“Vasily Zaytsev”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A feature-length film, Enemy at the Gates (2001), starring Jude Law as Zaytsev, was based on part of William Craig's non-fiction book The Battle for Stalingrad (1973), which includes a "snipers' duel" between Zaytsev and a Wehrmacht sniper school director, Major Erwin König.

Early life

Zaytsev was born in Yeleninskoye, Orenburg Governorate in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity^[2] and grew up in the Ural Mountains, where he learned marksmanship by hunting deer and wolves with his grandfather and older brother. He brought home his first trophy at the age of 12: a wolf that he shot with a single bullet from his first personal rifle, a large single-shot Berdan, which at the time he was barely able to carry on his back.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

He graduated from seven classes of junior high school. In 1930 he graduated from a construction college in the city of Magnitogorsk, where he received the specialty of a fitter. He graduated from accounting courses.

From 1937 he served in the Pacific Fleet, where he was enlisted as clerk of the artillery department. After studying at the Military School, he was appointed head of the financial part of the Pacific Fleet, in Transfiguration Bay. During his service, World War II broke out.

Military career

Zaytsev served in the Soviet Navy as a clerk in Vladivostok. When Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, Zaytsev, like many of his comrades, volunteered to be transferred to the front line. He was a chief petty officer in the Navy and was assigned the rank of senior warrant officer upon transfer to the army. He was assigned to the 1047th Rifle Regiment of the 284th "Tomsk" Rifle Division, which became part of the 62nd Army at Stalingrad on 17 September 1942.^[3]

During Zaytsev's career as a sniper, he concealed himself in various locations – for example, on high ground, under rubble, or in water pipes. After a few kills, he changed his position. Together with his partner Nikolai Kulikov, Zaytsev exercised his hide and sting tactics. One of Zaytsev's common tactics was to cover one large area from three positions, with two men at each point – a sniper and a scout. This tactic, known as the "sixes", is still in use today and was implemented during the war in Chechnya.^[4]

Zaytsev fought in the Battle of Stalingrad until January 1943, when a mortar attack injured his eyes. He was attended to by Vladimir Filatov, who is credited with having restored Zaytsev's sight. On 22 February 1943, Zaytsev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. He returned to the front and finished the war at the Battle of the Seelow Heights in Germany, with the military rank of captain. He became a member of the Communist Party in 1943.

Civilian life

After the war, Zaytsev settled in Kiev, where he studied at a textile university before obtaining employment as an engineer. He rose to become the director of a textile factory in Kiev and remained in that city until he died on 15 December 1991 at the age of 76, eleven days before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He was initially buried in Kiev despite his final request to be buried at Volgograd.^[5]

2006 commemoration

On 31 January 2006, Vasily Zaytsev was reburied on Mamayev Hill in Volgograd with full military honors.^[1] Zaytsev's dying wish was to be buried at the monument to the defenders of Stalingrad. His coffin was carried next to a monument where his famous quote is written: "For us there was no land beyond the Volga".{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

Colonel Donald Paquette of the U.S. Sniper School was present and laid a wreath as a sign of respect to a legendary sniper. U.S. Army News quoted Colonel Paquette: "Vasily Zaytsev is a legend and every American sniper must memorize his tactics and methods. He is a legend amongst snipers. May he rest in peace."{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

In popular culture

A feature-length film, Enemy at the Gates (2001), starring Jude Law as Zaytsev, was based on part of William Craig's book The Battle for Stalingrad (1973), which includes a "snipers' duel" between Zaytsev and a Wehrmacht sniper school director, Major Erwin König. Zaytsev indicates in his own memoirs that a three-day duel did occur and that the sniper he killed was the head of a sniper school near Berlin.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}^[6]

Awards and honors

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=481 |title=Biography: Vasily Zaytsev |language= Russian|website= Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=481 |title=Vasily Zaytsev|website= Warheroes.ru}}
3. ^{{cite news|author=Sharp, Charles C. Sharp|title=Red Swarm|work= Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II|volume= X|date= 1996|page= 108}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/military/vasily-zaitsev/ |work=Russiapedia|title=Prominent Russians: Military: Vasily Zaytsev}}
5. ^{{cite news|title=Prominent Russians: Vasily Zaytsev|url=http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/military/vasily-zaitsev/|accessdate=30 January 2014|newspaper=Russiapedia|date=30 January 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web |last1=Beevor |first1=Antony |title=My favourite war movie – and the ones I can't bear |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/may/29/antony-beevor-the-greatest-war-movie-ever-and-the-ones-i-cant-bear}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=Robbins, David L.|title=War of the Rats|date=1991|publisher=Bantam}}
8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20130819/ramon-rosanas-lleva-comic-famoso-francotirador-ruso-vasili-zaitsev/739060.shtml |title=Ramón Rosanas lleva al cómic al famoso francotirador ruso Vasili Záitsev |date=19 August 2013 |access-date=26 January 2019 |first=Jesús |last=Jiménez |work=Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española |language=es}}