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词条 2017 Icelandic parliamentary election
释义

  1. Background

  2. Candidates and campaign

  3. Electoral system

  4. Participating parties

  5. Opinion polls

  6. Results

  7. Government formation

      Four-party coalition talks    Three-party coalition talks  

  8. Further reading

  9. Footnotes

  10. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2017 Icelandic parliamentary election
| country = Iceland
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2016 Icelandic parliamentary election
| previous_year = 2016
| election_date = 28 October 2017
| next_election = Next Icelandic parliamentary election
| next_year = Next
| seats_for_election = All 63 seats in the Althing
| majority_seats = 32
| turnout = 201,777 (81.2% {{increase}}2.0%)
| image1 =
| leader1 = Bjarni Benediktsson
| party1 = Independence Party (Iceland)
| leader_since1 = 29 March 2009
| last_election1 = 21 seats, 29.0%
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|16|63|hex={{Independence Party (Iceland)/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}}5
| popular_vote1 = 49,543
| percentage1 = 25.2%
| swing1 = {{decrease}}3.8%
| image2 =
| leader2 = Katrín Jakobsdóttir
| leader_since2 = 24 February 2013
| party2 = Left-Green Movement
| last_election2 = 10 seats, 15.9%
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|11|63|hex={{Left-Green Movement/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change2 = {{increase}}1
| popular_vote2 = 33,155
| percentage2 = 16.9%
| swing2 = {{increase}}1.0%
| image3 =
| leader3 = Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson
| leader_since3 = 2 October 2016
| party3 = Progressive Party (Iceland)
| last_election3 = 8 seats, 11.5%
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|8|63|hex={{Progressive Party (Iceland)/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change3 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote3 = 21,016
| percentage3 = 10.7%
| swing3 = {{decrease}}0.8%
| image4 =
| leader4 = Logi Már Einarsson
| leader_since4 = 31 October 2016
| party4 = Social Democratic Alliance
| last_election4 = 3 seats, 5.7%
| seats4 = {{Composition bar|7|63|hex={{Social Democratic Alliance/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change4 = {{increase}}4
| popular_vote4 = 23,652
| percentage4 = 12.1%
| swing4 = {{increase}}6.4%
| image5 =
| leader5 = Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson
| leader_since5 = 24 September 2017
| party5 = Centre Party (Iceland)
| last_election5 = New party
| seats5 = {{Composition bar|7|63|hex={{Centre Party (Iceland)/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change5 = {{increase}}7
| popular_vote5 = 21,335
| percentage5 = 10.9%
| swing5 = {{increase}}10.9%
| image6 =
| leader6 = Collective leadership{{refn|group=n|The Pirate Party rejects the regular leadership model. Their formal chairperson for the 2017-18 period is Halldóra Mogensen}}
| leader_since6 = N/A
| party6 = Pirate Party (Iceland)
| last_election6 = 10 seats, 14.5%
| seats6 = {{Composition bar|6|63|hex={{Pirate Party (Iceland)/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change6 = {{decrease}}4
| popular_vote6 = 18,051
| percentage6 = 9.2%
| swing6 = {{decrease}}5.3%
| image7 =
| leader7 = Inga Sæland
| leader_since7 = 27 January 2016
| party7 = People's Party (Iceland, 2016)
| last_election7 = 0 seats, 3.5%
| seats7 = {{Composition bar|4|63|hex={{People's Party (Iceland, 2016)/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change7 = {{increase}}4
| popular_vote7 = 13,502
| percentage7 = 6.9%
| swing7 = {{increase}}3.4%
| image8 =
| leader8 = Þorgerður Katrín Gunnarsdóttir
| leader_since8 = 11 October 2017
| party8 = Reform Party (Iceland)
| last_election8 = 7 seats, 10.5%
| seats8 = {{Composition bar|4|63|hex={{Reform Party (Iceland)/meta/color}}}}
| seat_change8 = {{decrease}}3
| popular_vote8 = 13,122
| percentage8 = 6.7%
| swing8 = {{decrease}}3.8%
| image9 =
| leader9 = Óttarr Proppé
| leader_since9 = 31 January 2015
| party9 = Bright Future (Iceland)
| last_election9 = 4 seats, 7.2%
| seats9 = {{Composition bar|0|63}}
| seat_change9 = {{decrease}}4
| popular_vote9 = 2,394
| percentage9 = 1.2%
| swing9 = {{decrease}}6.0%
| map_image = Icelandic_general_election_2017_-_Results_by_Constituency.svg
| map_size = 400px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of the election results, showing the seats won by each party in each of the 6 multi-member constituencies.
| title = Prime Minister
| before_election = Bjarni Benediktsson
| before_party = Independence Party (Iceland)
| after_election = Katrín Jakobsdóttir|
| after_party = Left-Green Movement
}}{{Politics of Iceland}}

Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 28 October 2017. On 15 September 2017, the three-party coalition government collapsed after the departure of Bright Future over a scandal involving Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson's father writing a letter recommending a convicted paedophile have his "honour restored".[1] Bjarni subsequently called for a snap election,[2] which was officially scheduled for 28 October 2017 following the dissolution of the Althing.

Though many opinion polls in the run-up to the election indicated an increase in support for the Left-Green Movement, the Independence Party retained its position as the Althing's largest party.[3] Following the election, four-party coalition talks led by the Left-Greens ensued; however, after the Progressive Party rejected the possibility, a three-party coalition led by the Left-Greens including the Independence Party and Progressive Party was negotiated. After formally receiving the mandate to form a coalition on 28 November, Left-Green leader Katrín Jakobsdóttir was designated Prime Minister to lead the new government on 30 November.

Background

A three-party coalition of the Independence Party, Reform Party and Bright Future had been put together after the 2016 election; it held a narrow majority of one seat in Parliament. The cabinet formed was led by Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson, head of the Independence Party.

The Icelandic legal system has a mechanism whereby a convicted individual can have their "honour restored", that is have certain civil rights restored, from five years after serving their sentence[4] if three letters of recommendation from persons of good character who know the individual are provided. Hjalti Sigurjón Hauksson was convicted in 2004 for multiple rapes of his stepdaughter from age five for twelve years. He served a jail term of five and a half years. Bjarni's father, Benedikt Sveinsson, was a friend of Hjalti Sigurjón's. Benedikt signed a letter of recommendation, which he said Hjalti Sigurjón brought to him already drafted. Bjarni was informed of this in July 2017 by the justice minister, Sigríður Á. Andersen, also of the Independence Party, but Benedikt's support was not revealed by the government at first.[5] At first Sigríður refused to say in public who had signed the letter, but she was ordered to do so by a Parliamentary committee. Bjarni said it would have been illegal for him to reveal the information earlier.[6]

Benedikt's involvement emerged in September. Bright Future left the coalition, accusing the Independence Party of a "serious breach of trust". Benedikt apologised for signing the letter. Sigríður said she was preparing a bill to reform the restored honour system.[5]

Bjarni acknowledged the need for new elections, although the decision is made by the President, Guðni Thorlacius Jóhannesson. Other parties supported new elections,[6] although Birgitta Jónsdóttir, parliamentary chair of the Pirates, initially suggested a five-party coalition government of the Pirate Party, the Reform Party, the Left-Greens, the Social Democrats and Bright Future should be explored. There had been unsuccessful discussions about such a coalition after the previous election.[7]

According to a poll conducted by Morgunblaðið, 57% of Icelanders believed calling the snap election was right.[8]

Candidates and campaign

The Pirate Party reject a traditional model of party leadership, but Birgitta Jónsdóttir co-founded the party and is often described as the party's informal leader.[9] She announced that she would not be standing in the election.[10] After Birgitta announced that she was not standing, Helgi Hrafn Gunnarsson announced that he would now be running to be an MP,[11] having earlier quit due to what he described as bullying by Birgitta.[12] The centre-right Independence and Reform Parties both campaigned on a platform of continuing their governmental efforts and retaining power in the Althing, as both parties were in coalition before the collapse of the previous parliament. Meanwhile, the Left-Green Movement sought an opportunity to govern for the first time since 2009 and implement ideologically leftist policies.[13]

Former Progressive Party Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson announced in an open letter that he planned to create a party before the elections. This decision was triggered by a leadership dispute amongst the Progressive Party, and led to the formation of the Centre Party on 24 September.[14] The party's platform was broadly similar to that of its predecessor, but was characterised by observers in the media as being "populist",[15] with a particular emphasis on reform of the banking sector and firms such as Íslandsbanki.[16]

Electoral system

The 63 members of the Althing are elected using closed list proportional representation in multi-member constituencies of 10 to 11 seats.[17] Of the 63 seats, 54 are elected using constituency results and determined using the d'Hondt method. The remaining nine supplementary seats are awarded to parties that crossed the 5% national electoral threshold in order to give them a total number of seats equivalent to their national share of the vote.[17]

Participating parties

{{Main article|List of political parties in Iceland}}
Parties with a list for all constituencies[
//#18'>18]
  • Bright Future (centre), list letter A
  • Centre Party (centre/centre-right), list letter M
  • Progressive Party (centre-right), list letter B
  • Reform (centre/centre-right), list letter C
  • Independence Party (centre-right/right-wing), list letter D
  • Social Democratic Alliance (centre-left), list letter S
  • Left-Green Movement (left-wing), list letter V
  • People's Party (populist), list letter F
  • Pirate Party (syncretic), list letter P
Parties with a list for only some constituencies
  • People's Front of Iceland (far-left), list letter R
  • Dawn, list letter T

The Icelandic National Front (right-wing/far-right) was going to take part in the election with list letter E, but has since withdrawn all its lists.[19]

Opinion polls

Poll sourceFieldwork dateSample
size
DVPBCASFMOthersLead
2017 election28 Oct 201725.2 16.9 9.2 10.7 6.7 1.2 12.1 6.9 10.9 0.28.4
MMR26–27 Oct 2017 98021.3 16.6 11.0 11.7 8.1 2.2 12.5 4.4 11.4 0.94.7
Gallup23–27 Oct 2017 3,84825.3 17.3 9.0 8.9 8.2 1.5 15.5 4.0 9.7 0.68.0
Zenter23–27 Oct 2017 96222.5 19.6 9.6 9.6 7.1 1.9 14.7 4.3 10.2 0.72.9
Háskóli Íslands22–25 Oct 2017 2,28324.5 20.2 8.8 7.9 8.3 1.3 15.3 4.2 9.3 0.24.6
Fréttablaðið23–24 Oct 2017 1,60224.1 19.2 9.4 6.2 7.5 1.9 14.3 4.4 9.6 3.44.9
MMR20–23 Oct 2017 97922.9 19.9 9.3 8.6 5.5 1.8 13.5 4.7 12.3 1.33.0
Háskóli Íslands16–19 Oct 2017 2,39525.1 23.2 8.2 7.1 5.7 1.5 15.6 3.3 9.8 0.51.9
Gallup13–19 Oct 2017 2,870 22.623.3 10.7 7.4 5.8 1.2 13.3 5.7 9.4 0.50.7
MMR17–18 Oct 2017 1,00719.9 19.1 11.9 8.0 6.7 1.6 15.8 5.3 11.0 0.80.8
Fréttablaðið16 Oct 2017 806 22.227.0 10.0 7.5 5.0 2.1 10.4 3.7 10.7 1.44.8
Háskóli Íslands9–12 Oct 2017 1,250 22.627.4 9.2 5.5 3.4 2.6 15.3 6.5 6.4 1.14.8
Gallup29 Sep–12 Oct 2017 3,87623.7 23.0 8.8 7.2 4.8 3.0 13.4 5.7 9.5 0.90.7
MMR6–11 Oct 2017 966 21.121.8 10.5 5.9 3.6 4.2 13.0 7.4 10.7 1.80.7
Fréttablaðið10 Oct 2017 804 22.229.9 8.5 7.1 3.3 3.6 8.3 6.1 9.2 1.87.7
Háskóli Íslands2–6 Oct 2017 1,083 20.728.2 9.1 5.5 3.1 2.7 10.8 9.0 9.5 1.47.5
Fréttablaðið2–3 Oct 2017 800 22.328.6 11.4 5.5 3.0 2.6 10.6 5.8 8.9 1.46.3
MMR26–28 Sep 2017 1,012 23.524.7 10.0 6.4 4.9 2.5 10.4 8.5 7.3 1.71.2
Háskóli Íslands25–28 Sep 2017 952 24.328.8 11.6 7.0 4.8 4.3 7.5 6.5 4.6 0.64.5
Gallup15–28 Sep 2017 4,092 23.125.4 10.3 9.9 3.6 4.6 9.3 10.1 2.0 1.62.3
Háskóli Íslands19–21 Sep 2017 908 2330 10 11 6 3 8 9 07
Fréttablaðið18 Sep 2017 80023.0 22.8 13.7 10.4 5.2 7.1 5.1 10.9 1.80.2
[https://kjarninn.is/frettir/2017-09-18-sjalfstaedisflokkur-og-vinstri-graen-med-langmest-fylgi/ Zenter]15–18 Sep 2017 95626.4 22.8 12.5 10.5 2.7 5.6 9.0 9.8 0.83.6
[https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiNTRmY2MxZWUtZTI2Mi00NzJlLWIxMWUtMTQ5NGVkMzljZjk5IiwidCI6IjZjYmNiNzRjLWM1ZGEtNGQ3Ny1iZTgwLWE5MWU2NTc0OGY0ZCIsImMiOjh9 Gallup]14 Sep 2017 {{n/a}} 23.624.4 9.8 10.4 5.2 4.4 9.1 11.6 1.50.8
MMR4 Sep 2017 {{n/a}}25.9 19.2 13.8 9.7 7.3 3.0 9.6 9.1 2.46.7
Gallup10–30 Aug 2017 4,10826.3 19.5 13.1 10.8 4.8 2.8 9.7 10.6 2.46.8
MMR15–18 Aug 2017 95524.5 20.5 13.5 10.1 6.0 3.6 10.6 6.7 4.54.0
Gallup12–31 Jul 2017 3,82726.5 21.2 12.9 11.4 5.3 3.7 9.1 8.4 1.55.3
MMR18–21 Jul 2017 90929.3 20.4 13.3 9.6 4.6 2.4 10.6 6.1 3.68.9
Gallup15 Jun–2 Jul 2017 2,87027.5 21.5 14.2 11.3 5.6 3.3 9.2 3.8 3.66.0
MMR21 Jun 2017 {{n/a}}28.4 22.6 13.3 10.2 5.3 3.3 9.1 2.8 5.05.8
MMR6–14 Jun 2017 97424.9 20.6 13.7 13.4 5.2 2.9 11.3 2.8 5.24.3
Gallup3–31 May 2017 7,13325.6 24.3 12.9 11.0 6.2 3.4 9.4 4.2 3.01.3
MMR11–16 May 2017 94325.6 21.4 14.1 12.2 5.5 3.4 9.3 3.6 5.04.2
Gallup30 Mar–1 May 2017 8,20626.4 24.0 13.1 10.9 6.9 4.4 8.3 3.7 3.32.4
MMR11–26 Apr 2017 92625.2 23.4 12.8 11.1 5.0 3.2 10.6 3.2 5.41.8
Gallup2–30 Mar 2017 5,79829.2 24.5 10.3 10.5 6.0 6.0 8.3 2.8 2.44.7
Fréttablaðið20–21 Mar 2017 79132.1 27.3 14.3 7.0 3.1 3.8 8.8 3.64.8
MMR6–13 Mar 2017 92125.4 23.5 13.7 11.4 5.5 5.0 8.8 3.7 3.01.9
Gallup1–28 Feb 2017 5,55727.6 24.3 12.0 10.7 5.4 6.4 8.3 2.4 2.93.3
MMR17–24 Feb 2017 92826.9 23.9 11.6 12.2 6.3 5.2 8.0 2.5 3.43.3
MMR10–15 Feb 2017 983 24.427.0 11.9 10.7 6.2 5.4 10.0 2.6 1.82.6
MMR1–5 Feb 2017 983 23.827.0 13.6 9.7 5.6 5.3 7.8 3.6 3.63.2
Gallup5–29 Jan 2017 4,28828.0 22.8 13.4 10.5 5.3 7.2 7.3 3.3 2.25.2
MMR12–26 Jan 2017 91024.6 22.0 13.6 12.5 6.8 7.0 7.0 3.6 2.92.6
MMR3–10 Jan 2017 95426.1 24.3 14.6 10.9 6.9 6.3 6.4 2.1 2.41.8
Gallup1–29 Dec 2016 4,19229.0 20.0 14.6 8.9 7.4 8.7 7.5 2.2 1.79.0
MMR26 Dec 2016 {{n/a}}29.3 20.7 12.7 10.2 7.0 9.1 6.9 2.2 1.98.6
MMR14 Dec 2016 {{n/a}}29.6 21.6 14.1 9.1 5.6 8.9 6.3 1.6 3.28.0
Fréttablaðið12–14 Dec 2016 79131.8 17.0 13.1 9.7 10.1 10.8 5.6 1.914.8
MMR1 Dec 2016 {{n/a}}26.1 20.5 15.6 8.0 7.8 9.8 6.6 1.9 3.75.6
Gallup10–29 Nov 2016 5,20728.0 20.9 13.7 9.0 8.9 8.6 5.3 3.0 2.67.1
MMR7–14 Nov 2016 90426.0 20.7 11.9 9.4 10.6 9.6 5.6 3.4 2.85.3
2016 election29 Oct 201629.0 15.9 14.5 11.5 10.5 7.2 5.7 3.5 2.213.1

If a sample size was not provided for the poll, only the given (Gallup) or end (MMR) date was provided by the polling firm.

Results

The Independence Party retained its position as the Althing's largest party. However, the Independence Party's parliamentary representation decreased by five seats to 16 and it lost its governing majority. The Left-Green Movement retained its position as the Althing's second largest party, increasing its representation by one seat to 11. The Social Democratic Alliance saw a large increase in support, doubling its vote share from 2016, and entered the new parliament with seven members. The Progressive Party held steady at eight seats while the newly formed Centre Party, founded by former Progressive Prime Minister Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson, won seven seats. The Pirate Party, which entered the election as the Althing's third largest party, lost four seats and was reduced to six seats. Entering the Althing for the first time, the People's Party obtained four seats. The Reform Party, a member of the outgoing government, lost three seats and was left with four seats. In line with all pre-election polling, Bright Future did not meet the 5% threshold and was therefore not returned to the Althing.

Party Votes% Seats +/–
Independence PartyD 49,543 25.2 16 –5
Left-Green MovementV 33,155 16.9 11 +1
Social Democratic AllianceS 23,652 12.1 7 +4
Centre PartyM 21,335 10.9 7 New
Progressive PartyB 21,016 10.7 8 0
Pirate PartyP 18,051 9.2 6 –4
People's PartyF 13,502 6.9 4 +4
Reform PartyC 13,122 6.7 4 –3
Bright FutureA 2,394 1.2 0 –4
People's Front of IcelandR 375 0.2 0 0
DawnT {{formatnum:101}} 0.1 0 0
Invalid/blank votes {{formatnum:5531}}
Total201,777100630
Registered voters/turnout {{formatnum:248502}} 81.2
Source: [https://secure.mbl.is/frettir/ Morgunblaðið] (Icelandic) Iceland Monitor (English)
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Government formation

Four-party coalition talks

On 30 October, President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson met with the leaders of the eight parliamentary parties.[20] Before meeting with Guðni, Left-Green leader Katrín Jakobsdóttir stated that she wanted to become Prime Minister, and did not exclude the possibility of cooperation with any party.[21] Þórhildur Sunna Ævarsdóttir, representing the Pirates, voiced her party's support for Katrín to receive the mandate to form a government, did not rule out an alliance with the Centre or People's Party, but indicated that it was not her first choice,[22] and did not rule out an alliance with the Independence Party but did not envisage one to be possible.[23] Inga Sæland said that the People's Party remained unbound, but alluded to the similarities between her party and Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson's Centre Party;[24] however, though Sigmundur suggested that the two parties would ally to address shared issues,[25] Inga stated she was not aware of any such alliance.[26]

The four former opposition parties held informal talks,[27] with their leaders meeting by chance on 30 October. Logi Már Einarsson, leader of the Social Democratic Alliance, told Guðni it was natural for Katrín to receive the mandate to form a government if she so requested. He did not rule out an alliance with the Independence Party, but said that the two parties were starkly different,[28] adding that it was natural for the opposition to have the chance to lead given the government's losses in the election.[29] The Progressive Party was in pole position to determine whether the Independence Party or the Left-Greens would lead the next government,[30] and after the election reiterated its opposition to a referendum on EU membership.[31] Progressive leader Sigurður Ingi Jóhannsson also expressed reluctance to governing with the Centre Party.[32] After meeting with Guðni, Katrín declared that she wanted to form a government with the four former opposition parties,[33] noting that though a coalition with additional parties would provide more than 32 seats, doing so would not be necessary before a four-party coalition was first attempted.[34]

After holding talks with party leaders, President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson on 2 November granted Katrín Jakobsdóttir, leader of the Left-Green Movement, the mandate to form a coalition between her party, the Progressives, Social Democratic Alliance, and Pirates,[35] the four having agreed in the morning to begin formal coalition talks,[36] which started the following day.[37] On 6 November, the leadership of the Progressive Party determined that the four-party coalition would hold too slim a majority to form the basis for cooperation between them on major issues,[38] and the Pirates recommended in a press release that a government with a larger majority be formed;[39] the early failure of negotiations was also attributed to the Progressives' distrust of the Pirates in supporting a government with such a slim majority. As such, Katrín met Guðni in the afternoon,[40] after first announcing to the press that she would return her mandate.[41] Guðni subsequently announced that he would discuss alternative possibilities to form a government with the party leaders,[42] with speculation about a possible rapprochement between the Progressive Party and Centre Party sparked by a call between their chairmen over the weekend.[43]

Three-party coalition talks

In the following days, the leaders of the Left-Greens, Independence Party, and Progressive Party discussed the possibility of forming a coalition together, with the Left-Greens insistent that Katrín become prime minister in that case,[44] an idea supported by the Progressives;[45] in exchange, demissionary prime minister Bjarni Benediktsson would be appointed finance minister.[46] At a meeting of Left-Green parliamentarians on 13 November, 9 voted in support and 2 against opening formal talks with the Independence Party, the two opposed being Andrés Ingi Jónsson and Rósa Björk Brynjólfsdóttur.[47] The youth organisation of the Left-Greens announced its vehement opposition to governing with the Independence Party,[48] and dozens of the party's members renounced their membership in protest.[49] The coalition is the first including the Independence Party and the farthest left party represented in the Althing since the period from 1944 to 1947, when it governed alongside the People's Unity Party – Socialist Party.[50]

Talks concluded swiftly, and after meeting with Katrín on 28 November, Guðni formally granted her the mandate to lead a government with the Independence Party and Progressive Party, pending the support of each of the parties, with the new government seated on 30 November,[51] after party committees approved the government agreement.[52]

Further reading

  • [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9477.12112 Ólafur Þ. Harðarson and Eva H. Önnudóttir. 2018. Election Report: Iceland. Scandinavian Political Studies.]

Footnotes

1. ^{{cite news|last=Milne|first=Richard|title=Paedophile rehabilitation scandal brings down Iceland’s coalition|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2c062cdc-99f6-11e7-a652-cde3f882dd7b|newspaper=Financial Times|date=15 September 2017|accessdate=15 September 2017}}
2. ^{{cite news|last=Henley|first=Jon|title=Row over sexual abuse letter brings down Iceland’s government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/15/iceland-row-sex-abuse-letter-brings-down-government|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 September 2017|accessdate=15 September 2017}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=FINAL RESULTS: General Elections in Iceland bring a complicated political landscape|url=http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2017/10/29/final_results_2017_elections/|website=Iceland Monitor|accessdate=29 October 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://icelandmag.visir.is/article/analysis-government-falls-shocking-scandal-involving-one-icelands-most-notorious-child-abuse|title=ANALYSIS: Government falls in shocking scandal involving one of Iceland's most notorious child abuse cases|website=Icelandmag.visir.is|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41280080|title=Paedophile furore wrecks Iceland coalition|date=15 September 2017|website=Bbc.co.uk|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/iceland-government-collapses-after-paedophile-scandal-20170916-gyitc5.html|title=Iceland government collapses after paedophile scandal|first=Elias|last=Thorsson|date=16 September 2017|website=Smh.com.au|accessdate=23 September 2017|via=The Sydney Morning Herald}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://grapevine.is/news/2017/09/15/parliament-divided-over-new-elections/|title=Parliament Divided Over New Elections - The Reykjavik Grapevine|website=Grapevine.is|date=15 September 2017|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2017/09/23/left_green_movement_leads_the_polls/|title=Left Green Movement leads the polls|access-date=27 September 2017}}
9. ^Iceland’s ‘Pirate Party’ Is Now The Biggest Political Party MintPress News, 19 May 2016
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/birgitta-gefur-ekki-kost-a-ser-afram|title=Birgitta gefur ekki kost á sér áfram|date=16 September 2017|website=Ruv.is|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2017/09/16/stjornmal_eru_i_edli_sinu_svolitid_ogedsleg/|title=Stjórnmál eru í eðli sínu svolítið ógeðsleg|website=Mbl.is|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/innlent/2016/02/24/samskiptin_eins_og_i_ofbeldissambandi/|title=Samskiptin eins og í ofbeldissambandi|website=Mbl.is|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
13. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/29/iceland-election-centre-right-parties-appear-to-lose-majority|title=Iceland election: centre-right parties lose majority|first=Jon Henley European affairs|last=correspondent|date=29 October 2017|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com|newspaper=The Guardian}}
14. ^{{Cite news|url=http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2017/09/24/former_pm_sigmundur_david_gunnlaugsson_to_form_new_/|title=Former PM Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson to form new party before the elections|access-date=27 September 2017}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/world/europe/iceland-elections-gunnlaugsson.html|title=Iceland Goes to Polls Amid Scandals, Disgust and Distrust|first=Richard|last=Martyn-Hemphill|date=28 October 2017|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/sigmundur-david-gunnlaugsson-iceland-ex-leader-poised-for-political-resurrection/|title=Iceland's ex-leader poised for political resurrection|date=27 October 2017}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2143_B.htm|title=IPU PARLINE database: ICELAND (Althingi), Electoral system|first=Inter-Parliamentary|last=Union|website=Ipu.org|accessdate=23 September 2017}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/ellefu-frambod-thar-sem-thau-eru-flest|title=Ellefu framboð þar sem þau eru flest|date=13 October 2017}}
19. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/thjodfylkingin-dregur-alla-lista-sina-til-baka | title= Þjóðfylkingin dregur alla lista sína til baka | accessdate=19 October 2017 | author=Stígur Helgason | date=14 October 2017 | work=ruv.is | publisher=Ríkisútvarpið | language=Icelandic}}
20. ^{{cite news|author=Ásrún Brynja Ingvarsdóttir|title=Forsetinn boðar forystumenn á sinn fund|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/forsetinn-bodar-forystumenn-a-sinn-fund|publisher=RÚV|date=29 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
21. ^{{cite news|author=Jóhann Ólafsson|title=Langar að verða forsætisráðherra|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/10/29/langar_ad_verda_forsaetisradherra/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=29 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
22. ^{{cite news|author=Hulda Hólmkelsdóttir|title=Telja réttast að Katrín fái umboðið|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171039907|publisher=Vísir|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=Píratar vilja að Katrín fái umboð|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/10/30/piratar_vilja_ad_katrin_fai_umbod/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
24. ^{{cite news|author=Baldur Guðmundsson|title=Inga segir flokkinn óbundinn|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/10/30/inga_segir_flokkinn_obundinn/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
25. ^{{cite news|author=Baldur Guðmundsson|title=Í bandalag með Flokki fólksins|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/10/30/i_samvinnu_med_flokki_folksins/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
26. ^{{cite news|author=Hulda Hólmkelsdóttir|title=Kannast ekki við bandalag með Miðflokknum|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171039900|publisher=Vísir|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=„Afslappað og ágætt svona“|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/10/31/afslappad_og_agaett_svona/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=31 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
28. ^{{cite news|author=Hulda Hólmkelsdóttir|title=Formenn stjórnarandstöðuflokkanna hittust fyrir tilviljun á Alþingi í morgun|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171039926|publisher=Vísir|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
29. ^{{cite news|author=Baldur Guðmundsson|title=Engin bindandi niðurstaða|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/10/30/eg_hef_talad_vid_katrinu_lika/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
30. ^{{cite news|author=Brynjólfur Þór Guðmundsson|title=Framsókn í lykilaðstöðu|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/framsokn-i-lykiladstodu|publisher=RÚV|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
31. ^{{cite news|author=Einar Þorsteinsson|title=Framsókn samþykkir ekki ESB-atkvæðagreiðslu|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/framsokn-samthykkir-ekki-esb-atkvaedagreidslu|publisher=RÚV|date=31 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
32. ^{{cite news|author=Heimir Már Pétursson|title=Framsókn ræður miklu um mögulegt stjórnarsamstarf til hægri og vinstri|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171039763|publisher=Vísir|date=31 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
33. ^{{cite news|author=Hulda Hólmkelsdóttir|title=Katrín byrjuð að ræða ríkisstjórnarsamstarf við hina stjórnarandstöðuflokkana|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171039938|publisher=Vísir|date=30 October 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
34. ^{{cite news|author=Sólrún Lilja Ragnarsdóttir|title=Þarf að ákveða að fara áfram eða hætta|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/01/tharf_ad_akveda_ad_fara_afram_eda_haetta/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=1 November 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
35. ^{{cite news|title=Katrín komin með umboðið|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/02/katrin_komin_med_umbodid/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=2 November 2017|accessdate=2 November 2017}}
36. ^{{cite news|author=Elín Margrét Böðvarsdóttir|title=Katrín mætt á fund forseta|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/02/katrin_maett_a_fund_forseta/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=2 November 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
37. ^{{cite news|author=Sigurður Bogi Sævarsson|title=Málefnunum skipt í tvennt|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/03/malefnunum_skipt_i_tvennt/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=3 November 2017|accessdate=3 November 2017}}
38. ^{{cite news|author1=Agnes Bragadóttir|author2=Sólrún Lilja Ragnarsdóttir|title=Stjórnarmyndunarviðræðum slitið|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/06/stjornarmyndunarvidraedum_slitid/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=6 November 2017}}
39. ^{{cite news|title=Augljóst að bjóða fleirum að borðinu|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/06/augljost_ad_bjoda_fleirum_ad_bordinu/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=6 November 2017}}
40. ^{{cite news|title=Katrín fer á fund Guðna|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/06/katrin_fer_a_fund_gudna/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=6 November 2017}}
41. ^{{cite news|author=Sólrún Lilja Ragnarsdóttir|title=Katrín skilar forsetanum umboðinu|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/06/katrin_skilar_forsetanum_umbodinu/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=6 November 2017}}
42. ^{{cite news|title=Guðni ræðir við aðra formenn|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/06/gudni_raedir_vid_adra_formenn/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=6 November 2017}}
43. ^{{cite news|title=Þingmönnum fjölgar ekki í viðræðum|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/06/ngmonnum_fjolgar_ekki_i_vidraedum/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=6 November 2017|accessdate=6 November 2017}}
44. ^{{cite news|author=Agnes Bragadóttir|title=Þrír að hefja viðræður|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/09/thrir_ad_hefja_vidraedur/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=9 November 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}
45. ^{{cite news|author=Sólrún Lilja Ragnarsdóttir|title=Þrír flokkar halda áfram óformlegum viðræðum|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/10/oformlegum_vidraedum_haldid_afram/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=10 November 2017|accessdate=10 November 2017}}
46. ^{{cite news|author=Agnes Bragadóttir|title=Sætta sig við Katrínu í forsæti|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/11/saetta_sig_vid_katrinu_i_forsaeti/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=11 November 2017|accessdate=11 November 2017}}
47. ^{{cite news|author=Freyr Bjarnason|title=Atkvæðin komu Katrínu ekki á óvart|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/13/atkvaedin_komu_katrinu_ekki_a_ovart/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=13 November 2017|accessdate=14 November 2017}}
48. ^{{cite news|title=Ung VG vilja VG ekki í stjórn með Sjálfstæðisflokki|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/13/bidla_til_vg_ad_syna_abyrgd/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=13 November 2017|accessdate=14 November 2017}}
49. ^{{cite news|author=Jakob Bjarnar|title=Tugir hafa sagt sig úr VG|url=http://www.visir.is/g/2017171119532|publisher=Vísir|date=13 November 2017|accessdate=14 November 2017}}
50. ^{{cite news|author=Hjörtur J. Guðmundsson|title=Breið stjórn og uppbygging – kunnuglegt?|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/20/breid_stjorn_og_uppbygging_kunnuglegt/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=20 November 2017|accessdate=21 November 2017}}
51. ^{{cite news|author=Jón Pétur Jónsson|title=Katrín fær stjórnarmyndunarumboðið|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/28/katrin_faer_stjornarmyndunarumbodid/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=28 November 2017|accessdate=28 November 2017}}
52. ^{{cite news|title=Hverjir þurfa að samþykkja?|url=http://www.mbl.is/frettir/kosning/2017/11/28/hverjir_thurfa_ad_samthykkja/|newspaper=Morgunblaðið|date=28 November 2017|accessdate=28 November 2017}}

References

{{Reflist}}{{Icelandic elections}}

4 : 2017 elections in Europe|2017 in Iceland|Parliamentary elections in Iceland|October 2017 events in Europe

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