| 词条 | Varanidae |
| 释义 |
| name = Varanids | fossil_range = Late Cretaceous - Holocene, {{fossilrange|80|0}} | image = Komodo Dragons in the wild on Rinca island Indonesia..jpg | image_caption = Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis) | image2 = Varanus exanthematicus in the wild.jpg |image2_caption=Savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus) | taxon = Varanidae | authority = Merrem, 1820 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision =See text }} The Varanidae are a family of lizards in the superfamily Varanoidea. The family, a group of carnivorous and frugivorous lizards,[1] includes the extinct Megalania (the largest known land dwelling lizard), the Komodo dragon (the largest living lizard), and the crocodile monitor. Varanidae also contains the living genus Varanus and a number of extinct taxa. Their closest living relatives are the anguid and helodermatid lizards.[2] TaxonomyThe Varanidae were defined by Estes, de Queiroz and Gauthier (1988) as the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of Lanthanotus and Varanus and all of its descendants.[3] A similar definition was formulated by Conrad et al. (2008), who defined the Varanidae as the clade containing Varanus varius, Lanthanotus borneensis, and all descendants of their last common ancestor.[4] Using one of these definitions leads to the inclusion of the earless monitor lizard (L. borneensis) in the family Varanidae. Lee (1997) created a different definition of the Varanidae, defining them as the clade containing Varanus and all taxa more closely related to Varanus than to Lanthanotus;[5][6] this definition explicitly excludes the earless monitor lizard from the Varanidae. Whether L. borneensis is included in or excluded from the Varanidae depends on the author; for example, Vidal et al. (2012) classify the earless monitor lizard as a member of a separate family Lanthanotidae,[7] while Gauthier et al. (2012) classify it as a member of Varanidae.[8] GeneraGenera marked with {{extinct}} are extinct Genera usually included in Varanidae (under subfamily Varaninae according to Conrad et al., 2008)):
Genera sometimes included in the Varanidae (under subfamily Lanthanotinae according to Conrad et al., 2008), treated as under the separate family Lanthanotidae by other authors:
Basal varanoids:
Formerly included in the Varanidae:
PhylogenyBelow is a cladogram from Conrad et al. (2008) that shows relationships within Varanoidea:[12] {{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%|label1=Varanoidea |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}Mosasaurs |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}"Saniwa" feisti |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Necrosaurus |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}Saniwides |2={{extinct}}Telmasaurus}} |label2= Varanidae |2={{clade |label1= Lanthanotinae |1={{clade |1={{extinct}}Aiolosaurus |2={{clade |1=Lanthanotus |2={{extinct}}Cherminotus}} }} |label2= Varaninae |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Ovoo |2={{clade |1={{extinct}}Saniwa |2=Varanus }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} BiologyMonitor lizards are reputed to be among the most intelligent lizards. Most species forage widely and have large home ranges,[13] and many have high stamina.[14] Although most species are carnivorous, three arboreal species in the Philippines (Varanus olivaceus, Varanus mabitang, and Varanus bitatawa) are primarily frugivores.[1][15] Among species of living varanids, the limbs show positive allometry, being larger in larger-bodied species, although the feet become smaller as compared with the lengths of the other limb segments.[16] Varanids possess unidirectional pulmonary airflow, including airsacs akin to those of birds.[17] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Welton |first1=L. J. |last2=Siler |first2=C. D. |last3=Bennett |first3=D. |last4=Diesmos |first4=A. |last5=Duya |first5=M. R. |last6=Dugay |first6=R. |last7=Rico |first7=E. L. B. |last8=Van Weerd |first8=M. |last9=Brown |first9=R. M. |title=A spectacular new Philippine monitor lizard reveals a hidden biogeographic boundary and a novel flagship species for conservation |journal=Biology Letters |volume=6 |issue=5 |year=2010 |pages=654–658 |issn=1744-9561 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0119 |pmid=20375042|pmc=2936141}} 2. ^{{cite journal |author = Fry, B.G. |author2 = Vidal, N; Norman J.A.; Vonk F.J.; Scheib, H.; Ramjan S.F.R; Kuruppu S.; Fung, K.; Hedges, B.; Richardson M.K.; Hodgson, W.C.; Ignjatovic, V.; Summerhays, R.; Kochva, E. |date=February 2006 |title= Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes |journal= Nature |volume= 439 |pages= 584–588 |doi = 10.1038/nature04328 |pmid = 16292255 |issue = 7076}} 3. ^{{Cite book |editor=Richard J. Estes |last=Estes |first=Richard|author2=Kevin de Queiroz |author3=Jacques Gauthier |title=Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families: Essays Commemorating Charles L. Camp |chapter=Phylogenetic Relationships within Squamata |page=166|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804714358 |date=1988}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Conrad J. |title=Phylogeny and systematics of Squamata (Reptilia) based on morphology |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=310 |pages=1–182 |year=2008 |doi= 10.1206/310.1 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |author=Lee MSY |title=The phylogeny of varanoid lizards and the affinities of snakes |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=352 |issue=1349 |pages=53–91 |date=1997-01-29 |doi=10.1098/rstb.1997.0005 |pmc=1691912 }} 6. ^{{cite journal |author=Michael S.Y Lee |title=Molecular evidence and marine snake origins |journal=Biology Letters |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=227–230 |year=2005 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2004.0282 |pmid=17148173 |pmc=1626205 }} 7. ^{{cite journal |author=Nicolas Vidal, Julie Marin, Julia Sassi, Fabia U. Battistuzzi, Steve Donnellan, Alison J. Fitch, Bryan G. Fry, Freek J. Vonk, Ricardo C. Rodriguez de la Vega, Arnaud Couloux and S. Blair Hedges |title=Molecular evidence for an Asian origin of monitor lizards followed by Tertiary dispersals to Africa and Australasia |journal=Biology Letters |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=853–855 |year=2012 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2012.0460|pmid=22809723 |pmc=3441001 }} 8. ^{{cite journal |author=Jacques A. Gauthier, Maureen Kearney, Jessica Anderson Maisano, Olivier Rieppel, Adam D.B. Behlke|title=Assembling the Squamate Tree of Life: Perspectives from the Phenotype and the Fossil Record |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=3–308 |year=2012 |doi=10.3374/014.053.0101 |last2=Kearney |last3=Maisano |last4=Rieppel |last5=Behlke }} 9. ^{{cite journal |author=Massimo Delfino, Jean-Claude Rage, Arnau Bolet and David M. Alba |title=Synonymization of the Miocene varanid lizard Iberovaranus Hoffstetter, 1969 with Varanus Merrem, 1820 |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=in press |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |doi=10.4202/app.2012.0025}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1 = Conrad | first1 = JL | last2 = Balcarcel | first2 = AM | last3 = Mehling | first3 = CM | year = 2012 | title = Earliest Example of a Giant Monitor Lizard (Varanus, Varanidae, Squamata) | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 8| page = e41767 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041767 | pmid=22900001 | pmc=3416840}} 11. ^{{cite journal |author=Alexandra Houssaye, Nathalie Bardet, Jean–Claude Rage, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, Baâdi Bouya, Mbarek Amaghzaz and Mohamed Amalik |title=A review of Pachyvaranus crassispondylus Arambourg, 1952, a pachyostotic marine squamate from the latest Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco and Syria |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=237–249 |year=2011 |doi=10.1017/S0016756810000580}} 12. ^{{cite journal |last=Conrad |first=J. |author2=Rieppel, O. |author3= Grande, L. |year=2008 |title=Re-assessment of varanid evolution based on new data from Saniwa ensidens Leidy, 1870 (Squamata, Reptilia) |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/handle/2246/5939/N3630.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3630 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1206/596.1}} 13. ^{{cite journal |author = Perry, G. |author2=Garland, T., Jr. |authorlink2=Theodore Garland, Jr. |year= 2002 |title= Lizard home ranges revisited: effects of sex, body size, diet, habitat, and phylogeny |journal= Ecology |volume= 83 |pages= 1870–1885 |url= http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/PerryGarland2002.pdf|doi = 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1870:LHRREO]2.0.CO;2|format = |issue = 7 }} 14. ^{{cite journal |author = Clemente, C.J. |author2 = Withers, P.C.; Thompson, G.G.|year= 2009 |title= Metabolic rate and endurance capacity in Australian varanid lizards (Squamata; Varanidae; Varanus) |journal= Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume= 97 |pages= 664–676 |url= |doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01207.x|format = |issue = 3 }} 15. ^{{cite book | last = Greene | first = Harry W. | title = Diet and Arboreality in the Emerald Monitor, Varanus prasinus, with Comments on the Study of Adaptation | publisher = Field Museum of Natural History | location=Chicago | date=1986 | url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7155983M/Diet_and_arboreality_in_the_emerald_monitor_Varanus_prasinus | accessdate=12 December 2013 | oclc = 14915452 }} 16. ^{{cite journal |author = Christian, A. |author2=Garland, T., Jr. |authorlink2=Theodore Garland, Jr. |year= 1996 |title= Scaling of limb proportions in monitor lizards (Squamata: Varanidae) |journal= Journal of Herpetology |volume= 30 |issue = 2 |pages= 219–230 |url= http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/ChriGa96.pdf|doi = 10.2307/1565513|format = ] |jstor = 1565513 }} 17. ^Unidirectional Airflow In The Lungs Of Birds, Crocs And Now Monitor Lizards External links
27 : Lizard families|Taxa named by Blasius Merrem|Extant Campanian first appearances|Campanian taxonomic families|Maastrichtian taxonomic families|Danian taxonomic families|Selandian taxonomic families|Thanetian taxonomic families|Ypresian taxonomic families|Lutetian taxonomic families|Bartonian taxonomic families|Priabonian taxonomic families|Rupelian taxonomic families|Chattian taxonomic families|Aquitanian taxonomic families|Burdigalian taxonomic families|Langhian taxonomic families|Serravallian taxonomic families|Tortonian taxonomic families|Messinian taxonomic families|Zanclean taxonomic families|Piacenzian taxonomic families|Gelasian taxonomic families|Calabrian taxonomic families|Ionian taxonomic families|Tarantian taxonomic families|Holocene taxonomic families |
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