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词条 2018 Costa Rican general election
释义

  1. Electoral system

  2. Presidential primaries

     Citizens' Action Party  Libertarian Movement  National Liberation Party   Social Christian Unity Party    Other candidates  

  3. Presidential candidates

      Other presidential candidates  

  4. Campaign

  5. Polling and voters' behavior

     Polling tampering  

  6. Opinion polls

  7. Results

     President  By province  Legislative Assembly  By province 

  8. Reactions

      Domestic    International  

  9. References

{{Infobox election
| election_name = Costa Rican general election, 2018
| country = Costa Rica
| type = presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Costa Rican general election, 2014
| previous_year = 2014
| election_date = {{Start date|2018|02|04|df=y}} (first round)
{{Start date|2018|04|01|df=y}} (second round)
| next_election =
| next_year = 2022
| opinion_polls =
| image2 =
| nominee2 = Fabricio Alvarado
| party2 = National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)
| colour2 =
| running_mate2 = Ivonne Acuña
Francisco J. Prendas
| popular_vote2 = 860,388
| percentage2 = 39.41%
| home_state2 = San José
| turnout =
| image1 =
| nominee1 = {{nowrap|Carlos Alvarado}}
| party1 = Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)
| running_mate1 = Epsy Campbell
Marvin Rodríguez
| popular_vote1 = 1,322,908
| percentage1 = 60.59%
| home_state1 = San José
| map_image = Costa_Rica_general_election_2018_-_Legislative_%26_Presidential_Election_Results.svg
| map_size = 400px
| map_alt =
| map =
| map_caption = Map on the left shows the seats won by each party by province. The map on the right shows which party won the plurality in each province in both rounds of the Presidential election.
| title = President
| before_election = Luis Guillermo Solís
| before_party = Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)
| after_election = Carlos Alvarado Quesada
| after_party = Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica)
}}{{Politics of Costa Rica}}General elections were held in Costa Rica in 2018 to elect both the President and Legislative Assembly. The first round of the presidential election was held on February 4, 2018, with the two highest-ranked candidates being Christian singer and Congressman Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz from the conservative National Restoration Party and writer and former Minister Carlos Alvarado Quesada from the progressive Citizens’ Action Party, gaining 24% and 21% of the votes respectively. As no candidate received more than 40% of the first round vote, a second round run-off election was held on April 1, 2018 and was won by Carlos Alvarado Quesada, with a landslide victory of 60.6% of the vote.[1][2]

The previously dominant National Liberation Party suffered its worst results to date, ending third in the presidential run for the first time in its history with its candidate former Legislative Assembly President Antonio Álvarez Desanti winning only 18%. Other notable candidates were lawyer and entrepreneur Rodolfo Piza from the center-right Social Christian Unity Party with 16% and right-wing populist Juan Diego Castro with 9%.

In the 57-seat Legislative Assembly, the National Liberation Party won 17 seats, the National Restoration Party won 14 seats (although their parliamentary group later splits in half due to factionalism), the Citizens' Action Party won 10 seats, the Social Christian Unity Party won 9 seats, the National Integration Party won 4 seats, the Social Christian Republican Party (an offshoot of PUSC) won 2 seats and left-wing Broad Front won 1 seat.

Electoral system

The President of Costa Rica is elected using a modified two-round system in which a candidate must receive at least 40% of the vote to win in the first round; if no candidate wins in the first round, a runoff will be held between the two candidates with the biggest quantity of votes.[3]

The 57 members of the Legislative Assembly are elected using closed list proportional representation through the largest remainder method from seven multi-member constituencies with between four and 19 seats, which are based on the seven provinces.[4]

Presidential primaries

Citizens' Action Party

The internal elections for the Citizens' Action Party were held on July 9, 2017.[5] The candidates were two former ministers of the Solís Rivera administration; writer Carlos Alvarado, former Minister of Labour and Social Issues, and economist Welmer Ramos, former Economy Minister. Alvarado won by 56% of the votes. Deputies Epsy Campbell, Ottón Solis and Vicepresident Ana Helena Chacón declined a potential run.[6]

Carlos Alvarado was the first one of the party to announce his intention to run under the slogan of "I choose the future" (Elijo el futuro) and ran under a progressive platform, which sought to exalt the achievements of Luis Guillermo Solis's government and promised to continue with it. Meanwhile, Welmer Ramos's campaign focused more on a moderate and conservative campaign, under the slogan "A citizen like you" (Un ciudadano como usted) and openly criticized the then government in order to appeal to those who were upset with the administration.

Libertarian Movement

The Libertarian Movement had its first primaries on June 30, 2017.

Candidates were deputy Natalia Diaz,[7] and historic leader and deputy Otto Guevara Guth, who will attempt to run for presidency for the fifth time. Guevara won the primary over Diaz by a 10% margin. Otto Guevara's primary campaign was based under a right-wing populist inclination, stating that Donald Trump's presidential campaign had given him new inspiration to run, while Natalia Diaz's campaign promised to bring a new face to the party and offer a new alternative to the party's establishment.

After the 2016 municipal elections, the party lost its only mayor and 258 aldermen, leaving it with little power. Plus, due to Guevara's turnabout from libertarianism to religious conservatism, many party adherents created a new party: the Liberal Progressive Party, under former transport minister Eliécer Feinzag's leadership; or joined Social Christian Unity Party because of its new liberal stance on politics.

National Liberation Party

The internal elections for the National Liberation Party were held on April 2, 2017. The candidates were Sigifredo Aiza Campos, former deputy for the Guanacaste province, then deputy and radio host Rolando González Ulloa, Antonio Álvarez Desanti president of the Legislative Assembly, former minister and presidential candidate who was supported by former president Óscar Arias Sánchez, and former president José María Figueres Olsen.[8] Álvarez Desanti was chosen as the party's candidate.

Social Christian Unity Party

The Social Christian primary was held on 4 June 2017 with former president of the Health System and previous candidate Rodolfo Piza winning over then deputy Rafael Ortiz.[9]

Other candidates

Former Public Safety Minister Juan Diego Castro launched his unexpected presidential campaign presenting himself as a political outsider and with a strong anti-establishment and anti-corruption speech.[10] Promising to "rule by decree" and with a very loud "hard hand" rhetoric (uncommon in Costa Rican politics as the country is famous for its political centrism), Castro has been compared to figures like Donald Trump and Rodrigo Duterte,[11][12] and accused of right-wing populism[13] and far-right positions,[10][14] albeit he rejects the comparisons.[15] He ran as the National Integration Party's nominee.

Four of the minor candidates lean towards the conservative evangelical community. These are former journalist and San José deputy Fabricio Alvarado for National Restoration Party, journalist Stephanie Campos for Costa Rican Renewal Party, perennial candidate and San José deputy Óscar López for Accessibility without Exclusion, and lawyer and twice Cartago deputy Mario Redondo for Christian Democratic Alliance a former Cartaginese provincial party but which expanded to the national level. The left-wing Broad Front nominated Heredia deputy Edgardo Araya (es:Edgardo Araya Sibaja). The far-left Workers' Party chose the trade unionist and high school professor Jhon Vega as its candidate. The centrist and youth oriented New Generation Party chose its founder Sergio Mena as the presidential nominee. Finally, former Social Christian Unity Party's presidential nominee Rodolfo Hernández (es:Rodolfo Hernández Gómez) launched his presidential campaign with the newly formed Social Christian Republican Party, a party formed by former PUSC members dissatisfied with the liberal-controlled Social Christian Central Committee, who claimed the party had lost its Calderonist origins

Presidential candidates

Citizens' Action Party
{{color|black|Carlos Alvarado Quesada{{color|black|Epsy Campbell and {{color|black|Marvin Rodríguez
for Presidentfor Vice Presidents
{{multiple image align = center total_width = 300 image1 = Epsy Campbell Barr 2018 (cropped).jpgheight1 = 300 alt1 = caption1 = image2 =Marvin Rodriguez Cordero abril 2018.jpgheight2 = 300 alt2 = caption2 = footer =
}}
Labor Minister
(2014-2016)
Executive President of the Joint Social Welfare Institute
(2016-2017)		 Deputy
in the Legislative Assembly
(2002-2006 and 2014-2018)		 Labor Union Leader
{{color|white|National Restoration Party
{{color|white|Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz{{color|white|Ivonne Acuña and {{color|white|Francisco Prendas
for Presidentfor Vice Presidents
{{multiple image align = center total_width = 300 image1 = Ivonne-acua-cabrera 42004170772 o.jpgheight1 = 300 alt1 = caption1 = image2 = No image.svgheight2 = 300 alt2 = caption2 = footer =
}}
Deputy
in the Legislative Assembly
(2014-2018)

Other presidential candidates

Candidates included in this section have received more than 2% support in popular vote.
{{color|white|Antonio Álvarez{{color|white|Rodolfo Piza{{color|white|Juan Diego Castro{{color|white|Rodolfo Hernández
Minister of Farming
(1987-1988)
Minister of Governance
(1988-1999)
Deputy
(1994-1998 and 2014–2017)		 Justice
of the Supreme Court
(2009-2013)
Executive President
Costa Rican Social Security Fund
(1998-2002)		 Minister of Public Safety
(1994–1996)
Minister of Justice
(1997–1998)		 Director
Costa Rica's Children's Hospital
(2001–2014)
National Liberation Party Social Christian Unity Party National Integration PartySocial Christian Republican Party

Campaign

Several topics like unemployment, corruption, economics, insecurity and poverty are among the main issues that concern the electorate according to polls.[16]

But one particular event that cause uproar in the campaign was the “Cementazo” (lit. cement hit) scandal. A corruption scandal involving political figures of all the main parties,[10] including candidate Otto Guevara, whose properties and parliamentary office were raided by the General Attorney investigating the case. Some analysts point to the Cementazo scandal as one of the reasons for the unexpected ascension in polls of hardline anti-establishment candidate Castro.[10]

During the campaign Castro made a series of highly controversial statements that often caused polemic reactions. Among other things, he accused the Judiciary of having some of its female members ascending due to sexual favors,[17][18] something that sprang harsh responses from female judges and judicial workers.[19] Political figures from other parties reacted with outrage including Desanti's wife Nuria Marin and PAC's vice-president nominee Epsy Campbell.[20][21] He later clarified that he was referring to one particular case of a known female friend of his. He also called for the removal of the prohibition on oil exploitation and gold mining calling those who opposed it "eco-terrorists and extremists".[22] Desanti also said that “extremists should not dictate environmental policies” but mentioned that he opposes oil exploitation. Both Alvarado Quesada and Araya are staunch opponents of all forms of oil exploration and exploitation.[23]

A surprising ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights extending all rights enjoyed by heterosexual couples to same-sex couples made after Costa Rica's government lodged a motion for clarification also had an impact on the campaign. The ruling may require up to 22 signatory countries of the Pact of San José that recognize the contentious authority of the IACHR to change their laws in order to legalize same-sex marriage (whether by legislative or judicial methods, or both). Most polls show that most Costa Ricans oppose gay marriage albeit with large numbers supporting it (in a general ratio of 60-40%).[24][25][26][27] Opponents of gay marriage were outraged by the ruling, causing an increase in social media support for Christian singer and journalist Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz[28] from the staunchly conservative National Restoration Party (a normally small party with testimonial results mostly supported by the Evangelical Christian minority). Alvarado Muñoz was, for the first time for an Evangelical candidate, attracting Catholic voters.[28] Nevertheless, Alvarado Muñoz' gain also saw a counter-reaction. Social media support for progressive pro-gay marriage candidate Carlos Alvarado Quesada was also notable, particularly among millennials and centennials who mostly support socially liberal policies.[28] Some analysts point to a possible polarization between conservative and progressive voters, or among religious and secular or older and younger generations depending on the measure, which pushed both Alvarados into the second round.[28] At least two homophobic attacks were reported.[29][30]

During the run-off campaign, Alvarado Muñoz’ strategy focused on linking his rival with the somewhat unpopular government at the time by pointing out its flaws, errors and scandals.[31] On the contrary, Alvarado Quesada tried to distance himself from Luis Guillermo Solís’ Administration, but at the same time highlighted its achievements.[32] Muñoz also reinforced his idea of defending "pro-life and family" values, whilst Quesada insisted in wanting an inclusive country with no "second class citizens". Quesada’s strategy focused in presenting Muñoz as unexperienced and unprepared, pointing out his delay in presenting his second government program as promised and contradictions between him and some of his close collaborators.[33]

A series of controversies affected Muñoz' presidential run, including accusations of plagiarism on his government program,[34] a delay in the presentation of his party's financial reports, high payments to him and some other high-ranking party members for services during the campaign,[35] etc. But probably one of the most damaging was the content of a book written by pastor and tele-evangelist Ronny Chaves (close collaborator of Fabricio and described by him as "spiritual father") calling "La Negrita" or Virgen de los Angeles (Costa Rica's patron saint) a demon. Something that some analysts highlight as hurtful to many Catholics' feelings causing many of them to switch towards Carlos Alvarado.[36] In fact, the Cartago Province which is Costa Rica's Catholic epicenter and see of the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles is where Quesada's support was higher (75%), on the contrary Fabricio won by wide margin in the mostly Protestant province of Limón.

In the second round Carlos kept San José, Heredia and Cartago Provinces and all of the cantons he won in the first one, and managed to turn Alajuela and Guanacaste on his favor.[37] He also won, again, the foreign vote winning all ballot booths overseas except Singapore were there was a tie. Fabricio kept Puntarenas and Limón as his strongholds and won in all cantons of Limon, most of the Punteranas cantons, four of the northern cantons of Alajuela (San Carlos, Upala, Guatuso and Los Chiles) and Sarapiqui in Heredia.[37] Abstentionism was less during the second round for the first time in history.[37]

Polling and voters' behavior

During pre-campaign Juan Diego Castro emerged as one of the most popular political figures with around 51% of positive opinions, followed by Antonio Álvarez Desanti with 36%, with Libertarian deputy Otto Guevara and former president José María Figueres as the ones with more negative opinions.[38] After the PLN primary in which Desanti won over Figueres by slight margin, Desanti started the campaign as frontrunner for a while with up to 36% support in some early polls.[47] Castro was also among the favorites even before he had a party supporting his candidacy (something required by law in Costa Rica as independent candidates are not allowed). As the campaign continues Desanti suffered a constant decrease in voters' intent.[39] Castro remained as frontrunner for most of 2017, but an erratic and heavily controversial campaign begins to affect him losing support in January. PUSC's Rodolfo Piza remained as second in some polls, later replaced by Castro but still in third place.[40]

The "Cementazo" scandal affected heavily the parties involved (PAC, PLN, PUSC and ML) especially during November and December when the Parliamentary Committee investigating the issue made most of its hearings, with all parties facing a reduction on their support.[41]

The IACHR’s ruling on same-sex marriage caused a turmoil in the country, with conservative candidate and staunch opponent Fabricio Alvarado showing a rapid increase in support passing from marginal percentages of around 2-6% to be in the lead with up to 17%. However, Carlos Alvarado's support also started to grow unusually fast especially in mid and late January with the later polls showing him surpassing other candidates including Castro and Piza, passing from sixth to third in a couple of days, and even in a technical tie with Desanti showing possibilities to go into the run-off. Castro appeared in fourth and Piza in fifth place as of late January.[42] PAC's support historically tend to increase in January and after the debates, but it was also possible that its support came from more liberal voters fearful of a religious government.

According to polls Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz took most of his support from Evangelical Christian voters who represented around 70% of his supporters,[43] followed by 20% Roman Catholics and 8% with no religion. Carlos Alvarado Quesada, on the contrary, was mostly supported by Catholics with 52% of his voters belonging to that denomination,[43] followed by 29% non-religious and 13% Protestants.[43] Alvarado Quesada was most popular among urban voters with higher education,[44] whilst Alvarado Muñoz had strong support by those with only elementary or high school levels of education.[44] Also Alvarado Quesada was more popular among voters under 35, whilst Alvarado Muñoz was more popular among women under 35 and voters of both sexes over 55.[44]

A post-election study completed by the University of Costa Rica showed that Alvarado Quesada's success was in part due to his performance in the debates, his campaign and defense of the Rule of law.[45] Whilst Alvarado Muñoz' supporters mentioned defense of the traditional family, the fact that he was a believer and being an alternative to PAC.[45] Religion wasn't such an important factor as originally thought, but 71% of Alvarado Quesada's voters mentioned Ronny Chaves' anti-Catholic statements as something "bad or very bad", against 35% of Fabricio's voters expressing that such thing was indifferent to them.[45] Roman Catholics were 60% more likely to vote for Carlos Alvarado than non-Catholics that were only 30%.[45] Alvarado Quesada had also much more support from middle and high classes especially from the urban areas and the Central Valley whilst Fabricio's support came from the periphery and coastal areas with higher poverty levels and where the population is lower and less willing to vote at all.[45]

Polling tampering

{{Quote box|width=300px|align=right|quote=One day I'll tell you where the fraud was, every Friday we expected a survey that was false.|source=National Restoration President Carlos Avendaño, October 2018.[46]}}

The last poll of the second round scheduled for March 28 was canceled due to the fact that OPol Consultores' executives alleged that threats had been made against their collaborators. Shortly before this announcement, social media reported that a vehicle registered in the name of the private limited company to which the pollster belongs and led by the director of the company traveled with flags of National Restoration.[47]

Also the poll published by the Institute of Population Studies (IDESPO) of the National University, the only one that showed a wide advantage on the part of Carlos Alvarado over Fabricio, was questioned almost immediately by the digital newspaper El Mundo questioning its methodology.[48] The Supreme Electoral Tribunal and the University's Council reaffirmed the validity of the poll.[49][50] The IDESPO poll would be the closest to the electoral result of the second round together with an informal poll conducted by the Los Paleteros ice cream company.[51]

After the campaign it was made public that during the second round the Executive Committee of the National Restoration Party had made payments to the polling company OPol according to financial reports submitted to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. Party officials reported that these were political consultancies unrelated to the polls, however, subsequent investigations by the newspaper La Nación discovered a contract for the payment of the six polls that were carried out during the second round campaign, of which five were published by El Mundo. In all of them Fabricio Alvarado appeared as the winner by a wide margin. They were immediately shared in the social media of the group and the candidate as well as party personalities and allies including deputy-elect and vice presidential candidate Jonathan Prendas and deputy Mario Redondo. Catherina Convertino, general manager of Opinión Política CyC, a private limited company that owns both OPol and El Mundo newspaper, confirmed to La Nación that the second round polls had been requested by Juan Carlos Campos, head of the National Restoration campaign and that they decided to make it public following the debt of the party in the total payment of the contract.[52]

Opinion polls

{{main|Opinion polling for the Costa Rican general election, 2018}}
DateSource
Carlos Alvarado
(PAC)
Fabricio Alvarado
(PREN)
Antonio Álvarez
(PLN)
Juan Diego Castro
(PIN)
Rodolfo Hernández
(PRSC)
Rodolfo Piza
(PUSC)		OthersNoneNALead
19–27 April 2017Cid Gallup[53] 2% -29%24% 4% 11% - - 22%5%
25–27 May 2017Opol[54] 0.3% -20.3%9.6% 4.4% 9.1% 7.9% 27.5% 16.3%11%
22–24 June 2017Opol[55] 2.55% -15.35% 9.99% 4.92%10.76% 5.55% 25.7% 22.2%5%
25–27 July 2017Opol[56] 5.71% -16.52% 7.66% 5.10%9.30% 3.81% 25.44% 21.62%7%
17–26 July 2017CIEP[57] 8.0% 5.83%25.2% 5.8% 1.1%11.5% 3.2% 0.1% 42.2%14%
29–31 August 2017Opol[58] 2.90% -18.20%10.06% 3.19% 6.23% 3.81% 27.48% 23.01%8%
27 August–2 September 2017Enfoques[59] 2.0% -23.7%11.4% 2.9% 10.5% 4.7% 14.6% 22.4%12%
5–13 September 2017Cid Gallup[60] 6% -23%16% 2% 13% 1% - 30%7%
25–28 September 2017Opol[61] 3.89% 3%17.13%10.28% 4.38% 9.70% 4.07% 31.3% 14.4%7%
3–11 October 2017CIEP[62] 6.3% -19.6%12.6% 1.9% 11% 3.2% - 40.3%7%
27–29 October 2017Opol[63] 3.32% 2%15.65%11.87% 4.67% 6.46% 4.50% 28.43% 21.61%4%
13–15 November 2017Opol[64] 3.7% 3%15.1%12.3% 4.8% 6.0% 5.6% 18.8% 31.0%3%
4–16 November 2017CIEP[65] 4% 2%15%15% 5% 11% 8% - 37% Tied
19–24 November 2017Cid Gallup[66] 4% 4%15%17% 7% 9% 11% - 33%2%
28–29 November 2017Opol[67] 3.6% 0.1%13.4%13.3% 3.9% 5.7% 3.30% 23.6% 31.0% Tied
20–30 November 2017Idespo[68] 5.8% 2.6%12.5%16.4% 4.7% 11.5% 4.10% 2.6% 41.7%4%
December 2017CIEP[69] 5% 3%14%18% 8% 13% 7% - 42%4%
12-19 December 2017Opol[70] 2.6% 3.3%17.2%16.1% 5.9% 10.0% 4.7% 21.0% 19.2%1.1%
2–4 January 2018Opol[71] 2.1% 2.9%12.2%12.8% 4.9% 5.6% 4.1% 28.7% 26.7%0.6%
9–11 January 2018Opol[72] 3.1% 4.4%14.0%13.5% 6.0% 8.2% 4.3% 18.3% 28.2%0.5%
9–14 January 2018Cid Gallup[73] 5.3% 9.6%15.5%16.5% 7.7% 12.2% 15.7% - -1%
12–17 January 2018Demoscopia[74] 4% 3.5%16.7% 12.4% 9.1%14.7% 5.7% 11.9% 35%2%
15–17 January 2018CIEP[75]6%17%11%16%6%9% - -17%1%
15–20 January 2018CID Gallup[76]6%14%16%12%7%12%3%20% -2%
22–24 January 2018date=February 2018}}5.0%13.8%13.4%10.7%5.8%8.1%3.6%14.5%24.1%0.4%
22–24 January 2018Demoscopía[77]8.3%10.7%12.7%7.3%4.0%12.0%2.0%14.6%28.3%16.9%12.4%8.6%2.8%8.2%1% -36.5%4%
31 January 2018Opol[79]12.0%17.4%13.8%8.5%3.8%8.3%2.4%14.1%19.1%4%
4 February 2018First round
8–9 February 2018Opol[80] 28.0%37.6%23.2%11.3%9%
6–8 February 2018CIEP[81]42%45% -13%3%
15–16 February 2018Opol[82]29.4%36.1%19.7%14.7%6.7%
21–23 February 2018Opol[83]29.2%39.2%15.4%16.3%10%
6–17 February 2018Idespo[84]52% 29%23%
28 February–2 MarchOpol[85]31.1%39.7%14%15.2%8.6%
27–28 February 2018CIEP[86]41% 39% 20%3%
8–9 March 2018Opol[87]31.4%38.7%15.1%14.8%7.3%
10–15 March 2018CID Gallup[88]28.4%32.9%38%4.5%
12–16 March 2018Opol[89]27.7%36.5%22.2%13.6%8.8%
19-21 March 2018CIEP[90]42%43%15%1%
19-23 March 2018Opol[91]28.5%36.2%20.9%14.4%7.7%

Results

President

{{bar box
| title=Popular vote - First round
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| width=460px
| barwidth=300px
| bars={{bar percent|Nat. Restoration|{{National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|24.99}}{{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|21.63}}{{bar percent|Nat. Liberation|#008024|18.63}}{{bar percent|Soc. Christ. Unity|#0000FF|15.99}}{{bar percent|Nat. Integration|{{National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|9.54}}{{bar percent|Republican|{{Social Christian Republican Party/meta/color}}|4.94}}{{bar percent|Lib. Movement|#B22027|1.02}}{{bar percent|Broad Front|#FFFF00|0.78}}{{bar percent|New Generation|#00A1B3|0.76}}{{bar percent|Other|#7a7a7a|1.72}}
}}{{bar box
| title=Popular vote - Runoff
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| width=460px
| barwidth=300px
| bars={{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|60.59}}{{bar percent|Nat. Restoration|{{National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|39.41}}
}}
CandidatePartyFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Carlos AlvaradoCitizens' Action Party466,12921.631,322,90860.59
Fabricio AlvaradoNational Restoration Party538,50424.99860,38839.41
Antonio ÁlvarezNational Liberation Party401,50518.63
Rodolfo PizaSocial Christian Unity Party344,59515.99
Juan Diego CastroNational Integration Party205,6029.54
Rodolfo HernándezSocial Christian Republican Party106,4444.94
Otto GuevaraLibertarian Movement21,8901.02
Edgardo ArayaBroad Front16,8620.78
Sergio MenaNew Generation Party16,3290.76
Mario RedondoChristian Democratic Alliance12,6380.59
Stephanie CamposCosta Rican Renewal Party12,3090.57
Óscar LópezAccessibility without Exclusion7,5390.35
Jhon VegaWorkers' Party4,3510.20
Invalid/blank votes28,067–24,260–
Total2,182,7641002,207,556100
Registered voters/turnout3,322,32965.7066.45
Source: TSE, TSE

By province

First round
ProvincePREN %PAC %PLN %PUSC %PIN %PRSC %ML %FA %PNG %Other %
{{nowrap|{{flag|San José Province}}}}22.8923.51 17.98 17.98 9.01 4.59 1.02 0.78 0.85 1.40
{{flag|Alajuela}}26.7621.83 18.16 15.23 8.85 5.44 0.91 0.75 0.72 1.34
{{flag|Cartago Province}} 15.0226.4320.17 15.06 10.87 6.36 1.03 0.76 0.86 3.45
{{flag|Heredia}}21.1827.28 17.68 18.08 8.07 3.72 1.02 0.80 0.93 1.23
{{flag|Puntarenas}}35.54 12.0218.50 13.64 11.51 4.85 1.07 0.80 0.56 1.50
{{flag|Limón}}42.58 10.5617.56 9.24 10.40 4.59 1.29 0.94 0.43 2.41
{{nowrap|{{flag|Guanacaste}}}}25.56 15.0823.56 15.81 11.20 5.20 0.96 0.67 0.49 1.46
Total24.99 21.63 18.63 15.99 9.54 4.94 1.02 0.78 0.76 1.72
Source: TSE
Abroad vote{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Abroad vote
| other =
| label1 =PAC
| value1 =37.67
| color1 =#FFD700
| label2 =PUSC
| value2 =22.73
| color2 =#0000ff
| label3 =PLN
| value3 =17.03
| color3 =#008024
| label4 =PREN
| value4 =11.66
| color4 ={{National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}
| label5 =PIN
| value5 =5.53
| color5 =#87cefa
| label6 =FA
| value6 =1.82
| color6 =#FFFF00
| label7 = PRSC
| value7 = 0.98
| color7 =#ff0000
| label8 = PNG
| value8 = 0.73
| color8 =#00A1B3
| label9 = ML
| value9 = 0.71
| color9 =#B22027
}}
CountryPREN %PAC %PLN %PUSC %PIN %PRSC %ML %FA %PNG %Other %
{{nowrap|{{flag|Germany}}}} 1.2366.87 5.5217.79 3.07 - - 3.68 1.84 -
{{flag|Argentina}} 3.7555.00 8.7515.00 5.00 - 1.25 10.00 1.25 -
{{flag|Austria}} 2.6357.89 7.8923.68 7.89 - - - - -
{{flag|Belgium}} -49.0221.5721.57 3.92 1.96 - 1.96 - -
{{flag|Belize}} -25.0075.00 - - - - - - -
{{flag|Brazil}}14.2933.3314.2914.29 4.76 - 4.7614.29 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Canada}}}} 7.6447.92 11.8117.36 4.86 2.08 2.08 2.78 2.08 1.39
{{nowrap|{{flag|Chile}}}} 3.7048.15 19.4424.07 0.93 - - 1.85 - 1.85
{{nowrap|{{flag|China}}}} 2.2745.4522.7322.73 - - 2.27 2.27 - 2.27
{{nowrap|{{flag|Colombia}}}} 2.7830.3636.11 20.83 6.94 1.39 - 1.39 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|South Korea}}}}14.2950.0014.2914.29 7.14 - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Cuba}}}} 4.1745.83 4.17 -12.50 - 4.17 8.33 4.17 16.67
{{nowrap|{{flag|Ecuador}}}} 8.0048.00 4.0024.00 - - 4.00 12.00 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}} 18.4430.49 16.0623.30 7.18 1.70 0.40 0.62 0.79 1.02
{{nowrap|{{flag|El Salvador}}}} 5.9726.8723.88 22.39 14.93 1.49 1.49 1.49 - 1.49
{{nowrap|{{flag|Spain}}}} 5.4551.98 12.8724.75 1.49 - 0.50 1.98 0.50 0.50
{{nowrap|{{flag|France}}}} 0.7163.8314.18 12.77 2.84 - - 4.26 1.42 -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Guatemala}}}} 15.6323.13 20.6325.00 10.00 0.63 - 3.13 1.25 0.63
{{nowrap|{{flag|Honduras}}}} 11.8425.00 19.7428.95 7.89 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32
{{nowrap|{{flag|Israel}}}} 11.84 15.3830.7738.46 15.38 - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Italy}}}} 6.2545.3120.31 17.19 4.69 1.56 - - - 4.69
{{nowrap|{{flag|Japan}}}} 7.6953.85 -26.92 7.69 - - 3.85 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Mexico}}}} 7.4535.64 12.2336.17 3.19 - 0.53 2.13 0.53 2.13
{{nowrap|{{flag|Nicaragua}}}} 12.85 20.5925.4927.45 3.92 - 2.94 0.98 - 5.88
{{nowrap|{{flag|Netherlands}}}} 7.6968.81 7.3415.60 2.75 - 1.83 2.75 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Panama}}}} 13.57 23.6228.6425.13 5.03 - 2.51 - 0.50 1.00
{{nowrap|{{flag|Peru}}}} 16.2837.2120.93 18.60 6.98 - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} 1.6744.1725.83 23.33 0.83 - - 2.50 0.83 0.83
{{nowrap|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}}} 19.1521.28 17.0238.30 - - - - 2.13 2.13
{{nowrap|{{flag|Russia}}}} -64.2921.43 - 14.29 - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Singapore}}}} 16.6741.67 8.3325.00 - - 8.33 - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Switzerland}}}} 7.4543.6222.34 21.28 1.06 - - 4.26 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}}}33.3333.3333.33 - - - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Uruguay}}}}14.2957.14 -14.2914.29 - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Venezuela}}}} 10.00 16.0042.0020.00 2.00 6.00 - 4.00 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|India}}}} - -100.00 - - - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Qatar}}}} - 18.7525.0043.75 12.50 - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Bolivia}}}} -75.00 -25.00 - - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Paraguay}}}}28.5714.2928.5714.29 - 7.14 - - - 7.14
{{nowrap|{{flag|Australia}}}} 8.0056.00 8.0014.00 6.00 - 2.00 6.00 - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Jamaica}}}} - - - - - - - - - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}} -100.00 - - - - - - - -
Total 11.6637.67 17.03 22.73 5.53 0.98 0.71 1.82 0.73 1.12
Source: TSE
Runoff
ProvincePAC %PREN %
{{nowrap|{{flag|San José Province}}}}62.26 37.74
{{flag|Alajuela}}59.77 40.23
{{flag|Cartago Province}}74.62 25.38
{{flag|Heredia}}67.28 32.72
{{flag|Puntarenas}} 45.0454.96
{{flag|Limón}} 36.6463.36
{{nowrap|{{flag|Guanacaste}}}}58.58 41.42
Total60.59 39.41
Source: TSE
Abroad vote{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Abroad vote, runoff
| label1 =PAC
| value1 =77.62
| color1 =#FFD700
| label2 =PREN
| value2 =22.38
| color2 =#0059cf
}}
CountryPAC %PREN %
{{nowrap|{{flag|Germany}}}}96.34 3.66
{{flag|Argentina}}89.86 10.14
{{flag|Austria}}95.00 5.00
{{flag|Belgium}}87.23 12.77
{{flag|Belize}}66.67 33.33
{{flag|Brazil}}100.00 -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Canada}}}}83.77 16.23
{{nowrap|{{flag|Chile}}}}81.00 19.00
{{nowrap|{{flag|China}}}}90.38 9.62
{{nowrap|{{flag|Colombia}}}}85.48 14.52
{{nowrap|{{flag|South Korea}}}}64.29 35.71
{{nowrap|{{flag|Cuba}}}}78.95 21.04
{{nowrap|{{flag|Ecuador}}}}90.00 10.00
{{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}72.36 27.64
{{nowrap|{{flag|El Salvador}}}}76.39 23.61
{{nowrap|{{flag|Spain}}}}80.33 19.67
{{nowrap|{{flag|France}}}}94.41 5.59
{{nowrap|{{flag|Guatemala}}}}71.60 28.40
{{nowrap|{{flag|Honduras}}}}54.29 45.71
{{nowrap|{{flag|Israel}}}}66.67 33.33
{{nowrap|{{flag|Italy}}}}84.91 15.09
{{nowrap|{{flag|Japan}}}}87.50 12.50
{{nowrap|{{flag|Mexico}}}}82.67 17.33
{{nowrap|{{flag|Nicaragua}}}}67.44 32.56
{{nowrap|{{flag|Netherlands}}}}91.89 8.11
{{nowrap|{{flag|Panama}}}}73.27 26.73
{{nowrap|{{flag|Peru}}}}78.18 21.82
{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}91.06 8.94
{{nowrap|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}}}70.00 30.00
{{nowrap|{{flag|Russia}}}}91.67 8.33
{{nowrap|{{flag|Singapore}}}}50.0050.00
{{nowrap|{{flag|Switzerland}}}}90.24 9.76
{{nowrap|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}}}66.67 33.33
{{nowrap|{{flag|Uruguay}}}}60.00 40.00
{{nowrap|{{flag|Venezuela}}}}67.74 32.36
{{nowrap|{{flag|India}}}}100.00 -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Qatar}}}}77.27 22.73
{{nowrap|{{flag|Bolivia}}}}83.33 16.67
{{nowrap|{{flag|Paraguay}}}} 45.4554.54
{{nowrap|{{flag|Australia}}}}79.49 20.51
{{nowrap|{{flag|Jamaica}}}} - -
{{nowrap|{{flag|Turkey}}}}100.00 -
Total77.62 22.38
Source: TSE

Legislative Assembly

The National Liberation Party retains its parliamentary majority despite being third on the presidential ticket with 17 seats (only one less), followed by the National Restoration Party obtaining 14, the first time in Costa Rica's history that a religious party gained such large number.[92] The ruling party Citizens' Action became third with 10, also the first time in history that a ruling party is not only not the first majority, but not the second either. However this situation will change after a break-up among the National Restoration deputies causes more than half to split from the party a few months after the election, thus turning PAC back into first minority.[93] The Social Christian Unity Party gained one more seat (9). The left-wing Broad Front suffered a major setback losing most of its seats passing from 9 to 1,[92] whilst right-wing National Integration returns to Congress for the first time in 20 years with 4 seats, but another schism between the party’s leadership and the 2018’s nominee Juan Diego Castro causes one of PIN’s deputies (a Castro loyalist) to separate.[94] The newly formed party Social Christian Republican gains two deputies.

{{bar box
| title=Popular vote
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars={{bar percent|National Liberation|#008024|19.49}}{{bar percent|National Restoration|{{National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|18.16}}{{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|16.27}}{{bar percent|Social Christian Unity|#0000FF|14.60}}{{bar percent|National Integration|{{National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|7.67}}{{bar percent|Republican|{{Social Christian Republican Party/meta/color}}|4.21}}{{bar percent|Broad Front|#FFFF00|3.95}}{{bar percent|Christ. Dem. Alliance|#42057f|2.45}}{{bar percent|Libertarian Movement|#B22027|2.32}}{{bar percent|Acc. w/o Exclusion|{{Accessibility without Exclusion/meta/color}}|2.16}}{{bar percent|New Generation|#00A1B3|2.15}}{{bar percent|Other|#7a7a7a|6.59}}
}}{{bar box
| title=Seat allocation
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars={{bar percent|Nat. Liberation|#008024|29.82}}{{bar percent|Nat. Restoration|{{National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|24.56}}{{bar percent|Citizens' Action|#FFD700|17.54}}{{bar percent|Soc. Christ. Unity|#0000FF|15.79}}{{bar percent|Nat. Integration|{{National Integration Party (Costa Rica)/meta/color}}|7.02}}{{bar percent|Republican|{{Social Christian Republican Party/meta/color}}|3.51}}{{bar percent|Broad Front|#FFFF00|1.75}}
}}
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
National Liberation Party416,63819.4917–1
National Restoration Party388,08618.1614+13
Citizens' Action Party347,70316.2710–3
Social Christian Unity Party312,09714.609+1
National Integration Party163,9337.674+4
Social Christian Republican Party89,9694.212New
Broad Front84,4373.951–8
Christian Democratic Alliance52,3252.450–1
Libertarian Movement49,6592.320–4
Accessibility without Exclusion46,0712.160–1
New Generation Party45,8962.1500
Costa Rican Renewal Party41,8061.960–2
Authenthic Limonense Party13,6610.6400
Liberal Progressive Party12,5370.590New
Workers' Party11,6150.5400
Let's Act Now (Actuemos Ya)9,8980.460New
Let's Go (Vamos) es8,2830.390New
United Forces for Change Party8,2370.390New
Everybody (Todos)8,0620.380New
Guanacastecan Union Party7,9940.370New
United Communal Party6,2700.290New
Transporters' Party es4,8680.2300
Recovering Values Party4,8400.230New
Homeland, Equality & Democracy Party es1,8810.0900
New Socialist Party es7900.0400
Invalid/blank votes40,540–––
Total2,178,096100570
Registered voters/turnout3,322,329–––
Source: TSE

By province

ProvincePLNPRENPACPUSCPINPRSCFAADCMLPASEPNGOther
%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S%S
{{flag|San José Province}}17.96417.594 17.454 15.213 6.902 4.091 4.971 1.670 2.240 1.930 2.020 7.970
{{flag|Alajuela}}21.76320.622 17.462 14.322 7.281 4.811 2.850 1.700 1.560 2.080 2.340 4.780
{{flag|Cartago Province}}19.862 10.52119.882 13.311 8.191 4.720 3.550 5.650 1.830 2.590 3.190 12.360
{{flag|Heredia}}19.052 17.77120.952 17.981 7.060 3.450 4.860 1.200 1.980 1.420 2.180 2.190
{{flag|Puntarenas}}21.59224.882 9.280 14.331 9.240 4.570 3.050 1.940 3.420 1.050 2.470 5.230
{{flag|Limón}}14.91223.283 6.830 9.640 6.590 3.610 3.810 5.700 4.250 4.250 0.620 16.510
{{flag|Guanacaste}}23.36215.721 9.940 14.851 12.290 3.510 2.270 1.830 3.210 3.030 1.410 8.560
Total19.4917 18.1514 16.2610 14.639 7.674 4.212 3.951 2.450 2.320 2.260 2.150 6.460
Source: TSE VozyVoto

Reactions

Domestic

  • Opponent candidate Fabricio Alvarado quickly acknowledge defeat and congratulated Carlos Alvarado who he called personally to his phone. He called for the Costa Rican family to be united and for families split by politics to embrace each other.[95]
  • President of the Electoral Court Antonio Sobrado expressed satisfaction with the electoral process and said that "sovereign people has spoken".[96]
  • President of Costa Rica Luis Guillermo Solís congratulated his successor and fellow party member and express his wish for Alvarado to accompany him to the Summits of the Americas in mid-April, yet Alvarado declined.[97]
  • Carlos Alvarado spoke to a crowd of followers in Plaza Roosevelt, San Pedro of Montes de Oca thanking the voluntary workers of his campaign, the members of the different parties that supported him and calling for a government of national unity, and for Congress to quickly solve issues like the tax reform and the Legislative bylaw.[98]

International

Supranational
  • {{flag|United Nations}} – Alice Shackelford on behalf of the United Nations congratulated Costa Rica describing the elections as "peaceful and in an environment of respect" and congratulated voters for choosing a more inclusive society.[99]
  • {{flag|Organization of American States}} – Secretary General Luis Almagro congratulated Alvarado Quesada as president elect and Costa Rica's people for what he called "the democratic festivity".[100]
States
  • {{flag|Canada}} – Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau spoke directly over the phone with Alvarado expressing his satisfaction with having another young voice among world leaders and describing Costa Rica as an example in human rights and environmental policies.[101]
  • {{flag|Chile}} – Former President of Chile Michelle Bachelet congratulated both Carlos Alvarado and Epsy Campbell noticing Campbell's status as first person of African descent in being Vice President of the [continental] Americas, expressing "Our Costa Rican brothers gave us a sample of democracy and inclusion, as necessary today".[100]
  • {{flag|Colombia}} – President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos said: "Count on Colombia to keep strengthening friendship bonds"."[100]
  • {{flag|Ecuador}} – Former President of Ecuador Rafael Correa saluted Alvarado and gave a special salute to Campbell as first Black woman Vice President of Latin America closing with "Gender equality, ethnic and Youth".".[100]
  • {{flag|Guatemala}} – President of Guatemala Jimmy Morales congratulated the Costa Rican people and advocated for a "a more united and prosperous Central America"."[100]
  • {{flag|Honduras}} – President of Honduras Juan Orlando Hernández express congratulations of behalf of the Honduran people and the desire of tighten relationships. "[100]
  • {{flag|Mexico}} – President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto described the election as "a sample of democratic maturity" congratulating Alvarado and announcing that with the new government Mexico will continue strengthening the cooperation and economic bonds".[100]
  • {{flag|Nicaragua}} – President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega express his hope that the new government may be a way to improve relationships between the two countries. "
  • {{flag|Panama}} – President of Panama Juan Carlos Varela after congratulating Alvarado and the Costa Rican people also mentioned that "We'll keep working on a State agenda between our sister nations and peoples".".[100]
  • {{flag|Spain}} – President of the Spanish government Mariano Rajoy described Costa Rica and Spain as sister nations and said he was sure that both countries would countinue streghtening bonds of friendship and cooperation, also highlighting Costa Rica's economic growth and inclusive development in the last governments.[102]
  • {{flag|United States}} – United States Department of State expressed its congratulations on behalf of the US government and described the elections as "pacific, fair and free" and Costa Rica as "promoter of economic prosperity, security and good government" in the region. "[100]
  • {{flag|Venezuela}} – Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza on behalf of Nicolás Maduro congratulated Alvarado as president elect and the Costa Rican people, the government of Venezuela also made public an official statement. "[100]

References

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=David Alire|last2=Pretel|first2=Enrique Andres|title=Costa Rica center-left easily wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-costarica-election/costa-rica-center-left-easily-wins-presidency-in-vote-fought-on-gay-rights-idUSKBN1H80XC|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=Reuters}}
2. ^{{cite news|last1=Stanley|first1=Katherine|title=Carlos Alvarado wins Costa Rica’s presidency in a landslide|url=http://www.ticotimes.net/2018/04/01/carlos-alvarado-will-be-costa-ricas-48th-president|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=The Tico Times}}
3. ^Costa Rica IFES
4. ^Electoral system IPU
5. ^{{cite news|last=Redacción|title=PAC elegirá su candidato a Presidente el próximo 9 de julio|url=http://www.elmundo.cr/pac-elegira-candidato-presidente-proximo-9-julio/|date=23 January 2017|accessdate=18 February 2017|work=elmundo.cr|language=es-ES}}
6. ^{{cite news|title=Carlos Alvarado lidera la votación de convención del PAC tras 78% de mesas escrutadas|url=http://www.teletica.com/Noticias/166823-Carlos-Alvarado-lidera-la-votacion-de-convencion-del-PAC-tras-78-de-mesas-escrutadas.note.aspx|accessdate=10 July 2017|agency=Teletica}}
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Mora|first1=Carlos|title=Otto Guevara: "Soy consciente que tengo anticuerpos"|url=http://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/otto-guevara-soy-consciente-que-tengo-anticuerpos/|accessdate=7 September 2016|agency=CR Hoy|date=4 September 2016}}
8. ^{{cite news|last=Muñoz|first=Mauricio|title=2017 año electoral, partidos definen candidatos a presidente y diputados|url=http://www.elmundo.cr/2017-ano-electoral-partidos-definen-candidatos-presidente-diputados/|date=2 January 2017|accessdate=18 February 2017|work=elmundo.cr|language=es-ES}}
9. ^{{cite news|last1=Arrieta|first1=Esteban|title="Guerra civil" en el PUSC|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/-guerra-civil-en-el-pusc|accessdate=16 March 2017|agency=La República|date= 28 November 2016}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Presidential campaigns get under way|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1696096753&Country=Costa%20Rica&topic=Politics|website=The Economist|accessdate=1 December 2017}}
11. ^{{cite news|last1=Umaña|first1=Carlos|title=Juan Diego Castro y la oleada post-Trump en Costa Rica|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/opinion/juan-diego-castro-la-oleada-post-trump-costa-rica/|accessdate=1 December 2017|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=March 29, 2017}}
12. ^{{cite news|last1=May Grosser|first1=Sebastian|title=A Trump in the Tropics? Why a Demagogue became the Leading Contender in Costa Rica’s Upcoming Election|url=https://blog.politics.ox.ac.uk/a-trump-in-the-tropics-why-a-demagogue-became-the-leading-contender-in-costa-ricas-and-what-this-means-for-the-upcoming-election/|accessdate=11 January 2018|agency=9 January 2018|publisher=Oxpol}}
13. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis|title=El populismo como arma: el caso de Juan Diego Castro|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/imagen-vende-juan-diego-castro-al-electorado/|accessdate=1 December 2017|agency=MundoCR}}
14. ^{{cite news |last1=Fuchs |first1=Gustavo |title=Costa Rica: is the far right poised for victory? |url=https://lab.org.uk/costa-rica-is-the-far-right-poised-for-victory/ |accessdate=30 October 2018 |agency=Lab |date=1 February 2018}}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Brian|title=Juan Diego Castro responde a comparaciones con Donald Trump|url=https://www.laprensalibre.cr/Noticias/detalle/113193/juan-diego-castro-responde-a-comparaciones-con-donald-trump|accessdate=1 December 2017|agency=La Prensa Libre|date=May 31, 2017}}
16. ^{{cite news|last1=Alfaro Redondo|first1=Ronald|title=Informe De Resultados De La Encuesta De Opinión Sociopolítica Realizada En Octubre De 2017|url=https://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/images/INFORMESUOP/Informe-encuesta-octubre-2017.pdf|accessdate=3 November 2017|agency=CIEP|date=October 2017}}
17. ^{{cite news|title=Declaración de Juan Diego Castro sobre supuestos viejos favores sexuales en la Corte generan rechazo|url=https://www.teletica.com/182565_declaracion-de-juan-diego-castro-sobre-supuestos-viejos-favores-sexuales-en-la-corte-generan-rechazo|accessdate=12 January 2018|agency=Teletica|date=6 January 2018}}
18. ^{{cite news|last1=Fallas|first1=Gustavo|title=Sobre corrupción en Corte, Castro denuncia sin pruebas que ascensos se hicieron a cambio de sexo oral|url=https://www.ameliarueda.com/politica/nota/castro-favores-sexuales-se-premiaban-con-ascensos-en-la-corte|accessdate=12 January 2018|agency=Amelia Rueda|date=2018}}
19. ^{{cite news|last1=Sequeira|first1=Aarón|last2=Chinchilla|first2=Sofía|title=Profesionales judiciales repudian declaración de Juan Diego Castro sobre ascenso de mujeres en Corte|url=http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/profesionales-judiciales-repudian-declaracion-de/4CWF4B3JHVFZPBLNAAQ5VZL6PQ/story/|accessdate=12 January 2018|agency=La Nación|date=2018}}
20. ^{{cite news|last1=López|first1=Ronny|title=Nuria Marín exige disculpa pública a Juan Diego Castro por comentario sobre favores sexuales en la Corte|url=http://www.amprensa.com/2018/01/nuria-marin-exige-disculpa-publica-a-juan-diego-castro-por-comentario-sobre-favores-sexuales-en-la-corte/|accessdate=12 January 2018|agency=AM Prensa|date=6 January 2018}}
21. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=Epsy Campbell llama "patán y acomplejado" a Castro por insinuar sobre favores sexuales en Poder Judicial|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/epsy-campbell-llama-patan-acomplejado-castro-insinuar-favores-sexuales-poder-judicial/|accessdate=12 January 2018|agency=Mundo|date=6 January 2018}}
22. ^{{cite news|last1=Cascante|first1=Luis Fernando|title=Juan Diego Castro: "Si vivimos sobre un paraíso de petróleo, vamos a explotarlo como se debe"|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/ultima-hora/juan-diego-castro-vivimos-paraiso-petroleo-explotarlo-se/|accessdate=17 January 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=16 January 2018}}
23. ^{{cite news|last1=Gutiérrez Wa-Chong|first1=Tatiana|title=PAC y FA quieren a Recope compitiendo con combustibles limpios|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/pac-y-fa-quieren-a-recope-compitiendo-con-combustibles-limpios|accessdate=17 January 2018|agency=La República|date=8 November 2017}}
24. ^{{cite news|title=55% a favor de igualdad en derechos|language=Spanish|newspaper=La Nación|date=February 12, 2012|url=http://www.nacion.com/2012-02-12/RevistaDominical/%C2%A055--a-favor-de-igualdad-en%C2%A0-derechos.aspx|accessdate=February 13, 2012|first=Ángela|last=Ávalos}}
25. ^Religion in Latin America Chapter 5: Social Attitudes
26. ^Religion in Latin America Appendix A: Methodology
27. ^{{es icon}} [https://www.elmundo.cr/se-mantienen-actitudes-conservadoras-en-costa-rica-sobre-matrimonio-igualitario-y-estado-laico/ Se mantienen actitudes conservadoras en Costa Rica sobre matrimonio igualitario y Estado laico]
28. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|last1=Arrieta|first1=Esteban|title=Derechos gais elevan acciones del PAC y Restauración|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/derechos-gais-elevan-acciones-del-pac-y-restauracion|accessdate=17 January 2018|agency=La República|date=16 January 2018}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=#Video ¡Intolerancia total! Hombre recibió un machetazo en el cuello solo por ser homosexual, hechos ocurrieron en Turrialba.|url=http://ncrnoticias.com/video-intolerancia-total-hombre-recibio-un-machetazo-en-el-cuello-solo-por-ser-homosexual-hechos-ocurrieron-en-turrialba/|accessdate=19 January 2018|agency=NCR|date=18 January 2018}}
30. ^{{cite news|last1=Alfaro|first1=Josué|title=Joven denuncia agresión por odio a la comunidad LGTBI|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/joven-denuncia-agresion-odio-la-comunidad-lgtbi/|accessdate=19 January 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=16 January 2018}}
31. ^{{cite news|last1=Cambronero|first1=Natasha|title=Fabricio Alvarado finaliza su campaña con críticas al gobierno por seguridad, cemento y empleo|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/fabricio-alvarado-cierra-su-campana-con-ataques-al/PJZCXKAOTZE2LJNIIU6IK7M3GQ/story/|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=La Nación|date=24 March 2018}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Carlos Alvarado, el exministro escritor y rockero que será el próximo presidente de Costa Rica|url=https://www.teletica.com/190276_carlos-alvarado-el-exministro-escritor-y-rockero-que-sera-el-proximo-presidente-de-costa-rica|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=Teletica|date=2 April 2018}}
33. ^{{cite news|last1=Redacción|title=Estas fueron las frases más álgidas del #DebateTN7 entre Carlos y Fabricio Alvarado|url=https://www.teletica.com/189947_estas-fueron-las-frases-mas-algidas-del-debatetn7-entre-carlos-y-fabricio-alvarado|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=Telenoticias|date=27 March 2018}}
34. ^{{cite news|last1=Martínez Roque|first1=Valeria|title=Programa 2.0 de Fabricio Alvarado contiene plagios al plan de gobierno de Carlos Alvarado|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/programa-2-0-fabricio-alvarado-contiene-plagios-al-plan-gobierno-carlos-alvarado/|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=Mundo|date=29 March 2018}}
35. ^{{cite news|last1=Cascante|first1=Luis|title=Campaña plagada de tropiezos marcó derrota de Fabricio Alvarado|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/ultima-hora/campana-plagada-de-tropiezos-marco-derrota-de-fabricio-alvarado/|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=2 April 2018}}
36. ^{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Bryan|title=Ataque a la patrona fue un pecado|url=https://www.pressreader.com/costa-rica/la-teja/20180403/281582356191790|accessdate=3 April 2018|agency=La Teja|date=3 April 2018}}
37. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Alfaro|first1=Josué|last2=Salazar|first2=Daniel|title=Carlos Alvarado gana con contundencia la segunda vuelta electoral|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/carlos-alvarado-gana-la-segunda-vuelta-electoral/|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=1 April 2018}}
38. ^{{cite news|last1=CID-Gallup|title=LUIS GUILLERMO SOLÍS SIGUE COMO EL MÁS POPULAR; En segundo lugar está Juan Diego Castro y en tercero Antonio Álvarez|url=https://www.cidgallup.com/es/virtual-library/download/484-|accessdate=5 October 2017}}
39. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis|title=ENCUESTA: Antonio Álvarez lidera intención de voto, pero no ganaría en una primera ronda|url=http://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-antonio-alvarez-lidera-intencion-voto-no-ganaria-una-primera-ronda/|accessdate=31 May 2017|agency=Mundo|date=29 May 2017}}
40. ^{{cite news|last1=Angulo|first1=Yamileth|title=ENCUESTA: Álvarez 15,35%, Piza 10,76%, Castro 9,99%, Hernández 4,92%|url=http://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-alvarez-1535-piza-1076-castro-999-hernandez-492/|agency=Mundo|date=26 June 2017}}
41. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=Candidatos afectados por el "cementazo" recuperan intención de voto|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/candidatos-afectados-cementazo-recuperan-intencion-voto|accessdate=25 September 2017|agency=elmundo.cr|date= 28 September 2017}}
42. ^{{cite news|last1=Esteban Arrieta|title=PAC amenaza con sacar al PLN de segunda ronda|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/pac-amenaza-con-sacar-al-pln-de-segunda-ronda|accessdate=1 February 2018|agency=31 January 2018|publisher=La República}}
43. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Alvaro|title=Evangélicos aportaron 70% de votos de Fabricio Alvarado y 15% en el PAC|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/ultima-hora/evangelicos-aportaron-70-votos-fabricio-alvarado-15-pac/|accessdate=22 February 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=16 February 2018}}
44. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Álvaro|last2=Rodríguez|first2=Frank|language=es|trans-title=Religious shock impacts candidate support|title=Shock religioso impacta apoyo a candidatos|url=https://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/noticias/77-shock-religioso-impacta-apoyo-a-candidatos|accessdate=25 January 2018|agency=CIEP (UCR)|date=24 January 2018}}
45. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|last1=Chinchilla|first1=Sofía|title=Estudio de UCR: Por estos factores Carlos Alvarado ganó las elecciones|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/estudio-de-ucr-por-estos-factores-carlos-alvarado/Z23FELJ7JVERRPHU5V5UPAMR4Q/story/|accessdate=26 April 2018|agency=La Nación|date=26 April 2018}}
46. ^{{cite news|last1=Chinchilla|first1=Sofía|last2=Oviedo|first2=Esteban|title=Carlos Avendaño responde a Fabricio Alvarado: 'Un día les digo dónde estuvo el fraude’|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/carlos-avendano-fabricio-alvarado-debe-aclarar/3VWA74IBR5CRVP6VAFBMISCVNM/story/|accessdate=29 October 2018|agency=La Nación|date=2018}}
47. ^{{cite news|last1=Delfino|first1=Diego|title=El Opolazo nos deja sin encuesta final|url=https://delfino.cr/2018/03/opolazo-nos-deja-sin-encuesta-final/|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=Delfino|date=28 March 2018}}
48. ^{{cite news|last1=Angulo|first1=Yamileth|title=UNA divulga encuesta que "representa el 42% de la población" y pone arriba a Carlos Alvarado|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/una-divulga-encuesta-representa-42-la-poblacion-pone-carlos-alvarado/|accessdate=25 May 2018|agency=El Mundo|date=27 February 2018}}
49. ^{{cite news|last1=Solano|first1=Hermes|title=TSE dice que polémica encuesta de la UNA está avalada|url=https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/tse-dice-que-polemica-encuesta-de-la-una-esta-avalada/|accessdate=25 May 2018|agency=CRHoy|date=7 March 2018}}
50. ^{{cite news|last1=Pérez|first1=Karla|title=Consejo Universitario de la UNA valida metodología en encuesta de IDESPO|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/consejo-universitario-universidad-nacional-valida-metodologia-encuesta-idespo/|accessdate=25 May 2018|agency=Mundo|date=6 March 2018}}
51. ^{{cite news|last1=Cubero|first1=Alexandra|title=¿Cómo la encuesta de Los Paleteros se acercó más a los resultados electorales?|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/como-fue-que-la-encuesta-de-los-paleteros-se-acerco-mas-a-los-resultados-electorales|accessdate=25 May 2018|agency=La República|date=2 April 2018}}
52. ^{{cite news|last1=Cambronero|first1=Natasha|title=Encuestas de Opol se hicieron por encargo de Restauración Nacional de cara a la segunda ronda|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/encuestas-de-opol-se-hicieron-por-encargo-de/67BL2AJD2FGCPHG7CMMIPTCXFU/story/|accessdate=25 May 2018|agency=La Nación|date=25 May 2018}}
53. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Quirós Navarro|first1=Bharley|title=Juan Diego Castro se dispara en encuestas|url=http://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/331603/segun-cid-gallup-en-encuestas|accessdate=5 May 2017|agency=Diario Extra|date=4 May 2017}}
54. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=ENCUESTA: Antonio Álvarez lidera intención de voto, pero no ganaría en una primera ronda|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-antonio-alvarez-lidera-intencion-de-voto-pero-no-ganaria-en-una-primera-ronda|accessdate=31 May 2017|agency=elmundo.cr|date=29 May 2017}}
55. ^{{cite news|last1=Angulo|first1=Yamileth|title=ENCUESTA: Álvarez 15,35%, Piza 10,76%, Castro 9,99%, Hernández 4,92%|url=http://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-alvarez-1535-piza-1076-castro-999-hernandez-492/|agency=elmundo.cr|date=26 June 2017}}
56. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis|title=ENCUESTA: Próximo presidente se definiría en segunda ronda|url=http://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-proximo-presidente-se-definiria-segunda-ronda/|agency=Mundo|date=28 July 2017}}
57. ^{{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Álvaro|title=Se abre el telón electoral: la confusión|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/se-abre-telon-electoral-la-confusion/|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=9 August 2017}}
58. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=Crece el número de indecisos y de quienes dicen que no votarán en elecciones del 2018|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/crece-numero-indecisos-quienes-dicen-no-votaran-elecciones-del-2018|accessdate=1 September 2017|agency=elmundo.cr|date=1 September 2017}}
59. ^{{cite news|last1=Mora|first1=Carlos|title=Campaña electoral llegará sin un candidato favorito|url=http://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/342295/campana-electoral-llegara--sin-un-candidato-favorito|accessdate=25 September 2017|agency=Diario Extra|date=12 September 2017}}
60. ^{{cite news|last1=Siu|first1=María|title=Juan Diego Castro y Antonio Álvarez encabezan intención de voto|url=http://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/343247/juan-diego-castro-y-antonio-alvarez-encabezan-intencion-de-voto|accessdate=25 September 2017|agency=Diario Extra|date=5 September 2017}}
61. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=Candidatos afectados por el "cementazo" recuperan intención de voto|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/candidatos-afectados-cementazo-recuperan-intencion-voto|accessdate=25 September 2017|agency=elmundo.cr|date=28 September 2017}}
62. ^{{cite news|title=Electorado costarricense cada vez más indeciso|url=https://www.ciep.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/noticias/68-encuesta-octubre|accessdate=25 September 2017|agency=CIEP (UCR)|date=18 October 2017}}
63. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=ENCUESTA: Álvarez: 31,3%; Castro 23,7%; Piza: 12,9%|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-alvarez-313-castro-237-piza-129/|accessdate=2 November 2017|date=30 October 2017}}
64. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=ENCUESTA: Álvarez: 30%; Castro 24,5%; Piza: 11,9%|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-alvarez-30-castro-245-piza-119/|accessdate=17 November 2017|date=16 November 2017}}
65. ^{{cite news|title=Nueva encuesta de la UCR muestra desplome de Desanti, empate y débil apoyo a candidatos|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/nueva-encuesta-la-ucr-muestra-desplome-desanti-empate-la-fragil-carrera-presidencial/|accessdate=22 November 2017|agency=CIEP (UCR)|date=22 November 2017}}
66. ^{{cite news|last1=Solano|first1=Jacqueline|title=Juan Diego Castro desbanca a Antonio Álvarez Desanti|url=http://www.diarioextra.com/Noticia/detalle/347871/juan-diego-castro-desbanca-a-antonio-alvarez-desanti|accessdate=28 November 2017|agency=Diario Extra|date= 28 November 2017}}
67. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=Encuesta de OPol: Álvarez y Castro empatan en el primer lugar|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-opol-alvarez-castro-empatan-primer-lugar//|accessdate=4 December 2017|date=30 November 2017}}
68. ^{{cite news|last1=Ruiz|first1=Gerardo|title=Encuesta de UNA muestra empate técnico entre Castro, Álvarez y Piza|url=http://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/encuesta-de-una-muestra-empate-tecnico-entre/AA3MM6RUKZAELORYYVXVKMR3VM/story/|accessdate=7 December 2017|date=7 December 2017}}
69. ^{{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Álvaro|title=Disputa por la Presidencia llega con leves cambios al "descanso"|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/campana-la-presidencia-llega-leves-cambios-al-descanso/|accessdate=21 December 2017|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=20 December 2017}}
70. ^{{cite news|title=El 2017 cierra con baja en los indecisos y empate entre Antonio Álvarez y Juan Diego Castro|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/2017-cierra-baja-los-indecisos-empate-antonio-alvarez-juan-diego-castro/|date=2017-12-21|accessdate=2017-12-22|work=El Mundo CR|language=es-ES}}
71. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=ENCUESTA: Castro: 28,8% – Álvarez: 27,4% – Piza: 12,5% – Hernández: 11,1%|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-castro-288-alvarez-274-piza-125-hernandez-111/|accessdate=6 January 2018|date=5 January 2018}}
72. ^{{cite news|last1=Madrigal|first1=Luis Manuel|title=ENCUESTA: Álvarez 26,2%; Castro 25,3%; Piza 15,3%; Hernández 11,1%|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-alvarez-262-castro-253-piza-153-hernandez-111/|date=12 January 2018}}
73. ^{{Cite news|last=Cubero|first=Alexandra|title=Fabricio Alvarado se suma entre los cinco favoritos, según encuesta|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/fabricio-alvarado-se-suma-entre-los-cinco-favoritos-segun-encuesta|accessdate=18 January 2018|agency=LaRepublica.net}}
74. ^{{cite news|last1=Redacción|title=Piza sube al segundo lugar|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/piza-sube-al-segundo-lugar|accessdate=19 January 2018|agency=La República|date=19 January 2018}}
75. ^{{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Álvaro|last2=Rodríguez|first2=Frank|title=Fabricio Alvarado empata a Juan Diego Castro cerca de una segunda ronda|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/ultima-hora/fabricio-alvarado-empate-juan-diego-castro-segunda-ronda/|accessdate=23 January 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=23 January 2018}}
76. ^{{cite news|last1=Aronne|first1=Esteban|title=Encuesta de CID GALLUP refleja empate técnico en primer lugar entre Antonio Alvarez y Fabricio Alvarado|url=http://www.monumental.co.cr/2018/01/23/encuesta-de-cid-gallup-refleja-empate-tecnico-en-primer-lugar-entre-antonio-alvarez-y-fabricio-alvarado/|accessdate=26 January 2018|agency=Radio Monumental|date=23 January 2018}}
77. ^{{cite news|last1=Redacción|title=Piza y Desanti codo a codo, Castro cae|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/piza-y-desanti-codo-a-codo-castro-cae|accessdate=26 January 2018|agency=La República|date=26 January 2018}}
78. ^{{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Alvaro|title=Carlos Alvarado e indecisos son los únicos que crecen en incierto cierre electoral|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/carlos-alvarado-e-indecisos-los-unicos-crecen-incierto-cierre-electoral/|accessdate=31 January 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=31 January 2018}}
79. ^{{cite news|last=Madrigal|first=Luis Manuel|title=LA ENCUESTA FINAL: F. Alvarado: 26,0%; Álvarez: 20,6%, C. Alvarado: 17,9%, Castro: 12,6%, Piza: 12,4%|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/la-encuesta-final-f-alvarado-260-alvarez-206-c-alvarado-179-castro-126-piza-124/|date=31 January 2018|accessdate=31 January 2018|work=El mundo}}
80. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-5735-carlos-alvarado-4265/|title=Encuesta: Fabricio Alvarado 57,35% – Carlos Alvarado 42,65%|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|date=2018-02-09|work=|access-date=2018-02-09|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
81. ^{{Cite news|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/candidatos-arrancan-parejo-hacia-segunda-ronda/|title=Candidatos arrancan parejo hacia segunda ronda|last=Murillo|first=Álvaro|date=2018-02-14|work=|access-date=2018-02-14|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
82. ^{{cite news|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|title=ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 55,1% – Carlos Alvarado 44,9%|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-551-carlos-alvarado-449/|date=2018-02-16|accessdate=2018-02-16|work=Elmundo.cr|page=Elmundo.cr}}
83. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-573-carlos-alvarado-427/|title=ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 57,3% – Carlos Alvarado 42,7%|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|date=February 23, 2018|work=elmundo.cr|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
84. ^{{cite news|last1=González|first1=Marco|title=UNA: Carlos Alvarado 52%, Fabricio Alvarado 29%|url=http://www.laprensalibre.cr/Noticias/detalle/131227/una:-carlos-alvarado-52-,-fabricio-alvarado-29-|accessdate=27 February 2018|agency=La Prensa Libre|date=27 February 2018}}
85. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-561-carlos-alvarado-439/|title=ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 56,1% – Carlos Alvarado 43,9%|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|date=2018-03-02|work=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
86. ^{{cite news|last1=Murillo|first1=Álvaro|title=A un mes de la 2ª ronda: se mantiene el empate y hay 20% de indecisos|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/pais/mes-la-2a-ronda-se-mantiene-empate-20-indecisos/|accessdate=6 March 2018|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=5 March 2018}}
87. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-552-carlos-alvarado-448/|title=ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 55,2% – Carlos Alvarado 44,8%|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|date=2018-03-09|work=elmundo.cr|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
88. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.amprensa.com/2018/03/nueva-encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-la-cabeza-se-reduce-ventaja-carlos/|title=Nueva encuesta: Fabricio Alvarado a la cabeza pero se reduce ventaja sobre Carlos|last=López|first=Ronny|date=2018-03-16|work=AMprensa|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
89. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-569-carlos-alvarado-431/|title=ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 56,9% – Carlos Alvarado 43,1%|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|date=2018-03-16|work=elmundo.cr|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
90. ^{{Cite news|url=https://semanariouniversidad.com/ultima-hora/ultima-encuesta-ciep-ucr-fabricio-y-carlos-llevan-el-empate-hasta-el-final/|title=Última encuesta CIEP-UCR: Fabricio y Carlos llevan el empate hasta el final|last=Murillo|first=Álvaro|date=2018-03-23|work=Semanario Universidad|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
91. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/encuesta-fabricio-alvarado-56-carlos-alvarado-44/|title=ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 56% – Carlos Alvarado 44%|last=Angulo|first=Yamileth|date=2018-03-23|work=elmundo.cr|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
92. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Oviedo|first1=Esteban|title=Los Alvarado van a segunda ronda|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-pais/politica/en-vivo-tse-primer-corte-de-las-elecciones/G7AR7H23HJEC5OITM74UH5ZSN4/story/|agency=La Nación|date=5 February 2018}}
93. ^{{cite web |last1=Madrigal |first1=Luis |title=Fabricio Alvarado renuncia a Restauración Nacional: "Su cúpula me vio como una amenaza" |url=https://delfino.cr/2018/10/fabricio-alvarado-renuncia-a-restauracion-nacional-su-cupula-me-vio-como-una-amenaza/ |website=Delfino |accessdate=2018-10-24}}
94. ^{{cite news|last1=Calvo|first1=Daniela|title=Diputado representará a Reconstrucción.cr en la Asamblea Legislativa|url=http://subibaja.cr/2018/04/05/diputado-representara-a-reconstruccion-cr-en-la-asamblea-legislativa/|agency=Subibaja|date=5 April 2018}}
95. ^{{cite news|last1=Redacción|title=Costa Rica: Evangélico Fabricio Alvarado reconoce derrota electoral|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/elecciones/costa-rica-evangelico-fabricio-alvarado-reconoce-derrota-electoral-noticia-508806|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=El Comercio|date=1 April 2018}}
96. ^{{cite news|last1=Solano|first1=Hermes|title=Luis Antonio Sobrado: "El pueblo soberano habló"|url=https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/luis-antonio-sobrado-el-pueblo-soberano-hablo/|accessdate=17 April 2018|agency=CR Hoy}}
97. ^{{cite news|last1=Aronne|first1=Esteban|title=Carlos Alvarado declina invitación de Luis Guillermo Solís para asistir a Cumbre de las Américas|url=http://www.monumental.co.cr/2018/04/03/carlos-alvarado-declina-invitacion-de-luis-guillermo-solis-para-asistir-cumbre-de-las-americas/|accessdate=17 April 2018|agency=Monumental}}
98. ^{{cite news|last1=Naranjo|first1=Julio|url=https://www.teletica.com/190231_carlos-alvarado-mi-deber-sera-unir-esta-republica-para-sacarla-adelante|title=Carlos Alvarado: 'Mi deber será unir esta República para sacarla adelante'|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=Teletica|date=2 April 2018}}
99. ^{{cite news|last1=Gutiérrez Wa-Chong|first1=Tatiana|title=ONU felicita a votantes por construir una sociedad más inclusiva|url=https://www.larepublica.net/noticia/onu-felicita-a-votantes-por-construir-una-sociedad-mas-inclusiva|accessdate=6 April 2018|agency=La República|date=3 April 2018}}
100. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite news|last1=Chinchilla|first1=Francesca|title=Fiesta electoral en Costa Rica fue destacada por presidentes de América|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/politica/fiesta-electoral-en-costa-rica-fue-destacada-por/7ZU5AZMDJNFQTLF7YDQW4BVNX4/story/|accessdate=2 April 2018|agency=La Nación|date=2 April 2018}}
101. ^{{cite news|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Frank|title=Trudeau a Alvarado: "Estoy muy emocionado por el futuro de Costa Rica y por tu liderazgo"|agency=Semanario Universidad|date=12 April 2018}}
102. ^{{cite news|last1=Solano|first1=Johel|title=El mensaje de Mariano Rajoy desde España a Carlos Alvarado|url=https://www.crhoy.com/nacionales/el-mensaje-de-mariano-rajoy-desde-espana-a-carlos-alvarado/|accessdate=6 April 2018|agency=CRHoy|date=3 April 2018}}
{{Costa Rican elections}}

5 : 2018 elections in Central America|2018 in Costa Rica|Elections in Costa Rica|February 2018 events in North America|Election and referendum articles with incomplete results
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