“2017 California wildfires”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In terms of property damage, 2017 was the most destructive wildfire season on record in California at the time,^[4] with a total of 9,133 fires burning {{convert|1,381,405|acres|km2}} of land, according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, including five of the 20 most destructive wildland-urban interface fires in the state's history.^[1]^[5] Throughout 2017, the fires destroyed or damaged more than 10,000 structures in the state (destroyed 9,470, damaged 810), a higher tally than the previous nine years combined.{{cn|date=April 2019}} State data showed that the large wildfires killed 47 people – 45 civilians and 2 firefighters – almost higher than the previous 10 years combined.^[6] The total property damage was surpassed by the 2018 California wildfires.

Throughout the early months of 2017, there was heavy rainfall over most of California, which triggered widespread flooding, thus temporarily mitigating the state's historic drought conditions. However, according to a report published by the National Interagency Fire Center, the potential for large fires was "expected to remain near normal through the spring, but once fine fuels dry out, there will likely be a spike in grass fire activity.”^[7]

In December 2017, strong Santa Ana winds triggered a new round of wildfires, including the massive Thomas Fire in Ventura County.^[9]^[8] At the time, the Thomas Fire was California's largest modern wildfire, which has since been surpassed by the Mendocino Complex's Ranch Fire in 2018. The December 2017 fires forced over 230,000 people to evacuate, with the 6 largest fires burning over {{convert|307,900|acres|km2|0}} and more than 1,300 structures.^[9]^[10]

During the year, 5 of the 20 most destructive wildfires in the state's history burned between October and December: #1 Tubbs, #6 Nuns, #7 Thomas, #11 Atlas, and #17 Redwood Valley Complex.^[11] The wildfires collectively caused at least $18.0 billion (2018 USD) in damages, including $13.2 billion in insured losses, $3 billion in other economic losses, and $1.8 billion in fire suppression costs, making the 2017 California fires the costliest on record.^[2]^[3] The total economic cost, including fire suppression, insurance, direct and indirect economic losses, and recovery expenditures is estimated at about $180 billion (2017 USD).^[12] This number includes economic harm to the wine industry, where several wineries in Napa and Sonoma were destroyed, and where many wine grapes were severely damaged by smoke. Cal Fire spent $700 million during fiscal year 2017, far exceeding the approximately $426 million the agency had budgeted that year for fire suppression.^[6] This made 2017 the most expensive firefighting year on record in California state history.^[13]

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2017 will be remembered as a year of extremes. It was the third-warmest year on record for the United States, and it was the second-hottest in California, bringing to the surface the question of long-term climate change and its contribution to the 2017 California fires. The hotter temperatures dry out vegetation, making them easier to burn, predisposing vulnerable regions like California to more wildfires in the coming decades as temperatures continue to rise and rainfall continues to decline.^[6]

Environmental and Health Impact

Trends in Wildfire Activity

Climate change is impacting the number and intensity of wildfires Nationwide, particularly in the American West.^[14] Although the number of wildfires in California has steadily been declining since 1980, the total acres burned and average acres burned is on the rise.^[15] According to Ottmar, the amount of greenhouse gases emitted from a wildfire is directly related to fuel consumption, which is the result of area burned, burning period, fuel characteristics, and fire behavior.^[16] These factors lead to the production of greenhouse gases, fine particulate matter emission, black carbon emission, carbon dioxide and monoxide production, as well as other trace gases.^[17]^[18] The amount and type of emissions resulting from wildfires is dependent on the model used, as demonstrated by Larkin et al. in their comparison of four emissions inventories created for the contiguous United States (CONUS).^[19]

Carbon Emissions and Contribution to Air Pollution

California’s forests are huge carbon reservoirs for the state. The forests and vegetation of state wild lands stored an estimated 850 million tons of carbon in 2010, and accounted for approximately 69 million tons of carbon emitted between 2001 and 2010. Annual carbon losses from forests and wild lands in California represent as much as 5 to 7 percent of state carbon emissions from all sectors between 2001 and 2010, according to the study.^[20] Wildfires in Southern California burn through fuel sources such as vegetation, gasoline, coal, and create a nasty mixture of aerosols and gases into the atmosphere- include hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contributes to reactions that produce ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant. It can also make breathing difficult to dangerous when trapped near the ground.^[21] A 2014 study by Mark Jacobson showed evidence that the burning of biomass like trees, plants, and grass—either by accident or deliberately creates 18 percent of all human-caused carbon emissions (nearly 8.5 billion tons each year), and accounts for 5-10 percent of all air pollution deaths worldwide, or about 250,000 people annually.^[22]^[23]

According to Jacobson, biomass burning has other impacts that increase warming in the atmosphere, beyond just producing greenhouse gas emissions. The process also creates tiny bits of soot, called black carbon, and traces of harmful substances, known as brown carbon, which together cause more global warming per unit weight than other human-associated carbon sources.^[22] California is one of the few jurisdictions in the world to set mandatory greenhouse gas emissions targets. A 2015 study by the National Park Service and UC Berkeley that quantified the amount of carbon stored and released through California forests and wild lands found that wildfires and deforestation are contributing more than expected to the state’s greenhouse gas emissions.^[24] These data and the most recent wildfires of 2017 could have dire implications for California’s efforts to meet goals mandated by the state Global Warming Solutions Act, or AB 32, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. The bill, which passed in 2006, assumed no net emissions for wild land ecosystems by 2020. Maintenance of balance in carbon storage and emissions is disrupted by wildfires which wipe out vegetation that naturally removes carbon from the atmosphere, exacerbating climate change.^[25]

Health Impact

In addition to the tremendous economic loss and danger to human lives, wildfires also play a huge part in significantly worsening air quality in both local and downwind regions, causing more long-term human health problems.^[26] Emissions from wildfires transported or nearby urban areas can be a sporadic but significant contribution to urban air pollution. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency's National Emission Inventory reported that 27% of carbon monoxide and 17% of fine particulate matter (below 2.5μm) emissions throughout the Western states was due to wildfires. Smoke generated from wildfires from thousands of miles away can impact air quality in urban areas, and the air pollution generated from the burned biomass can cause these same urban areas to exceed the EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In addition, increased air pollution due to wildfires can exacerbate pre-existing cardiovascular^[27] and respiratory conditions, such as asthma or COPD, and can impair lung function.

Limiting exposure to wildfire smoke is important for prevention of smoke-related illnesses. Staying indoors, reducing physical activity, using air filters and air conditioners, and reducing other forms of indoor air pollution such as smoking and use of propane and wood burning stoves are strategies to limit exposure to wildfire smoke.^[34] In addition, checking the news and local Air Quality Index reports can be useful for information regarding pollution levels and public health safety recommendations for areas impacted by wildfires and wildfire smoke.

Human Impact on Wildfire Activity

Although climate and weather patterns are key drivers of wildfire occurrence across California, humans are currently responsibly for around 95% of wildfires in the state. Many of California's communities are built in or near areas of natural vegetation that is prone to fires. In San Diego alone, 3 out of every 4 homes are built within risk-prone areas. There are a multitude of predictor models that attempt to understand the scope of wildfire activity over the coming century with most agreeing that climate change will have a huge impact on wildfire activity changes, with an estimated increase in total area burned between 15 and 50 percent. Ongoing expansion of communities into fire-prone areas greatly impacts current models developed and must be studied further in order to discern the overall impact on structural damage and lives impacted. California occupies a broad climate space, spanning alpine zones, temperate rain forests, ecosystems, and deserts. In addition, the state is the most populous in the country, meaning that these ever-growing communities will have a large impact on whether or not California will increase or decrease the amount of fires over the course of the next century.^[35]

Electrical lines and equipment have consistently been among the three major causes of California wildfires in recent years. They were the leading cause of fires that burned more acres in California than any other cause in 2015.^[36]

Future Projections

California Wildfire Activity

Although it is very difficult to predict future conditions for wildfires in California, several studies have been published in attempt to show the significant impact wildfires will have across the state and the Western United States. Since it is a mountainous and populous state, California has a unique set of both geographical and meteorological parameters associated with wildfires. Projections of future wildfire activity in southern California are sparse and the few that have been completed are contradictory.^[26] In addition, projection models differ based on the general circulation models (GCMs) used to estimate changes in wildfire activity. However, a recent study conducted in 2014 by Yue et. al attempted to better estimate and avoid the discrepancies in past wildfire activity projection models. In this study, researchers found that wildfire activity will increase in southwestern California and the Sierra Nevada in coming decades as a consequence of increasing surface temperature.^[26]

In 2014, a study found a human fingerprint in growing California wildfire risks.^[37] The paper is titled “Extreme fire season in California: A glimpse into the future?” It was published as the second chapter of “Explaining Extreme Events of 2014” by the American Meteorological Society.^[38] The authors also projected increases in the drought index, the area under extreme threat of fires, and the days of fire danger, stating that, "The increase in extreme fire risk is expected within the coming decade to exceed that of natural variability and this serves as an indication that anthropogenic climate warming will likely play a significant role in influence California’s fire season."^[38]

Lightning Strikes

According to Romps et. al, as annual temperatures and precipitation activity changes due to global warming, there will be increases in lightning strikes across the United States. Per °C of increased temperature due to global warming, there will be a mean increase in lightning strikes of 12 ± 5 percent. This increase in lightning strikes will impact areas like California that have already been impacted by intense wildfire activity. These increases in lightning strikes will increase wildfires caused by natural causes instead of man-made wildfires in less inhabited regions, leading to fires that are difficult for firefighters to reach, leading to larger, more destructive burn areas.^[39]

Health Burden of Wildfires and Climate Change

In 2017, a study projected that the single largest threat to Los Angeles County hospitals related to climate change is the direct impacts resulting from the expected increase in wildfires. In Los Angeles County, 34% of hospitals are within one mile of very high fire hazard severity zones, with 24% of these hospitals having a disproportionate share of patient load and 12% impacted by health care shortages. In addition, one of the hospitals studied was in danger of sea-coastal flooding due to the effects of climate change. This issue will become a greater obstacle as sea levels rise due to increase annual temperatures.^[40]

As a consequence of further global warming, it is projected that there will be an increase in risk due to climate-driven wildfires in the coming decades. Because of warming, frequent droughts, and the legacy of past land management and expansion of residential areas, both people and the ecology with which we coexist are more vulnerable to wildfires. Wildfire activity is closely tied to temperature and drought over time. Globally, the length of the fire season increased by nearly 19% from 1979 to 2013, with significantly longer seasons in the western states. Since 1985, more than 50% of the wildfire area burned in the western United States can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change. In addition, due to human fire suppression methods, there is a build of fuels in some ecosystems, making them more vulnerable to wildfires. There is greater risk of fires occurring in denser, dryer forests where histrionically these fires occurred in low-density areas. Lastly, with increases in human population, we have expanded out communities into areas that are at higher risk to wildfire threat, making these same populations more vulnerable to structural damage and death due to wildfires. Since 1990, the average annual number of homes lost to wildfires has increased by 300%. Almost 900,000 of western US residences are currently in high risk wildfire areas with nearly 35% of wildfires in California starting within this high risk areas. Thus, policies must be generated that allow for adaptation to increased wildfire risk and reduce further vulnerability in these high risk areas.^[41]

Wildfire maps

This section contains a maps of the locations and burn areas of the fires that occurred during the largest outbreaks of the season. The burn areas of some major fires are included in some of the maps.

Wildfires

Below is a list of all fires that exceeded {{convert|1000|acre}} during the 2017 California wildfire season, as well as the fires that caused significant damage.^[42] The information is taken from CAL FIRE's list of large fires, and other sources where indicated.

October Northern California wildfires

During the month of October, a series of wildfires broke out throughout Napa, Lake, Sonoma, Mendocino, and Butte counties during severe fire weather conditions, effectively leading to a major red flag warning from much of the northern California area. In the extreme conditions, shortly after the fires ignited, they rapidly grew to become massive conflagrations spanning from 1,000 to well over 20,000 acres apart within a single day.^[120] In addition, the fires have destroyed an estimated 8,900+ structures, and killed at least 44 people.^[121] The fires burned over {{Convert|245,000|acre|ha|0}} of land,^[93] and forced over 20,000 people to evacuate.^[122]^[123]

December Southern California wildfires

Multiple wildfires ignited in December across Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Ventura, San Diego, Riverside, Santa Barbara Counties. The fires were exacerbated by unusually powerful and long-lasting Santa Ana winds,^[124] as well as large amounts of dry vegetation grown, due to large amounts of precipitation earlier in the year. The fires burned over {{convert|307,900|acres|km2}}, and caused traffic disruptions, school closures, hazardous air conditions, and massive power outages. California Governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency in Ventura and Los Angeles Counties,^[125] and Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti declared a state of emergency for the city.^[126] The largest fire was the Thomas Fire, which grew to 281,893 acres, becoming California's largest modern wildfire at the time, since surpassed by the Mendocino Complex's Ranch Fire in 2018.^[127]^[128]^[129]^[130]^[131]

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|title=2017 Fire Statistics|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_stats?year=2017|website=CAL FIRE|access-date=April 22, 2017}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.artemis.bm/blog/2018/01/25/california-wildfire-industry-losses-put-at-13-2bn-by-aon-benfield/|title=California wildfire industry losses put at $13.2bn by Aon Benfield|author=|publisher=Artemis.bm|date=January 25, 2018|access-date=August 30, 2018}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-wildfire-costs-20180301-story.html|title=California spent nearly $1.8 billion last year fighting major wildfires|author=|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=March 1, 2018|access-date=August 30, 2018}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sacbee.com/news/state/california/fires/article188377854.html|title=Wine country wildfire costs now top $9 billion, costliest in California history|author=Dale Kasler|date=December 8, 2017|newspaper=The Sacramento Bee|access-date=December 11, 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-wildfire-update-20180908-story.html|title=Wildfires have charred more than 1 million acres in California this year — and fire season is far from over|author1=Jaclyn Cosgrove|author2=Alejandra Reyes-Velarde|date=September 8, 2018|access-date=September 11, 2018}}
6. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://www.fire.ca.gov/|title=CAL FIRE - Home|last=California|first=State of|website=www.fire.ca.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Saunders|first1=Doug|title=How will rainy winter affect fire season? More summer grass fires, officials predict|url=http://www.pe.com/2017/04/05/how-will-rainy-winter-affect-fire-season-more-summer-grass-fires-officials-predict/|access-date=April 5, 2017|work=The Press-Enterprise|agency=The Press-Enterprise|date=April 7, 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/05/apocalyptic-conditions-lead-to-wildfires-destruction-across-southern-california/|title=Wildfires raging in Southern California cap most destructive season in state history. Here's why it's so bad|author=Susan Abram|publisher=Los Angeles Daily News|date=December 6, 2017|access-date=December 6, 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/high-winds-pick-fueling-intensity-southern-california-wildfires/story?id=51638141|title=Firefighters taming Southern California wildfires as Gov. Brown warns of state's 'new reality'|author1=Morgan Winsor|author2=Mark Osborne|publisher=ABCNews|date=December 9, 2017|access-date=December 10, 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-09/no-respite-in-sight-from-southern-california-wildfires/9243270|title=Southern California wildfires still burning as Donald Trump issues federal emergency declaration|author=|publisher=ABC News|date=December 9, 2017|access-date=December 11, 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf|title=Top 20 Most Destructive California Wildfires|author=|publisher=CalFire|date=December 21, 2017|access-date=December 28, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/accuweather-predicts-2017-california-wildfire-season-cost-to-rise-to-180-billion/70003495|title=AccuWeather predicts 2017 California wildfire season cost to rise to $180 billion|author=|publisher=AccuWeather|date=December 8, 2017|access-date=December 11, 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/01/12/79756/thomas-fire-fully-contained-38-days-later/|title=Thomas Fire fully contained, as firefighting costs set new record|author1=Brian Frank|author2=Aaron Mendelson|publisher=89.3 KPCC|date=January 12, 2018|access-date=May 26, 2018}}
14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Keeley|first1=Jon|last2=Syphard|first2=Alexandra|date=2017|title=Different historical fire–climate patterns in California|journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire|volume=26|issue=4|pages=253–268|doi=10.1071/WF16102}}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=Tedford|first1=Daniel|title=Over the last 40 years, there is a surprising trend with California wildfires|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2017/09/14/you-may-not-believe-it-but-the-number-of-california-wildfires-has-been-going-down/|access-date=March 29, 2018|work=Orange County Register|date=14 September 2017}}
16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ottmar|first1=Roger|date=2014|title=Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Modeling fuel consumption|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=317|pages=41–50|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.010}}
17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hao|first1=Wei Min|last2=Larkin|first2=Narasimhan|date=2014|title=Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Wildland fire detection and burned area in the United States|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=317|pages=20–25|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.029}}
18. ^{{cite book|url=https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_other/rmrs_2009_urbanski_s001.pdf|title=Developments in Environmental Science|last1=Urbanski|first1=Shawn|last2=Hao|first2=Wei Min|last3=Baker|first3=Stephen|date=2009|publisher=Elsevier B.V|location=Chapter 4 - Chemical Composition of Wildland Fire Emissions|pages=79–107}}
19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Larkin|first1=Narasimhan|last2=Raffuse|first2=Sean|last3=Strand|first3=Tara|date=2014|title=Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: U.S. emissions inventories|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|volume=317|pages=61–69|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.012}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/wildfires-biomass-burning-are-bigger-climate-change-threats-previously-thought-1646394|title=Wildfires And 'Biomass Burning' Are Bigger Climate Change Threats Than Previously Thought, Stanford Study Says|date=2014-08-01|work=International Business Times|access-date=2018-03-30}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91427|title=California Wildfire Emissions : Image of the Day|date=2017-12-11|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}
22. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=Mark Z.|date=2014-07-27|title=Effects of biomass burning on climate, accounting for heat and moisture fluxes, black and brown carbon, and cloud absorption effects|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|language=en|volume=119|issue=14|pages=8980–9002|doi=10.1002/2014jd021861|issn=2169-8996}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/08/wild-fires-are-so-so-bad-climate/|title=Wildfires cause nearly a fifth of carbon emissions|work=Mother Jones|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=http://news.berkeley.edu/2015/04/15/california-carbon/|title=Wildfires emit more greenhouse gases than assumed in state climate targets|date=2015-04-15|work=Berkeley News|access-date=2018-03-30|language=en-US}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32.htm|title=Assembly Bill 32 - California Global Warming Solutions Act|last=Board|first=California Air Resources|website=www.arb.ca.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}
26. ^¹²{{Cite journal|last=Yue|first=Xu|last2=Mickley|first2=Loretta J.|last3=Logan|first3=Jennifer A.|date=2014-10-01|title=Projection of wildfire activity in southern California in the mid-twenty-first century|journal=Climate Dynamics|language=en|volume=43|issue=7–8|pages=1973–1991|doi=10.1007/s00382-013-2022-3|pmid=25346575|issn=0930-7575|pmc=4204739}}
27. ^{{Cite journal|last=Haikerwal|first=Anjali|last2=Akram|first2=Muhammad|last3=Monaco|first3=Anthony Del|last4=Smith|first4=Karen|last5=Sim|first5=Malcolm R.|last6=Meyer|first6=Mick|last7=Tonkin|first7=Andrew M.|last8=Abramson|first8=Michael J.|last9=Dennekamp|first9=Martine|date=2015-07-28|title=Impact of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Exposure During Wildfires on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes|url=http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/4/7/e001653|journal=Journal of the American Heart Association|language=en|volume=4|issue=7|pages=e001653|doi=10.1161/JAHA.114.001653|issn=2047-9980|pmid=26178402|pmc=4608063}}
28. ^{{Cite journal|last=Schwartz|first=Joel|date=2004-04-01|title=Air Pollution and Children's Health|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/Supplement_3/1037|journal=Pediatrics|language=en|volume=113|issue=Supplement 3|pages=1037–1043|issn=0031-4005|pmid=15060197}}
29. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6017a4.htm|title=Vital Signs: Asthma Prevalence, Disease Characteristics, and Self-Management Education --- United States, 2001--2009|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}
30. ^{{Cite journal|last=Le|first=George E.|last2=Breysse|first2=Patrick N.|last3=McDermott|first3=Aidan|last4=Eftim|first4=Sorina E.|last5=Geyh|first5=Alison|last6=Berman|first6=Jesse D.|last7=Curriero|first7=Frank C.|date=2014-05-20|title=Canadian Forest Fires and the Effects of Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Hospitalizations among the Elderly|url=http://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/2/713|journal=ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=713–731|doi=10.3390/ijgi3020713}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=smoke.index|title=How Smoke from Fires Can Affect Your Health|website=airnow.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-03-30}}
32. ^{{Cite journal|url=https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/120-a362b/|title=Environmental Health Perspectives – Followup in Southern California: Decreased Birth Weight following Prenatal Wildfire Smoke Exposure|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=120|issue=9|pages=A362|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-30|doi=10.1289/ehp.120-a362b|pmid=23487842|pmc=3440126|year=2012|last1=Kessler|first1=Rebecca}}
33. ^{{Cite journal|last=Almqvist|first=C.|last2=Pershagen|first2=G.|last3=Wickman|first3=M.|date=May 2005|title=Low socioeconomic status as a risk factor for asthma, rhinitis and sensitization at 4 years in a birth cohort|journal=Clinical & Experimental Allergy|volume=35|issue=5|pages=612–618|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02243.x|issn=0954-7894|pmid=15898983}}
34. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/wildfires/smoke.html|title=Wildfire Smoke{{!}}Wildfires|date=2017-11-16|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-03-30}}
35. ^{{Cite journal|last=Mann|first=Michael L.|last2=Batllori|first2=Enric|last3=Moritz|first3=Max A.|last4=Waller|first4=Eric K.|authorlink5=Peter Berck|last5=Berck|first5=Peter|last6=Flint|first6=Alan L.|last7=Flint|first7=Lorraine E.|last8=Dolfi|first8=Emmalee|date=2016-04-28|title=Incorporating Anthropogenic Influences into Fire Probability Models: Effects of Human Activity and Climate Change on Fire Activity in California|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=4|pages=e0153589|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0153589|pmid=27124597|pmc=4849771|issn=1932-6203}}
36. ^{{cite news|title=Power Lines Are Burning the West|work=The Atlantic|first=Kendra |last=Atleework|date=May 25, 2018|access-date=29 November 2018|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2018/05/power-lines-are-burning-the-west/561212/}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2015/dec/03/new-research-finds-that-global-warming-is-intensifying-wildfires|title=New research finds that global warming is intensifying wildfires|date=December 3, 2015|access-date=December 31, 2017}}
38. ^¹Yoon, J., B. Kravitz, P.J. Rasch, S. Simon Wang, R.R. Gillies, and L. Hipps, 2015: Extreme Fire Season in California: A Glimpse Into the Future?. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, S5–S9, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00114.1
39. ^{{Cite journal|last=Romps|first=David M.|last2=Seeley|first2=Jacob T.|last3=Vollaro|first3=David|last4=Molinari|first4=John|date=2014-11-14|title=Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6211/851|journal=Science|language=en|volume=346|issue=6211|pages=851–854|doi=10.1126/science.1259100|issn=0036-8075|pmid=25395536}}
40. ^{{Cite journal|last=Adelaine|first=Sabrina A.|last2=Sato|first2=Mizuki|last3=Jin|first3=Yufang|last4=Godwin|first4=Hilary|date=October 2017|title=An Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on Los Angeles (California USA) Hospitals, Wildfires Highest Priority|journal=Prehospital and Disaster Medicine|volume=32|issue=5|pages=556–562|doi=10.1017/S1049023X17006586|issn=1945-1938|pmid=28606202}}
41. ^{{Cite journal|last=Schoennagel|first=Tania|last2=Balch|first2=Jennifer K.|last3=Brenkert-Smith|first3=Hannah|last4=Dennison|first4=Philip E.|last5=Harvey|first5=Brian J.|last6=Krawchuk|first6=Meg A.|last7=Mietkiewicz|first7=Nathan|last8=Morgan|first8=Penelope|last9=Moritz|first9=Max A.|date=2017-05-02|title=Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=18|pages=4582–4590|doi=10.1073/pnas.1617464114|pmid=28416662|pmc=5422781}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Statistics and Events |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incident_statsevents#2017|website=CAL FIRE|date=29 March 2017|accessdate=10 December 2018}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Jayne Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1470|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Opera Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1477|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=Elm Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1496|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
46. ^{{cite web|title=Gate Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1503|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=Oakwood Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1545|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Highway Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5254/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=June 18, 2016}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Holcomb Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5256/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=June 19, 2017}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Schaeffer Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5285/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=June 25, 2017}}
51. ^{{cite web|title=Salmon August Complex Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5501/|website=InciWeb|date=December 8, 2017|accessdate=December 9, 2017}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1632|title=Salmon-August Complex|publisher=CalFire|date=October 6, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Manzanita Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1587|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=Hill Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1588|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Winters Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1626|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
56. ^{{cite web|title=Alamo Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=/1628|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
57. ^{{cite web|title=Wall Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1637|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Whittier Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5339/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=July 8, 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web|title=Parkfield Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1647|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web|title=Garza Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1650|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
61. ^{{cite web|title=Long Valley Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5354/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=July 11, 2017}}
62. ^{{cite web|title=Detwiler Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1672|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
63. ^{{cite web|title=Modoc July Complex Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5415/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=July 25, 2017}}
64. ^{{cite web|title=Orleans Complex Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5430/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=October 9, 2017}}
65. ^{{cite web|title=Empire Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5475/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=August 1, 2017}}
66. ^{{cite web|title=Parker 2 Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5462/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=August 13, 2017}}
67. ^{{cite web|title=Young Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5521/|website=InciWeb|date=August 28, 2017|accessdate=August 28, 2017}}
68. ^{{cite web|title=South Fork Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5502/|website=InciWeb|date=November 27, 2017|accessdate=December 9, 2017}}
69. ^{{cite web|title=Blaine Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1751|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=August 13, 2017}}
70. ^{{cite web|title=Eclipse Complex Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5511/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=August 16, 2017}}
71. ^{{cite web|title=Pier Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5548/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=October 9, 2017}}
72. ^{{cite web|title=Railroad Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5553/|website=InciWeb|date=October 24, 2017|accessdate=December 6, 2017}}
73. ^{{cite web|title=Pier Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1783|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
74. ^{{cite web|title=Mud Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5554/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=August 29, 2017}}
75. ^{{cite web|title=Slinkard Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5559/|website=InciWeb|date=September 12, 2017|accessdate=December 6, 2017}}
76. ^{{cite web|title=Helena Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5564/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=November 28, 2017}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/2017/09/09/la-tuna-fire-100-percent-contained-lafd-says/|title=La Tuna fire 100 percent contained, LAFD says|date=September 9, 2017|publisher=}}
78. ^{{cite web|title=Palmer Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1802|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
79. ^{{cite web|title=Mission Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5588/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=September 3, 2017}}
80. ^{{cite web|title=Buck Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5614/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=November 28, 2017}}
81. ^{{cite web|title=Lion Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5626//|website=InciWeb|date=December 2, 2017|accessdate=December 14, 2017}}
82. ^{{cite web|title=Canyon Fire|url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5625/|website=InciWeb|accessdate=September 12, 2017}}
83. ^{{cite web|title=Cherokee Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1865|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
84. ^{{cite web|title=Atlas Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1866|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
85. ^{{cite web|title=Tubbs Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1867|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=October 9, 2017}}
86. ^{{cite web|title=Nuns Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1868|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
87. ^{{cite web|title=Redwood Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1874|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
88. ^Peter Fimrite & Kurtis Alexander, 17-year-old dies of burns, becomes 43rd victim of California wildfires, San Francisco Chronicle (October 30, 2017).
89. ^{{cite web|title=La Porte Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1870|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
90. ^{{cite web|title=Cascade Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1871|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
91. ^{{cite web|title=Sulphur Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1876|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
92. ^{{cite web|title=Canyon 2 Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1881|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
93. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/communications_StatewideFireSummary|title=California Statewide Fire Summary|website=CAL FIRE|publisher=State of California|access-date=October 30, 2017}}
94. ^{{cite web|title=Pocket Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1883|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
95. ^{{cite web |title= Lobo Fire |url= https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/5652/ |agency= InciWeb |access-date=October 9, 2017}}
96. ^{{cite web|title=Bear Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1902|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1905|title=Buffalo Fire|website=CAL FIRE|date=November 14, 2017|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}
98. ^{{cite web|title= Wildomar Fire|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1913|website=CAL FIRE|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
99. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/05/us/ventura-county-fire-california/index.html|title='Fire is still out of control' as massive blaze forces thousands to evacuate|author=Madison Park and Cheri Mossberg|publisher=CNN|date=December 5, 2017|accessdate=December 5, 2017}}
100. ^{{cite web|url=http://fox5sandiego.com/2017/12/04/fast-moving-brush-fire-burns-100-acres-in-ventura-county/|title=Deadly Thomas Fire in Ventura County explodes to 31,000 acres overnight, 150 structures burned|author=|publisher=Fox5News|date=December 5, 2017|accessdate=December 5, 2017}}
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1922|title=Thomas Fire|author=|publisher=CalFire|date=March 28, 2018|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://readyventuracounty.org/|title=Incident Summary: Thomas Fire|author=|publisher=Ready Ventura County|date=December 26, 2017|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/07/us/ventura-fire-california/index.html|title=California fires: Two people burned in new blaze|author1=Eliott C. McLaughlin|author2=Nicole Chavez|author3=Paul Vercammen|author4=Steve Aimasy|publisher=CNN|date=December 8, 2017|accessdate=December 8, 2017}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-creek-fire-20171205-story.html|title=Fast-moving Creek fire threatens homes in Sylmar area, burns 1,000 acres|author=Shelby Grad|date=December 5, 2017|accessdate=December 5, 2017}}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://abc7.com/weather/1000-acre-brush-fire-burning-in-kagel-canyon-near-sylmar/2740550/|title=1,000-acre brush fire burning in Kagel Canyon near Sylmar|author=|publisher=ABC7.com|date=December 5, 2017|accessdate=December 5, 2017}}
106. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1923|title=Creek Fire|publisher=CalFire|date=December 21, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
107. ^{{cite news|title=UPDATE: Rye Fire now at 1,000 acres and moving west #RyeFire|url=https://signalscv.com/2017/12/valencia-fire-reported-near-rye-canyon-loop-road/|work=The Signal|date=December 5, 2017}}
108. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1924|title=Rye Fire|publisher=CalFire|date=December 12, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
109. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.sbsun.com/2017/12/06/firefighters-hope-to-increase-containment-on-little-mountain-fire-in-san-bernardino-before-winds-pick-up-again/|title=Little Mountain fire in San Bernardino is 50 percent contained; firefighters fear tonight’s winds|last=Valenzuela|first=Beatriz E.|date=2017-12-06|work=San Bernardino Sun|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}
110. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-little-mountain-fire-20171205-story.html|title=3 burned in wind-driven fire that's growing in San Bernardino County, officials say|last=Serna|first=Joseph|date=2017-12-05|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-12-06|last2=Reyes-Velarde|first2=Alejandra|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}
111. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pe.com/2017/12/05/mountain-fire-prompts-request-to-close-northbound-215-freeway-in-san-bernardino/|title=Little Mountain fire in San Bernardino forces evacuations, freeway closures|last=Hagen|first=Ryan|date=2017-12-05|work=The Press-Enterprise|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Whitehead|first2=Brian|language=en-US}}
112. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1926|title=Little Mountain Fire|publisher=CalFire|date=December 7, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
113. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-brentwood-fire-20171206-story.html|title=Several homes burning in Bel-Air as fire closes the 405 Freeway and forces evacuations|last=Etehad|first=Melissa|date=2017-12-06|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Nelson|first2=Laura J.|language=en-US|last3=Kohli|first3=Sonali}}
114. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lafd.org/news/skirball-fire-update|title=Skirball Fire Update|author=Margaret Stewart|publisher=Los Angeles Fire Department|date=December 9, 2017|accessdate=December 9, 2017}}
115. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.com/2017/12/15/skirball-fire-in-la-100-percent-contained/|title=Skirball fire in LA 100 percent contained|author=|publisher=Los Angeles Daily News|date=December 15, 2017|accessdate=December 16, 2017}}
116. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/public-safety/sd-me-fire-i15-story.html|title=Lilac fire off Interstate 15 chars at least 100 acres, destroys 2 structures|author=Lyndsay Winkely|publisher=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=December 7, 2017|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}
117. ^{{cite web|url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1928|title=Lilac Fire|publisher=CalFire|date=December 16, 2017|accessdate=May 26, 2018}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rvcfire.org/_Layouts/Incident%20Information/IncidentInfoDetail.aspx?3777|title=Liberty Fire Incident Information Fact Sheet|author=April Newman|publisher=Riverside County Fire Department|date=December 7, 2017|accessdate=December 7, 2017}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.murrietaca.gov/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=790&TargetID=21|title=Liberty Fire Alert|publisher=Murrieta.gov|date=December 9, 2017|accessdate=December 10, 2017}}
120. ^{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Ralph|last2=Sterling|first2=Joe|last3=Murphy|first3=Paul|last4=McLaughlin|first4=Elliot|title=Fast-moving wildfires kill 10, spur evacuations in Northern California|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/09/us/california-fires/index.html/|accessdate=October 9, 2017|work=CNN|agency=CNN|date=October 9, 2017}}
121. ^{{cite news|url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/11/28/october-fires-44th-victim-a-creative-globetrotting-engineer-with-the-kindest-heart/|title=October Fires' 44th Victim: A Creative, Globetrotting Engineer With 'the Kindest Heart'|last1=Emslie|first1=Alex|date=29 November 2017|work=KQED News|accessdate=December 1, 2017}}
122. ^{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/thousands-flee-wildfires-ravage-california-21-killed/story?id=50383162|title=At least 21 dead in horrific California wildfires, hundreds missing|last=Allen|first=Karma|date=2017-10-11|website=ABC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-10-11}}
123. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-northern-california-firestorms-20171012-story.html|title=Death toll climbs to 29 as crews begin grim search among ashes of wine country fires|last=Kohli|first=Sonali|date=2017-10-12|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-10-12|last2=Sahagun|first2=Louis|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|last3=John|first3=Paige St|last4=Agrawal|first4=Nina|last5=Megerian|first5=Chris}}
124. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-socal-wildfires-main-20171206-story.html|title=Santa Ana winds roar through Southern California, whipping fires on destructive path|last=Nelson|first=Laura J.|date=2017-12-06|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-12-06|last2=Hamilton|first2=Matt|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035|last3=Tchekmedyian|first3=Alene}}
125. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/05/state-of-emergency-declared-for-los-angeles-county-as-creek-rye-fires-continue-to-burn/|title=State of emergency declared for Los Angeles County as Creek, Rye fires continue to burn|last=Yee|first=Christopher|date=2017-12-06|work=The Mercury News|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}
126. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/wind-fueled-california-wildfires-burn-50000-acres|title=L.A. Declares Emergency as 200K Evacuate SoCal Wildfires|date=2017-12-06|website=The Daily Beast|access-date=2017-12-06}}
127. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/12/06/ferocious-wildfires-burn-across-southern-california-destroying-homes-and-forcing-thousands-to-evacuate/|title=Ferocious wildfires rage across Southern California as new fire breaks out in Los Angeles|last=Berman|first=Mark|date=2017-12-06|work=Washington Post|access-date=2017-12-06|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Eli|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}
128. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ventura-county-fire-news-updates-damage-in-los-angeles-california-2017-12|title=Schools and freeways closed, thousands of people forced to flee as multiple wildfires tear through Southern California|last=Berke|first=Jeremy|date=2017-12-06|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Logan|first2=Bryan|language=en}}
129. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/12/06/us/california-wildfire-numbers-trnd/index.html|title=A look at the California wildfires' jaw-dropping numbers|last=Jones|first=Judson|date=2017-12-06|work=CNN|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Criss|first2=Doug}}
130. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/us/california-today-outlier-fires-are-becoming-the-norm.html|title=California Today: Outlier Fires Are Becoming the Norm|last=Fuller|first=Thomas|date=2017-12-06|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-06|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
131. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/12/05/multiple-wildfires-destroy-homes-los-angeles-county/924233001/|title=New brush fire sets homes ablaze in Los Angeles' toniest neighborhoods|last=Woodyard|first=Chris|date=2017-12-06|work=USA Today|access-date=2017-12-06|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}