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