| 词条 | Vanguard 1 |
| 释义 |
| name = Vanguard 1 | image = Vanguard 1 composite.jpg | image_size = 300px | image_caption = Artist's rendition of Vanguard 1 in orbit. | mission_type = Earth science | operator = U.S. Navy | Harvard_designation = 1958 Beta 2 | COSPAR_ID = 1958-002B | SATCAT = 00005 | mission_duration = ~2,200 days | spacecraft_bus = | manufacturer = Naval Research Laboratory | dry_mass = | launch_mass = {{convert|1.47|kg|lb}} | dimensions = {{convert|6.4|in|cm}} diameter | power = | instruments = | launch_date = {{start date and age|March 17, 1958, 12:15:41 UTC|br=yes}} | launch_rocket = Vanguard TV-4 | launch_site = Cape Canaveral LC-18A | launch_contractor = | last_contact = {{end-date|May 1964}} | decay_date = Est. 2198 (240-year orbital lifetime) | auto=on | orbit_epoch = August 23, 2018[1] | orbit_reference = Geocentric | orbit_regime = Medium Earth | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|657.3|km|nmi|sp=us}}[1] | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|3840.3|km|nmi|sp=us}}[1] | orbit_inclination = 34.3 degrees[1] | orbit_semimajor = {{convert|8,619|km|nmi|sp=us}}[1] | orbit_eccentricity = 0.1846373[1] | orbit_period = 132.7 minutes[1] | orbit_RAAN = 124.3 degrees[1] | orbit_arg_periapsis = 229.0 degrees[1] | orbit_mean_anomaly = 113.6 degrees[1] | orbit_mean_motion = | orbit_rev_number = +235,000[2] | apsis = gee }}Vanguard 1 (ID: 1958-Beta 2[3]) was an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth orbital satellite to be successfully launched (following Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1). Vanguard 1 was the first satellite to have solar electric power.[4] Although communication with the satellite was lost in 1964, it remains the oldest man-made object still in orbit, together with the upper stage of its launch vehicle. It was designed to test the launch capabilities of a three-stage launch vehicle as a part of Project Vanguard, and the effects of the space environment on a satellite and its systems in Earth orbit. It also was used to obtain geodetic measurements through orbit analysis. Vanguard 1 was described by the Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, as "the grapefruit satellite".[5] Spacecraft designThe spacecraft is a 1.47 kg (3.2 lb) aluminum sphere 16.5 cm (6.4 inches) in diameter. It contains a 10 mW, 108 MHz transmitter powered by a mercury battery and a 5 mW, 108.03 MHz[6] transmitter that was powered by six solar cells mounted on the body of the satellite. Six short antennas protrude from the sphere. The transmitters were used primarily for engineering and tracking data, but were also used to determine the total electron content between the satellite and the ground stations. Vanguard also carries two thermistors which measured the interior temperature over sixteen days in order to record the effectiveness of the thermal protection.{{cn|date=March 2018}} A backup version of Vanguard 1 is on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.[7] MissionOn March 17, 1958, the three-stage launch vehicle placed Vanguard into a {{convert|654|x|3969|km|nmi|sp=us|adj=on}}, 134.2 minute elliptical orbit inclined at 34.25 degrees. Original estimates had the orbit lasting for 2,000 years, but it was discovered that solar radiation pressure and atmospheric drag during high levels of solar activity produced significant perturbations in the perigee height of the satellite, which caused a significant decrease in its expected lifetime to only about 240 years.[8] Vanguard 1 transmitted its signals for nearly seven years as it orbited the Earth.[9] Radio beaconA 10 mW transmitter, powered by a mercury battery, on the 108 MHz band used for International Geophysical Year (IGY) scientific satellites, and a 5 mW, 108.03 MHz[10] transmitter powered by six solar cells were used as part of a radio phase-comparison angle-tracking system. The tracking data were used to show that the shape of the Earth has a very slight[11] north-south asymmetry, occasionally described as "pear-shaped" with the stem at the North Pole. These radio signals were also used to determine the total electron content between the satellite and selected ground-receiving stations.[8] The battery-powered transmitter provided internal package temperature for about sixteen days and sent tracking signals for twenty days. The transmitter powered by solar cells transmitted for more than six years. Its signal gradually weakened and was last received at Quito, Ecuador, in May 1964. Since then the spacecraft has been tracked optically from Earth, via telescope.[8] Satellite drag atmospheric density{{refimprove|section|date=March 2018}}Because of its symmetrical shape, Vanguard 1 was used by experimenters for determining upper atmospheric densities as a function of altitude, latitude, season, and solar activity. As the satellite continuously orbited, it would deviate from its predicted positions slightly, accumulating greater and greater shift due to drag of the residual atmosphere. By measuring the rate and timing of orbital shifts, together with the body's drag properties, the relevant atmosphere's parameters could be back-calculated. It was determined that atmospheric pressures, and thus drag and orbital decay, were higher than anticipated, since Earth's upper atmosphere does taper off into space gradually.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} This experiment was planned extensively prior to launch. Initial Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) proposals for the project included conical satellite bodies; this eliminated the need for a separate fairing and ejection mechanisms, and their associated weight and failure modes. Radio tracking would gather data and establish a position. Early in the program, optical tracking (with a Baker-Nunn camera network and human spotters) was added. A panel of scientists proposed changing the design to spheres, at least twenty inches in diameter and hopefully thirty. A sphere would have a constant optical reflection, and constant coefficient of drag, based on size alone, while a cone would have properties that varied with its orientation. James Van Allen of the University of Iowa proposed a cylindrical satellite based on his work with rockoons, which became Explorer 1, the first American satellite. The Naval Research Laboratory finally accepted a sphere with a 6.4-inch diameter as a "test vehicle", with a diameter of twenty inches set for the follow-on satellites. The weight savings, from reduced size as well as decreased instrumentation in the early satellites, was considered to be acceptable. Since three of the Vanguard satellites are still orbiting {{today}} with their drag properties essentially unchanged, they form a baseline data set on the atmosphere of Earth that is over 50 years old and continuing.[24][13][14] After the missionAfter its scientific mission ended in 1964, Vanguard 1 became a derelict object—just like the upper stage of the rocket used to launch the satellite had after it finished the delta-v maneuver to place Vanguard 1 in orbit in 1958. {{as of|2018|04|post=,}} both objects remain in orbit.[15][16] 50th anniversaryThe Vanguard 1 satellite and upper launch stage hold the record for being in space longer than any other man-made object.[17][18] A small group of former NRL and NASA workers had been in communication with one another, and a number of government agencies were asked to commemorate the event. The Naval Research Laboratory commemorated the event with a day-long meeting at NRL on March 17, 2008.[19] The meeting concluded with a simulation of the satellite's track as it passed into the orbital area visible from Washington, D.C., (where it is visible from the Earth's surface). The National Academy of Sciences scheduled some seminars to mark the 50th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, which were the only official observances known.[20] See also{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite web|url=http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=00005|title=Vanguard 1 Satellite details 1958-002B NORAD 00005|publisher=N2YO|date=23 August 2018|accessdate=23 August 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220174849/http://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=00005|archivedate=20 December 2014|df=}} 2. ^{{citeweb|url=http://www.americaspace.com/2018/03/18/vanguard-1-oldest-manmade-satellite-turns-60-this-weekend/|title=Vanguard 1, Oldest Manmade Satellite, Turns 60 This Weekend|work= AmericaSpace|publisher=Ben Evans|date=March 18, 2018|accessdate=August 23, 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite web |title = U.S. Space Objects Registry |url = https://usspaceobjectsregistry.state.gov/Pages/Search.aspx |accessdate = 2009-06-25 |postscript = |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131006073413/https://usspaceobjectsregistry.state.gov/Pages/Search.aspx |archivedate = 2013-10-06 |df = }} 4. ^Vanguard I the World's Oldest Satellite Still in Orbit {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321054447/http://code8100.nrl.navy.mil/about/heritage/vanguard.htm |date=2015-03-21 }}, accessed September 24, 2007 5. ^{{cite web | url = http://code8200.nrl.navy.mil/vanguard.html | title = Vanguard I - the World's Oldest Satellite Still in Orbit | publisher = Spacecraft Engineering Department, U.S. Navy | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080919152144/http://code8200.nrl.navy.mil/vanguard.html | archivedate = 2008-09-19 | df =}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0419878|title=Project Vanguard Report No. 23 Minitrack Report No. 3, Receiver System|work=dtic.mil|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823131330/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0419878|archivedate=2011-08-23|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/satellite-vanguard-1-backup |title=Satellite, Vanguard 1, Backup |work=si.edu |publisher=Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center |accessdate=19 March 2018 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205130200/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/satellite-vanguard-1-backup |archivedate=5 February 2018 |df= }} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url= http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1958-002B|title= Vanguard 1|accessdate= 2008-03-25|publisher= NASA|deadurl= no|archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/67aIe74Dh?url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1958-002B|archivedate= 2012-05-11|df= }} 9. ^{{cite web|last=Rosenthal|first=Alfred|title=A record of NASA space missions since 1958|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940003358|work=NASA|publisher=NASA Technical Reports Server|accessdate=24 September 2011}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.amsat.org/amsat/features/sounds/firstsat.html |title=Sounds from the First Satellites |accessdate=2008-03-17 |date=2006-12-15 |publisher=AMSAT |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312072756/http://www.amsat.org/amsat/features/sounds/firstsat.html |archivedate=2008-03-12 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://chem.tufts.edu/AnswersInScience/RelativityofWrong.htm|title=Asimov - The Relativity of Wrong|work=tufts.edu|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623210255/http://chem.tufts.edu/AnswersInScience/RelativityofWrong.htm|archivedate=2012-06-23|df=}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Vanguard 1|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1958-002B|website=NASA NSSDC|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115233045/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1958-002B|archivedate=2016-01-15|df=}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Vanguard 2 - Satellite Information |url=http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=11&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT |work=Satellite database |publisher=Heavens-Above |accessdate=2013-09-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923065533/http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=11&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT |archivedate=2013-09-23 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Vanguard 3 - Satellite Information |url=http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=20&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT |work=satellite database |publisher=Heavens-Above |accessdate=2013-09-21 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925102821/http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=20&lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=UCT |archivedate=2013-09-25 |df= }} 15. ^1 {{cite web |title=Vanguard 1 - Satellite Information |url=http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=5 |work=Satellite database |publisher=Heavens-Above |accessdate=2018-01-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020157/http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=5 |archivedate=2018-01-14 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Vanguard 1 Rocket - Satellite Information |url=http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=16 |work=Satellite database |publisher=Heavens-Above |accessdate=2018-01-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150421/http://www.heavens-above.com/SatInfo.aspx?satid=16 |archivedate=2018-01-13 |df= }} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20171005-the-worlds-oldest-scientific-satellite-is-still-in-orbit|title=The world’s oldest scientific satellite is still in orbit|first=Richard|last=Hollingham|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007230117/http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20171005-the-worlds-oldest-scientific-satellite-is-still-in-orbit|archivedate=2017-10-07|df=}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Lance K. Erickson|title=Space Flight: History, Technology, and Operations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dr6R51cqQ6IC&pg=PA60|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-86587-419-0|pages=60–}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nrl-vic031308.php|title=Vanguard I celebrates 50 years in space|date=13 March 2008|work=EurekAlert!|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605153254/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/nrl-vic031308.php|archivedate=5 June 2013|df=}} 20. ^Vanguard Approaches Half A Century In Space, Space Ref Interactive, by Keith Cowing, November 4, 2007 External links
4 : Spacecraft launched in 1958|1958 in the United States|Project Vanguard|Derelict satellites orbiting Earth |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。