| 词条 | Vasco da Gama Bridge |
| 释义 |
|bridge_name=Vasco da Gama Bridge |image=Ponte Vasco da Gama 25.jpg |caption="Merging in the Mist" |official_name=Ponte Vasco da Gama |carries= Six road lanes of IP 1 |crosses=Tagus River |locale=Sacavém, north of Lisbon (right/north bank) Alcochete and Montijo (left/south bank) |owner=Portuguese Republic |maint= Lusoponte (1994–2030)[1][2] |design=cable-stayed, viaducts |designer=Armando Rito |mainspan=420 m (1,378 ft) |length={{convert|12.345|km}}[3] |width= {{convert|30|m}} |height={{convert|155|m}} (pylon) |begin=February 1995[3] |complete=March 1998[3] |open=29 March 1998 |toll=Northbound: €2.70–€11.70[6] Southbound: toll free |map_cue= |map_image= |map_text= |map_width= |coordinates = {{coord|38.7589|-9.0387|display=inline,title}} |extra={{Location map | Portugal |label = |label_size = |alt = |position = right |background = |lat = 38.7589 |long = -9.0387 |mark = |marksize = |border = none |float = |width = 250 |caption = }} }} The Vasco da Gama Bridge ({{lang-pt|Ponte Vasco da Gama}}; {{IPA-pt|ˈpõt(ɨ) ˈvaʃku dɐ ˈɡɐmɐ|pron}}) is a cable-stayed bridge flanked by viaducts and rangeviews that spans the Tagus River in Parque das Nações in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. It is the longest bridge in Europe after the Crimean Bridge[4] with a total length of {{convert|12.3|km|mi}}, including {{convert|0.8|km|mi}} for the main bridge and {{convert|11.5|km|mi}} in viaducts.[5] The Bridge is served by {{convert|4.8|km|mi}} of dedicated access roads.[5] It was built to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon's 25 de Abril Bridge, and eliminate the need for traffic between the country's northern and southern regions to pass through the capital city.[6] Construction began on February 1995; the bridge was opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for Expo 98, the World's Fair that celebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery by Vasco da Gama of the sea route from Europe to India. DescriptionThe bridge carries six road lanes, with a speed limit of {{convert|120|km/h|mph|-0|abbr=on}}, the same as that on motorways, except on one section which is limited to {{convert|100|km/h|mph|-1|abbr=on}}. On windy, rainy, and foggy days, the speed limit is reduced to {{convert|90|km/h|mph|-0|abbr=on}}. The number of road lanes will be enlarged to eight when traffic reaches a daily average of 52,000.
Construction and costThe $1.1 billion project was split in four parts, each built by a different company, and supervised by an independent consortium. There were up to 3,300 workers simultaneously on the project, which took 18 months of preparation and 18 months of construction. The financing is via a build-operate-transfer system by Lusoponte, a private consortium which receive the first 40 years of tolls of both Lisbon bridges. Lusoponte's capital is 50.4% from Portuguese companies, 24.8% French and 24.8% British. The bridge has a life expectancy of 120 years, having been designed to withstand wind speeds of {{convert|250|km/h|mph|-0|abbr=on}} and hold up to an earthquake 4.5 times stronger than the historical 1755 Lisbon earthquake (estimated at 8.5–9.0 on the moment magnitude scale). The deepest foundation piles, up to {{convert|2.2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in diameter, were driven down to {{convert|95|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} under mean sea level. Environmental pressure throughout the project resulted in the left-bank viaducts being extended inland to preserve the marshes underneath, as well as the lamp posts throughout the bridge being tilted inwards so as not to cast light on the river below.{{cn|date=March 2017}} {{wide image|Vasco da Gama bridge panorama.jpg|1300px|View from atop Vasco da Gama Tower.}}TollNorthbound traffic (to Lisbon) is charged a toll, while traveling southbound is free. Tolls are collected through a toll plaza located in the south bank of Tagus, near Montijo. As of 2016, taxes range from €2.70 (passenger cars) to €11.70 (trucks).[7] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_projecto_financiamento.htm |title=Vasco da Gama Bridge — Funding |publisher=Lusoponte |access-date=30 November 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211025030/http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_projecto_financiamento.htm |archivedate=11 February 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.imtt.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/InfraestruturasRodoviarias/RedeRodoviaria/Paginas/Concessoes.aspx |title=Infraestruturas Rodoviárias > Rede Rodoviária > Concessões |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Road infrastructures > Road network > Concessions |publisher=Instituto da Mobilidade e dos Transportes |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130185708/http://www.imtt.pt/sites/IMTT/Portugues/InfraestruturasRodoviarias/RedeRodoviaria/Paginas/Concessoes.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^1 {{Structurae|id=20000315|title=Vasco da Gama Bridge}} 4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/15/europe/russia-crimea-bridge-intl/index.html|title=Russia's bridge to Crimea: A metaphor for the Putin era|last=Hodge|first=Nathan|work=CNN|access-date=2018-06-18}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_projecto_estatisticas.htm |title=Vasco da Gama Bridge — Construction Statistics |publisher=Lusoponte |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510100420/http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_projecto_estatisticas.htm |archive-date=10 May 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_projecto_antecedentes.htm |title=Vasco da Gama Bridge — Background |publisher=Lusoponte |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510100425/http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_projecto_antecedentes.htm |archive-date=10 May 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_tarifas.asp |title=Vasco da Gama Bridge — Tariffs |publisher=Lusoponte |access-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413025032/http://www.lusoponte.pt/uk/pvg_tarifas.asp |archive-date=13 April 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} Sources
External links{{Commons|Ponte Vasco da Gama}}
7 : Cable-stayed bridges in Portugal|Bridges over the Tagus River|Bridges completed in 1998|Toll bridges|Buildings and structures in Lisbon District|Buildings and structures in Setúbal District|Parque das Nações |
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