| 词条 | Vasily Chuikov | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name= Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov |native_name=Василий Иванович Чуйков |native_name_lang=Russian |birth_date=12 February 1900 |death_date= {{death date and age|df=yes|1982|03|18|1900|02|12}} |birth_place=Serebryanye Prudy, Tula Governorate, Russia |death_place=Moscow, Soviet Union |placeofburial=Mamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia |placeofburial_label= Place of burial |image=Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov.jpg |caption= |nickname= "The Man of Iron Will" "The Stone" |allegiance={{flag|Soviet Union|1955}} |serviceyears= 1917–1972 |rank= Marshal of the Soviet Union |commands=4th Army 62nd Army 8th Guards Army Group of Soviet Forces in Germany Kiev Military District |unit= |battles=Russian Civil War World War II
|awards=
|laterwork= 1961 until his death, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union }} Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (12 February 1900 – 18 March 1982) was a Soviet military officer. He was the commander of the 62nd Army during the Battle of Stalingrad. Following World War II, Chuikov was Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (1949–53), commander of the Kiev Military District (1953–60), Chief of the Soviet Armed Forces and Deputy Minister of Defense (1960–64), and head of the Soviet Civil Defense Forces (1961–72). Chuikov was twice awarded the titles Hero of the Soviet Union (1944 and 1945) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by the United States for his actions during the Battle of Stalingrad. In 1955, he was named a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Following his death in 1982, he was interred at the Stalingrad Memorial at the base of the Mamayev Hill, which had been the site of heavy fighting. Early lifeBorn into a peasant family in the village of Serebryanye Prudy in the Tula region south of Moscow, Chuikov was the eighth of 12 children and the fifth of eight sons. At the age of 12, he left school and his family home to earn his living in a factory in Saint Petersburg, turning out spurs for cavalry officers.[1] Chuikov and all his brothers became soldiers and fought in the Russian Civil War.[2] Russian Revolution and Civil WarDuring the turmoil of the Russian Revolution of 1917, Chuikov became unemployed. Later the same year, an older brother arranged for Chuikov to be recruited into the Red Guards. The year after, in 1918, he joined the Red Army.[1] In October 1918, Chuikov saw active service when he was sent to the Southern Front as a deputy company commander to fight against the White Army. In the spring of 1919, he became commander of the 40th Regiment (later renamed the 43rd), part of the 5th Army under Tukhachevsky facing the White Army under Kolchak in Siberia.[3] Chuikov's record of service during the Civil War was distinguished. In the fighting from 1919 to 1920 he received two awards of the Order of the Red Banner for bravery and heroism. He was wounded four times—one, in Poland in 1920, left a fragment in his left arm that could not be operated on. It led to partial paralysis and caused him to lose temporary use of his arm. Chuikov carried this war wound for the rest of his life, and it eventually led to septicaemia breaking out in 1981, causing a nine-month illness and finally his death.[4] Inter-war periodHe left his regiment in 1921 to continue his studies at the Frunze Military Academy, from which he graduated in 1925.[4] On account of his excellent academic performance, Chuikov was invited to stay at the Frunze Military Academy for another year to study Chinese language and history in the Orient Studies Department.[5] In the fall of 1926, Chuikov joined a Soviet diplomatic delegation that toured Harbin, Changchun, Port Arthur, Dalian, Tianjin and Beijing, cities in northeastern and northern China.[5] After completing his studies in the fall of 1927, Chuikov was dispatched to China as a military attaché.[5] Chuikov traveled extensively in southern China and Sichuan, became fluent in Chinese, and gained a deeper understanding of Chinese politics and culture.[5][11] In 1929, during the China Eastern Railway Incident, Chuikov was forced to leave China after the Soviet Union broke diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on July 13. Chuikov was assigned to the newly-formed Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army in Khabarovsk and worked on military intelligence, reporting to Vasily Blyukher, the commander of the Far Eastern Army.[5] The Soviet Far Eastern Army defeated the Northeastern Army of Zhang Xueliang, and Chuikov participated in negotiations that restored Soviet control of the China Eastern Railway.[6] Early Second World War, Finnish War and China (1939 to 1942)Chuikov commanded the 4th Army in the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. He commanded the 9th Army in the Russo-Finnish War of 1940. He was then sent to China as an adviser to Chiang Kai-shek. In May 1942, the USSR recalled him. According to Chuikov's memoirs, his recall was due to Nationalist China claiming that the USSR was providing military aid as part of an attempt to draw the USSR into the Second Sino-Japanese War. Stalingrad (1942 to 1943)On returning to Moscow, Chuikov was placed in command of the 64th Army (later 7th Guards), on the west bank of the Don River. The 64th Army took part in the fighting withdrawal to Stalingrad, and shortly before the Battle of Stalingrad itself began, Chuikov was made commanding general of the more important weak 62nd Army, which was to hold Stalingrad itself, with the 64th on its southern flank. It was at Stalingrad that Chuikov developed the important tactic of "hugging the enemy", by which Soviet soldiers kept the German army so close to them as to minimize the airpower enjoyed by the Wehrmacht. Chuikov had witnessed firsthand the blitzkrieg tactics the Wehrmacht had used to sweep across the Russian steppe, so he used the Germans' carpet-bombing of the city to draw panzer units into the rubble and chaos, where their progress was impeded. Here they could be destroyed with Molotov cocktails, Antitank Rifles, and Soviet artillery operating at close range. This tactic also rendered the German Luftwaffe ineffective, since Stuka dive-bombers could not attack Red Army positions without endangering their own forces.[7][8] Later Second World War (Poland and Germany 1943 to 1945)After the victory at Stalingrad, the 62nd Army was redesignated the Soviet 8th Guards Army. Chuikov then commanded the 8th Guards as part of 1st Belorussian Front and led its advance through Poland, finally heading the Soviet offensive which conquered Berlin while the Allied forces were wiping out what was left in Southern and Western Germany in April/May 1945. Chuikov's advance through Poland was characterized by massive advances across difficult terrain (on several occasions, the 8th Guards Army advanced over {{convert|40|mi|km}} in a single day). On 1 May 1945, Chuikov, who commanded his army operating in central Berlin, was the first Allied officer to learn about Adolf Hitler's suicide, being informed by General Hans Krebs who had come to Chuikov's headquarters under a white flag. He accepted the surrender of Berlin's forces from General Helmuth Weidling. Chuikov appeared in the documentary film Berlin (1945), directed by Yuli Raizman. Later lifeAfter the war, Chuikov continued to command the 8th Guards Army in Germany, later serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany from 1949 until 1953, when he was made commander of the Kiev Military District. While serving at that post, on 11 March 1955 he was promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union. From 1960 to 1964, he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces. He also served as the Chief of the Civil Defense from 1961 until his retirement in 1972. From 1961 until his death, he was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was a major consultant for the design of the Stalingrad battle memorial on Mamayev Kurgan, and was buried there after his death at the age of 82. Memoirs in translation
In popular culture
Honours and awards
See also
References1. ^1 Jones, p.73 2. ^Jones, p.72 3. ^Jones, p. 74 4. ^1 Jones, p. 75 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |language=zh-hans|url=http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/detail_2013_05/24/25689330_0.shtml|script-title=zh:中东路事件孙中山苏联顾问率苏军大败张学良|trans-title=Soviet Advisor to Sun Yat-sen lead Soviet Military of defeat Zhang Xueliang|website=China.com|date=2013-05-24|orig-year=2010}} 6. ^1 {{cite web |language=zh-hans|url=http://www.chinanews.com/cul/2015/04-30/7244109.shtml|script-title=zh:苏联二战名将曾警告蒋介石反内战 结交中共将领|trans-title=Famous Soviet World War II General Warned Chiang Kai-shek Against Civil War, Met Chinese Communist Commanders|website=Chinanews.com|date=2015-04-30}} 7. ^Craig, William (1973). Enemy at the Gates: the Battle for Stalingrad. New York: Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-200000-0}}, pp. 90, 91 8. ^Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad. New York: Viking, {{ISBN|0-14-024985-0}}, pp. 128, 129 9. ^Keegan, John. The Battle for History: Re-fighting World War Two (Barbara Frum lecture series), Vintage Canada, Toronto, 1995. Republished by Vintage Books, New York, 1996, p. 121 Bibliography
External links{{wikiquote}}{{commons category}}
22 : 1900 births|1982 deaths|People from Tula, Russia|Marshals of the Soviet Union|Communist Party of the Soviet Union members|Russian people of World War II|People of the Soviet invasion of Poland|Heroes of the Soviet Union|Recipients of the Order of Lenin|Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner|Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class|Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1944–89)|Recipients of the Star of People's Friendship|Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 2nd class|Recipients of the Virtuti Militari (1943–89)|Gold Crosses of the Virtuti Militari|Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta|Recipients of the Order of Sukhbaatar|Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Soviet people of the Second Sino-Japanese War|Frunze Military Academy alumni|Russian military attachés |
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