“2017 Semuliki attack”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 2017 Semuliki attack was an attack carried out by elements of the Allied Democratic Forces on a United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) operating base in the North Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on December 7, 2017. The attack was highly coordinated and resulted in the deaths of fifteen U.N. peacekeeping personnel and wounds to 53 others^[5] making it the deadliest incident for the U.N. since the deaths of twenty-four Pakistani peacekeepers in an ambush in Somalia in 1993.^[6] The attack was among many of the latest flare-ups in violence in the North Kivu region which borders Uganda and Rwanda^[7] and one of the ADF's deadliest attacks in recent history. U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres labeled the attack, "the worst attack on UN peacekeepers in the organization's recent history."^[8]

Background

Since the early 1990s, the Kivu region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been a hotbed of ethnic violence and human rights violations^[9] partially because the area is located adjacent to Rwanda and Uganda. The porous borders and intersecting ethnic groups have led to heavy fighting between rival militias and the Congolese army.^[10] Much of the fighting has been over the access to mineral deposits which are plentiful in the region and the Kivu conflict has led to the deaths of thousands of people and the displacement of millions more.^[11] The United Nations has maintained an international presence in the region under the banner of MONUSCO since 1999, deploying peacekeepers and sending humanitarian aid.

In 2013, the rebel group Mouvement du 23 Mars (M23) surrendered to the government. This surrender, however, did little to ease the fighting and armed groups splintered even further. There are reported to be 70 armed groups operating in the region.^[12] One of the major groups continuing to perpetrate violence in the region has been the Allied Democratic Forces, an Islamist group with Ugandan origins, which in the last decade has transformed from a low level insurgent group to one of the most powerful factions in Kivu.^[13]^[14]

The ADF has been accused by Ugandan and U.N. officials of having links to foreign terrorist groups such as Al-Shabaab; however, these links are widely considered dubious due to a lack of strong evidence.^[15] In 2016, the ADF were suspected to have been behind the Beni massacre, infiltrating the city of Beni in North Kivu during the night of 14 August and killing 64–101 people, many of them by hacking.^[16] In October 2017, the ADF was blamed for an attack on a U.N. base that killed two Tanzanian peacekeepers and wounded twelve others in Beni.^[17] The same month, ADF fighters killed 22 people, many of them state officials, in the Beni region, when they ambushed a convoy of motorcycles with machetes and guns.^[18]

Attack

Shortly before 5:00 pm on December 7, 2017, a large group of armed individuals wearing Congolese army uniforms appeared at the gate of the MONUSCO base located on the banks of the Semuliki river. Expecting Congolese troops, the U.N. peacekeepers let the armed men in who promptly began attacking the base's communications infrastructure, severing connection with reinforcements, although the peacekeepers were able to send a distress call before communications were cut. The Tanzanian peacekeepers returned fire, and ADF reinforcements arrived who outnumbered the peacekeepers. ADF fighters were heavily armed with mortars and rocket propelled grenades and destroyed many U.N. vehicles, including two armored personnel carriers, an ambulance, and a truck.^[19] Fighting lasted until 8:00 pm when ADF fighters withdrew.^[20] The attack resulted in the deaths of fifteen United Nations peacekeepers from Tanzania and wounded 53 others. Additionally, one peacekeeper remains missing.^[4] A further five Congolese government troops were killed. According to a Congolese army captain, 72 ADF fighters were killed though this number remains unconfirmed.^[21]

Aftermath and reaction

The attack on the Semuliki river MONUSCO outpost was the deadliest attack on peacekeepers in the United Nations' history since twenty-four Pakistani peacekeepers were killed in Somalia in 1993.^[22] U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres in a statement condemning the attack said, "I condemn this attack unequivocally. These deliberate attacks against UN peacekeepers are unacceptable and constitute a war crime. I call on the DRC authorities to investigate this incident and swiftly bring the perpetrators to justice. There must be no impunity for such assaults, here or anywhere else."^[23] President John Magufuli of Tanzania expressed shock, urged calm, and prayers for the speedy recovery of those injured in the attack. The U.S. Department of State said it was "horrified" by the attack and the department's Bureau of African Affairs expressed its "deepest condolences" to the families of those killed or wounded.^[24]

References

1. ^{{cite web | title=North Kivu – Attack on MONUSCO troops at Semuliki, at least 14 Peacekeepers and 5 FARDC soldiers killed | website=MONUSCO | date=2017-12-08 | url=https://monusco.unmissions.org/en/north-kivu-%E2%80%93-attack-monusco-troops-semuliki-least-14-peacekeepers-and-5-fardc-soldiers-killed | access-date=2018-01-10}}
2. ^{{cite web | title=Attack on Peacekeepers in DRC Indicates Increasing Extremist Activity | website=Atlantic Council | date=2014-09-29 | url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/attack-on-peacekeepers-in-drc-indicates-increasing-extremist-activity | access-date=2018-01-10}}
3. ^{{cite web | last=Burke | first=Jason | title=Islamist attack kills at least 15 UN peacekeepers and five soldiers in DRC | website=the Guardian | date=2017-12-08 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo | access-date=2018-01-10}}
4. ^¹http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=58388#.WmoUOEtG3nU
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/at-least-14-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-in-congo/2017/12/08/614d69ca-dc2a-11e7-a241-0848315642d0_story.html|title=At least 15 U.N. peacekeepers killed in attack in Congo|first=Kevin|last=Sieff|date=8 December 2017|publisher=|access-date=10 January 2018|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}}
6. ^{{cite web | title=26 U.N. Troops Reported Dead in Somalia Combat | website=NYTimes.com | date=1993-06-06 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/world/26-un-troops-reported-dead-in-somalia-combat.html | access-date=2018-01-10}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://monusco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/north_kivu.factsheet.eng_.pdf|title=North Kivu factsheet|website=UNMissions.org|access-date=10 January 2018}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/united-nations-attacks-fast-facts/index.html|title=United Nations Attacks Fast Facts|first=CNN|last=Library|website=CNN.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/07/dr-congo-new-kivu-security-tracker-maps-eastern-violence|title=DR Congo: New ‘Kivu Security Tracker’ Maps Eastern Violence|date=7 December 2017|website=HRW.org|access-date=10 January 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://monusco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/north_kivu.factsheet.eng_.pdf|title=North Kivu Factsheet|website=UNMissions.org|access-date=10 January 2018}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/rebellion-conflict-minerals-north-kivu/|title=Rebellion and Conflict Minerals in North Kivu - ACCORD|website=Accord.org.za|access-date=10 January 2018}}
12. ^Rebellion and Conflict Minerals in North Kivu 2 May 2017 By Gavin Lyall for African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes http://www.css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/articles/article.html/37608c2e-4993-4d97-a74d-1ad3141df2e5/pdf
13. ^{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/fugitive-ugandan-islamist-rebel-leader-held-report-144937719.html | title=Fugitive Ugandan Islamist rebel leader held: report | work=AFP | date=30 April 2015 | accessdate=13 November 2015}}
14. ^https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307553179_The_many_faces_of_a_rebel_group_the_Allied_Democratic_Forces_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo The many faces of a rebel group: the Allied Democratic Forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo - "For nearly a decade, MONUC and MONUSCO repeatedly framed the ADF as a relatively minor group, and a local nuisance. MONUSCO viewed claims of its strength as ‘exaggerated’, and considered the group a ‘lesser threat’, at times ‘largely inactive’ and by mid- reduced to a ‘shadow of its former self ’. Then, however, this framing underwent a radical change."
15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/27/heres-why-its-a-problem-that-congos-u-n-peacekeeping-force-is-blaming-international-jihadis-for-these-killings-and-attacks/|title=Jihadis in Congo? Probably not.|first=Kristof|last=Titeca|publisher=The Washington Post}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Death-Toll-Rises-to-51-in-Congo-Machete-Massacre-NGOs-Say-20160816-0007.html|title=Death Toll Rises to 51 in Congo Machete Massacre, NGOs Say|publisher=|accessdate=18 August 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.com/en/un-tanzanian-peacekeepers-ambushed-and-killed-in-democratic-republic-of-congo/a-18430703|title=UN Tanzanian peacekeepers ambushed and killed in Democratic Republic of Congo - News - DW - 06.05.2015|first=Deutsche Welle|last=(www.dw.com)|website=DW.COM|access-date=10 January 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/12/08/world/africa/congo-un-peacekeepers-killed.html|title=At Least 15 U.N. Peacekeepers Are Killed in Congo|website=NYTimes.com|access-date=10 January 2018}}
19. ^https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/08/peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-on-un-base-in-dr-congo
20. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.afroamerica.net/index.php/world/19-africa/1255-u-n-peacekeepers-killed-in-attack-in-congo-questions-remain-on-attackers|title=AroniSmart - U.N. peacekeepers killed in attack in Congo: Questions remain on attackers|last=Lualaba|first=Yves|website=www.afroamerica.net|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-01-03}}
21. ^{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/12/08/world/africa/congo-un-peacekeepers-killed.html?referer=|title=At Least 15 U.N. Peacekeepers Are Killed in Congo|access-date=2018-01-03|language=en}}
22. ^Dorcas McCoy, "American Post-Cold War Images and Foreign Policy Preferences Toward 'Dependent' States: A Case Study of Somalia," World Affairs 163, no. 1 (Summer 2000): 43.
23. ^Secretary-General’s remarks on the attack on peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo [as delivered] 8 December 2017 https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2017-12-08/secretary-general%E2%80%99s-remarks-attack-peacekeepers-democratic-republic
24. ^The Latest: Tanzania President in Shock Over UN Congo Attack https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-12-08/the-latest-14-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-congo-attack