| 词条 | Valery Bykovsky |
| 释义 |
| name = Valery Bykovsky | image = WaleriBykowski.jpg | type = Cosmonaut | status = | nationality = Soviet |birth_name=Valery Fyodorovich Bykovsky | birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|8|2|df=y}} | birth_place = Pavlovsky Posad, Soviet Union | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|3|27|1934|8|2|df=y}} | occupation = Pilot | rank = Major General, Soviet Air Force | selection = 1960 Air Force Group 1 | time = 20d 17h 48m | mission = {{nobr|Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, Soyuz 31/Soyuz 29}} | insignia = | awards = Hero of the Soviet Union Order of Lenin |}} Valery Fyodorovich Bykovsky ({{lang-ru|Вале́рий Фёдорович Быко́вский}}; 2 August 1934 – 27 March 2019) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on three space flights: Vostok 5, Soyuz 22, and Soyuz 31. He was also backup for Vostok 3 and Soyuz 37. Early life and careerBorn in Pavlovsky Posad, Russia, on 2 August 1934, Bykovsky was the son of Fyodor Fyodorovich Bykovsky and Klavdia Ivanova. He had an older sister named Margarita born three years earlier. When he was four years old, World War II began, forcing the family to move to Kuybyshev, and later again to Syzran, before moving back to near Moscow.[1] By the age of 14, Bykovsky wanted to attend naval school; however, his father was not a proponent of this idea and encouraged him to stay at his school. A few days later Bykovsky attended a lecture on the Soviet Air Force Club which inspired him to pursue his dream of becoming a pilot. He began flight theory lessons when he was 16 at the Moscow City Aviation Club.[1] Bykovsky graduated from aviation school aged 18 and enrolled in the Kachinsk Military Aviation Academy.[1] He graduated from the academy at 21 years old and received the rank of lieutenant. At 25 he became a jet fighter pilot and later became a pilot and parachute instructor with over 72 jumps by the time he began his cosmonaut training.[1] Cosmonaut careerVostok programmeAt 26 years old he started his cosmonaut training at Zhukovsky Military Engineering academy.[1] His first assignment was as the backup pilot of Vostok 3.[2] Bykovsky launched on the Vostok 5 mission on 14 June 1963. During the flight he conducted experiments, such as photographing the Earth's horizon and documenting the growth of peas. Two days into his flight, Valentina Tereshkova flew the Vostok 6 spacecraft within five kilometers of his spacecraft.[3] He set a space endurance record when he spent five days in orbit aboard Vostok 5 in 1963 where his call-sign was "Hawk" (Russian: Ястреб).[4] Although this flight duration has since been surpassed by crews of more than one person, it remains the endurance record for a solo spaceflight as of 2019.[9][3] During his orbit aboard Vostok 5, Bykovsky was also made a member of the communist party.[1] He was promoted to colonel on 30 April 1966.[5] Soyuz programmeBykovsky was assigned to be the commander of the original Soyuz 2 mission, which was planned to be launched soon after Soyuz 1. Two of the three crewmen from Soyuz 2 were to conduct an extravehicular activity (EVA) and enter Soyuz 1. During the Soyuz 1 flight, many concurrent problems forced mission control to command an early reentry of the spacecraft. This also caused them to cancel the Soyuz 2 flight as no rendezvous could occur. On Soyuz 1, tube holding the main parachute was too rough, which created enough friction that the drogue parachute was unable to pull it out. The spacecraft struck the ground at approximately 93 miles per hour, killing Vladimir Komarov. As the Soyuz 2 capsule was made with the same specifications as Soyuz 1, if the mission had flown Bykovsky and his crew would have been killed.[6] He flew the Soyuz 22 mission with Vladimir Aksyonov. The mission launched on 15 September 1976. The capsule was originally a backup for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The main purpose of the mission was studying and practising Earth observation techniques.[7]He flew the Soyuz 31 mission to the Salyut 6 space station with the East German Sigmund Jähn. It was launched on 26 August 1978. They joined two other cosmonauts on the space station that had arrived on Soyuz 29. The four conducted biological experiments on themselves during their stay. Bykovsky and Jähn undocked from the station in the Soyuz 29 capsule on 3 September and landed back on Earth later that day.[8]{{rp|111}} Post-cosmonaut careerMuch of his later career was devoted to promoting the Intercosmos programme amongst the world's Socialist nations. Due to his age, he was moved from active duty to the reserves in 1988.[9] He became the director of the Centre of Soviet Science & Culture in East Berlin after the Soyuz 31 mission.[10] Personal lifeBykovsky was a keen sportsman: {{quote|Service in the Air Force made us strong, both physically and morally. All of us cosmonauts took up sports and PT seriously when we served in the Air Force. I know that Yuri Gagarin was fond of ice hockey. He liked to play goal keeper. Gherman Titov was a gymnastics enthusiast, Andriyan Nikolayev liked skiing, Pavel Popovich went in for weight lifting. I don't think I am wrong when I say that sports became a fixture in the life of the cosmonauts.[11]}}He was married to Valentina Mikhailovna Sukhova; they had two sons.[19] He died on 27 March 2019.[12][13] Honours and awardsBykovsky was awarded the Gold Star Hero of the Soviet Union (22 June 1963, 28 September 1976),[14] the Order of Lenin (1963, 1976, 1978), the Order of the Red Star (1961),[5] and numerous other medals and foreign orders.
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite book|title=The First Soviet Cosmonaut Team:Their Lives and Legacies|last=Burgess, Hall|first=Collin, Rex|publisher=Praxis Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-0-387-84823-5|pages=37–39}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/vostok3.html|title=Joint flight of Vostok-3 and Vostok-4|publisher=Russian Space Web|access-date=31 March 2019}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-032719a-obituary-valery-bykovsky-cosmonaut.html|title=Vostok cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky, who flew three missions, dies|publisher=collectSPACE|date=27 March 2019}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Call signs of astronauts|url=http://www.gctc.ru/main.php?id=156}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/info/6266272|title=Биография Валерия Быковского|trans-title=Biography of Valery Bykovsky|language=Russian|publisher=TASS|access-date=31 March 2019}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Soviet Space Program, The Lunar Mission Years: 1959–1976|last1=Reichl|first1=Eugen|publisher=Schiffer Publishing|year=2019|isbn=978-0-7643-5675-9|LCCN=2017955750|location=Atglen, Pennsylvania|pages=100–102}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-22.htm|title=Soyuz 22|publisher=Space Facts|date=20 April 2018|access-date=31 March 2019}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1 = Clark|first = Phillip | title = The Soviet Manned Space Program | year= 1988 | isbn = 0-517-56954-X | publisher = Orion Books, a division of Crown Publishers, Inc. | location = New York}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.roscosmos.ru/26239/|title=Ушёл из жизни Валерий Быковский|trans-title=Valery Bykovsky passed away|date=27 March 2019|access-date=31 March 2019|publisher=Roscosmos}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration|last1=Harvey|first1=Brian|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-21896-0|lccn=2006935327|year=2007|page=176}} 11. ^Bykovsky quoted in Gavrilin, pp. 26–7 12. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/26959.4/4012935/|title=Ушёл Валерий Быковский — космонавт, на которого не действовала невесомость|trans-title=Valery Bykovsky is gone - an astronaut who was not affected by weightlessness|language=Russian|last1=Korobatov|first1=Yaroslav|publisher=Komsomolskaya Pravda|date=27 March 2019}} 13. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47741793 |title=Russian space pioneer Valery Bykovsky dies aged 84 |author=Paul Rincon |publisher=BBC |date=28 March 2019 |accessdate=1 April 2019 }} 14. ^{{ruheroes|id=815}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fai.org/awards?receiver=Bikovsky|title=FAI Awards|publisher=FÉDÉRATION AÉRONAUTIQUE INTERNATIONALE|access-date=31 March 2019}} References
External links
12 : 1934 births|2019 deaths|Soviet cosmonauts|People from Pavlovo-Posadsky District|1963 in spaceflight|Heroes of the Soviet Union|Recipients of the Order of Lenin|Recipients of the Order of Friendship|Recipients of the Order of Georgi Dimitrov|Recipients of the Order of Karl Marx|Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class|Honorary citizens of Baikonur |
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