| 词条 | 2018 Italian government formation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| title = 2018 Italian government formation | image = Giuseppe Conte nel corso delle dichiarazioni in occasione del conferimento dell'incarico - 23 maggio 2018.jpg | image_size = 250px | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = Giuseppe Conte at the Quirinal Palace | native_name = | native_name_lang = | english_name = | time = | duration = | date = 4 April 2018 – 1 June 2018 | venue = | location = Rome, Lazio, Italy | coordinates = | also_known_as = | type = Parliamentary government formation | theme = | cause = Italian general election, 2018 | participants = Five Star Movement League Forza Italia Democratic Party Brothers of Italy Free and Equal Mixed Group | outcome = Formation of the Conte Cabinet Creation of the Government of Change }} In the Italian general election in 2018, no political group or party won an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.[1] On 4 March, the centre-right alliance, in which Matteo Salvini's League (LN) emerged as the main political force, won a plurality of seats in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, while the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S) led by Luigi Di Maio became the party with the largest number of votes. The centre-left coalition, led by Matteo Renzi, came third.[2] As a result, protracted negotiations were required before a new government could be formed. On 24 March 2018, following the elections of the presidents of the two houses of the Italian Parliament, Roberto Fico of the M5S, and Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casellati of Forza Italia (FI), Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni resigned his post to President Sergio Mattarella. In accordance with common practice in Italy, Mattarella asked the prime minister to remain in office to deal with the current affairs until a new cabinet is formed.[3][4] On 31 May 2018, following 88 days of negotiations and several impasses, law professor Giuseppe Conte was appointed as the prime minister with support from the League and the Five Star Movement, even though not having run for the Italian Parliament. Matteo Salvini of the League and Luigi Di Maio of the Five Star Movement were also appointed as vice premiers,[5] thus forming the 66th Italian government since World War II.[6] The formation of a new government avoided the possibility of immediate new elections.[7] Post-election developmentsThe election was seen as a backlash against the establishment with both the Five Star Movement and the League becoming respectively the first and the third largest parties in the Parliament.[8][9] With no political group or party having an outright majority, speculations were made around these possible outcomes:
After the election's results were known, both Di Maio and Salvini stated that they must receive from President Mattarella the task of forming a new cabinet because they led the largest party and the largest coalition, respectively.[19] On 5 March, European rating agency Scope Ratings concluded the most probable scenario was either a populist coalition (including M5S and Lega), a leftist coalition (including M5S and PD) or repeat elections.[20] On 5 March, Renzi announced that the Democratic Party will be in the opposition during this legislature and he will resign as party leader when a new cabinet is formed.[21] Following controversies within his party, Renzi resigned with immediate effect and on 12 March his deputy secretary Maurizio Martina was appointed acting secretary.[22][23] On 6 March, Salvini repeated his campaign message that his party would refuse any coalition with the M5S.[24] On 14 March, Salvini nonetheless offered to govern with the M5S, imposing the condition that League ally Forza Italia, led by ex-premier Silvio Berlusconi, must also take part in any coalition. Di Maio rejected this proposal on the grounds that Salvini was "choosing restoration instead of revolution" because "Berlusconi represents the past".[25][28] Moreover, a Five Star prominent figure, Alessandro Di Battista, denied any possibility of an alliance with Forza Italia, describing Berlusconi as the "pure evil of our country".[26] The consultations between the Italian President and the political parties on 4 and 5 April failed to provide a candidate for Prime Minister, forcing the President Mattarella to hold another round of consultation between 11 and 12 April 2018.[27] On 7 April, Di Maio made an appeal to the Democratic Party to "bury the hatchet" and consider a governing coalition with his party.[28] However, the Democrats stated that they will be at the opposition in this Legislature.[29] On 18 April 2018 Mattarella gave to President of the Senate, Elisabetta Casellati, the task to try and reconcile the issues between the Centre-right and the Five Star Movement, in order to break the post-election political deadlock and form a fully functional new government.[30][31] However, she failed in finding a solution to the contrasts between the two groups, especially between the M5S and Forza Italia.[32] [33]On 23 April 2018, after the fail of Casellati, Mattarella gave an exploratory mandate to the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Roberto Fico, to try to create a political agreement between the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party.[34][35][36] Some prominent leaders of the Democratic party, including acting secretary Martina, publicly considered the possibility of an agreement, while former PD’s leader Matteo Renzi expressed his dissent alongside with other members of the party close to him.[37][38][39] A National Directorate of the party to discuss the matter was set to take place on 3 May.[39] On 30 April, following an interview of Matteo Renzi who expressed his strong opposition to an alliance with the M5S, Di Maio called for new elections.[40][41][42] A Tecné poll in the aftermath of the Italian general election, 2018 suggested that 56% of Five Star Movement voters preferred a government coalition between M5S and Lega Nord. A coalition between the Five Star Movement and the centre-right as a whole was preferred by only 4%. 22% preferred a coalition between the Five Star Movement, the centre-left Democratic Party and the left-wing LeU. A technocratic government was only supported by 1% of the Movement's voters.[43] On 7 May, President Mattarella held a third round of government formation talks, after which he formally confirmed the lack of any possible majority (M5S rejecting an alliance with the whole centre-right coalition, PD rejecting an alliance with both M5S and the centre-right coalition, and the League's Matteo Salvini refusing to start a government with M5S but without Berlusconi's Forza Italia party, whose presence in the government was explicitly vetoed by M5S's leader Luigi Di Maio); on the same circumstance, he announced his intention to soon appoint a "neutral government" (irrespective of M5S and League's refusal to support such an option) to take over from the Gentiloni Cabinet which was considered unable to lead Italy into a second consecutive election as it was representing a majority from a past legislature, and offering an early election in July (on what it would be the very first time for a summer general election in Italy) as a realistic option to take into consideration due to the deadlock situation.[44] The Lega and M5S agreed to hold new elections on 8 July, an option that was however rejected by all other parties.[45][46][47] Conte cabinet's first failed formationOn 9 May, after a day of rumours, both M5S and the League officially requested President Mattarella to give them 24 more hours to strike a government agreement between the two parties.[48] Later the same day, in the evening, Silvio Berlusconi publicly announced Forza Italia would not support an M5S-League government on a vote of confidence, but he would still maintain the centre-right alliance nonetheless, thus opening the doors to a possible majority government between the two parties.[49] On 13 May, the Five Star Movement and the League reached an agreement in principle on a program called "Contract for the government of change" ({{lang-it|Contratto per il governo del cambiamento}}),[50] likely clearing the way for the formation of a governing coalition between the two parties, but could not find an agreement regarding the members of a government cabinet, most importantly the prime minister. M5S and League leaders met with Italian President Sergio Mattarella on 14 May to guide the formation of a new government.[51] On their meeting with President Mattarella, both parties asked for an additional week of negotiations to agree on a detailed government program and a prime minister to lead the joint government. Both M5S and the League announced their intention to ask their respective members to vote on the government agreement by the weekend. On 17 May, the Five Star Movement and the League agreed to the details on the government program, officially clearing the way for a governing coalition between the two parties.[52] The final draft of their program was then published on 18 May.[53] On 18 May, 44,796 members of the Five Star Movement cast their vote online on the matter concerning the government agreement, with 42,274, more than 94%, voting in favour.[54][55] A second vote sponsored by the League then took place on 19 May and 20 May and was open to the general public.[56] On 20 May it was announced that approximately 215,000 Italian citizens had participated in the League election, with around 91 per cent supporting the government agreement.[57] On 21 May, the Five Star Movement and the League proposed law professor Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister.[58][59] On 23 May, Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace to receive the task of forming a new cabinet and was granted a mandate by Italian President Mattarella.[60][61] The next day, Conte held talks with all parties represented in Parliament. An impasse occurred over the League's nomination of Paolo Savona for Economy Minister, due to Savona's support for withdrawing Italy from the euro, presenting a risk for the country's economy. As a result, Savona was opposed by President Mattarella.[62][63][64] On 27 May, after days of negotiation and an ultimatum from Salvini and Di Maio regarding Savona, President Mattarella refused to approve the appointment of Savona as Finance Minister, and Conte gave up on the task of forming a government.[65] Cottarelli cabinetMattarella subsequently called Carlo Cottarelli to the Quirinal Palace on 28 May with the intention of giving him the task of forming a new government.[66] In the statement released after the designation, Cottarelli specified that, with a vote of confidence by the Parliament, he would pass a budget law for 2019, then have the Parliament dissolved and a new general election called for the beginning of 2019. On the other hand, without the confidence of Parliament, the government would deal only with "current affairs" and lead the country toward new elections after August 2018. Cottarelli also guaranteed the neutrality of his government and committed not to run in the next election.[67] He ensured a prudent management of Italian national debt and the defence of national interests through a constructive dialogue with the European Union.[68] On 28 May 2018, the Democratic Party announced that it would support a vote of confidence for Cottarelli, while the Five Star Movement and the centre-right parties (Forza Italia, Brothers of Italy, and the League) announced their opposition.[69][70] On 30 May 2018, Di Maio reversed his previous position, dropping a proposal of impeachment against President Mattarella, and formally announced his willingness to drop Paolo Savona from the previously proposed office of Minister of Economy in order to move him to a different and less sensitive government post; consequently, President Mattarella and Cottarelli jointly agreed on waiting for more time to help a new political agreement between M5S and the League featuring a Minister for Economy approved by the President of the Republic.[71] Final government agreementAfter these developments, on 31 May 2018 Di Maio, Salvini and presumptive Prime Minister Conte met in Rome to discuss a new list of government ministers. Later in the afternoon, all parties announced publicly that they have agreed upon the composition of a new government with Giuseppe Conte as Prime Minister and Professor Giovanni Tria newly proposed as Minister of Economy in place of Paolo Savona, who was instead destined to be the new Minister of European Affairs (a minister without portfolio); it was also confirmed national-conservative right wing party Brothers of Italy, led by Giorgia Meloni and League's ally in the March election, would abstain from voting (switching from their previous intention to be part of the opposition) in order to help the government formation even further.[72] Following this agreement, Cottarelli resigned from his mandate to form a government, and Conte was again formally invited by President Mattarella to form a government, which he promptly announced following his meeting at the Quirinal Palace.[73] The Conte Cabinet, with Di Maio and Salvini as joint deputy prime ministers, was formally sworn in on 1 June 2018. Investiture votesOn 5 June 2018, the Conte Cabinet was granted the confidence of the Senate by receiving 171 votes in favor and 117 votes against (25 senators abstained; 7 senators did not vote, among which 6 were absent).[74] Senators for life Elena Cattaneo, Mario Monti and Liliana Segre abstained while senators for life Carlo Rubbia, Renzo Piano and Giorgio Napolitano did not vote. On 6 June 2018, the Government of Change received the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies by receiving 350 votes in favor and 236 votes against (35 deputies abstained; 8 deputies did not vote, among which 5 were absent).[75]
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/elezioni-2018/notizie/elezioni-2018-exit-poll-risultati-proiezioni-spoglio-eb21387e-1ff1-11e8-a09a-92b478235f6f.shtml|title=Elezioni 2018: M5S primo partito, nel centrodestra la Lega supera FI|first=Alessandro|last=Sala|publisher=}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/04/news/risultati_elezioni_politiche_pd_centrodestra_m5s_fi_lega-190424815/?ref=RHPPTP-BL-I0-C12-P1-S1.12-T1|title=Elezioni politiche: vincono M5s e Lega. Crollo del Partito democratico. Centrodestra prima coalizione. Il Carroccio sorpassa Forza Italia|date=4 March 2018|publisher=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/24/news/gentiloni_dimissioni-192146653/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I0-C8-P1-S1.4-T1|title=Colle, Gentiloni si è dimesso da presidente del Consiglio: "Orgoglioso di aver servito l'Italia, grazie a tutto il governo"|date=24 March 2018|website=Repubblica.it|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/cronache/18_marzo_24/dimissioni-gentiloni-consultazioni-quirinale-ora-che-succede-ecfe0c68-2f63-11e8-8bb6-779994a184b2.shtml|title=Le dimissioni di Gentiloni, le consultazioni al Quirinale: ora che succede?|first=Dino|last=Martirano|website=Corriere.it|accessdate=10 April 2018}} 5. ^Jason Horowitz, [https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/31/world/europe/italy-government-populists.html Italy’s Populist Parties Win Approval to Form Government], New York Times (May 31, 2018). 6. ^Jamie McGeever, [https://www.reuters.com/article/global-economics-orthodoxy/rpt-column-populism-surge-intensifies-spotlight-on-economic-market-orthodoxy-mcgeever-idUSL5N1SV1O4 Populism surge intensifies spotlight on economic, market orthodoxy], Reuters (June 1, 2018). 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2018/03/16/lanalisi19-marzo-di-maio-si-apre-a-dialogo-colle-da-tempo-ma-a-luglio-e-deadline-_ae97affa-a37b-402e-a04a-f870ce8fe73f.html|title=L'analisi/19 marzo: Di Maio si apre a dialogo, Colle dà tempo ma a luglio è deadline - Politica|date=11 March 2018|publisher=}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43272700|title=Populists vie for power after Italy vote|date=5 March 2018|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsecoloxix.it/p/italia/2018/03/16/AC9tfZ8B-governo_ambasciatori_impasse.shtml|title=La possibile alleanza - Governo, verso l’intesa M5S-Lega: ambasciatori a lavoro, ma sulla Camera è impasse|publisher=}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.nzz.ch/international/italien-praesident-mattarella-will-neutrales-kabinett-ld.1384015|title=Italiens Staatspräsident Mattarella will ein «neutrales Kabinett» einsetzen|date=7 May 2018|publisher=Neue Zürcher Zeitung}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.suedtirolnews.it/italien/neuer-versuch-zu-kabinettbildung-in-rom|title=Neuer Versuch zu Kabinettbildung in Rom|date=31 May 2018|publisher=Südtirol News}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.schwaebische.de/ueberregional/politik_artikel,-so-k%C3%B6nnte-italiens-neue-regierung-aussehen-_arid,10867302.html|title=So könnte Italiens neue Regierung aussehen|date=10 May 2018|publisher=Schwäbische Zeitung}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/italien-sozialdemokraten-erwaegen-regierungskoalition-mit-fuenf-sterne-bewegung-a-1204617.html|title=Regierungsbildung in Italien: Sozialdemokraten erwägen Koalition mit Fünf-Sterne-Bewegung|date=24 April 2018|publisher=Spiegel Online}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.watson.ch/International/Italien/784366525-Hin-und-her-in-Italien--Sozialdemokraten-wollen-nun-doch-mit-Fuenf-Sterne-Bewegung-arbeiten|title=So versuchen die Sozialdemokraten zu verhindern, dass Italien von Rechten regiert wird|via=watson}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/italien-roemische-zwangsheirat-1.3960012|title=Römische Zwangsheirat|first=Oliver Meiler|last=Rom|date=28 April 2018|publisher=Süddeutsche Zeitung}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.salto.bz/de/article/24042018/der-naechste-bitte|title=Der Nächste bitte|date=24 April 2018|via=salto.bz}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2018/03/13/salvini-di-maio-governo-di-scopo/|title=Se un governo di scopo è l'unica strada per tutti|date=13 March 2018|via=Wired}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luzernerzeitung.ch/nachrichten/international/triumph-fuer-die-lega-daempfer-fuer-die-grillini;art9640,1244235|title=Triumph für die Lega – Dämpfer für die Grillini|via=Neue Luzerner Zeitung|date=1 May 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2018-03-05/terremoto-pd-renzi-si-dimette-salvini-la-lega-ha-vinto-e-guidera-governo-maio-dato-storico-112905.shtml?uuid=AECXiKBE|title=Salvini: "La Lega guiderà governo". Di Maio: "Inizia Terza Repubblica"|publisher=}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scoperatings.com/#search/research/detail/156112EN|title=Italian election points to policy uncertainty as support for anti-establishment rises|date=5 March 2018|website=Scope Ratings}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/speciali/politica/elezioni2018/2018/03/05/news/elezioni_2018_renzi_si_dimette-190497785/?ref=RHPPTP-BL-I0-C12-P1-S1.12-T1|title=Renzi: "Lascerò dopo nuovo governo. Pd all'opposizione". Ma è scontro nel partito: "Via subito"|date=5 March 2018|publisher=}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/english/18_marzo_08/renzi-resigns-and-hands-over-running-of-pd-to-martina-67d0d70e-22e9-11e8-a740-dc76cebf8197.shtml?refresh_ce-cp|title=Renzi resigns and hands over running of PD to Martina|date=8 March 2018|website=Corriere.it}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/03/12/news/direzione_pd_governo_elezioni_politiche_2018_matteo_renzi_mi_dimetto_ma_non_mollo_-191080532/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I0-C8-P1-S1.8-T1|title=Direzione Pd, Martina: "Governino Lega e M5s". Renzi assente: "Mi dimetto ma non mollo"|date=12 March 2018|website=Repubblica.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/italien-das-sind-die-ziele-der-populisten-salvini-und-di-maio-15481130-p2.html|title=Was die Populisten wirklich wollen|date=6 March 2018|publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-coalition-salvini-open-5stars/|title=Italy’s Salvini open to coalition with 5Stars|date=14 March 2018|work=POLITICO|accessdate=8 April 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2018/04/11/di-battista-berlusconi-il-male-assoluto-del-nostro-paese-italia-repubblica-fondata-sul-ricatto-politico/4286955/|title=Di Battista: "Berlusconi è il male assoluto del nostro Paese". Forza Italia: "Ignobile, M5s lo condanni" - Il Fatto Quotidiano|date=11 April 2018|website=Ilfattoquotidiano.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.corriere.it/politica/18_aprile_05/finito-primo-giro-consultazioni-cosa-sappiamo-da59dc38-38e4-11e8-88e7-5b815ecb2975.shtml |title= Cosa sappiamo dopo il primo giro di consultazioni |author= Marco Castelnuovo |website= Corriere.it}} 28. ^1 {{Cite web |url= http://www.dw.com/en/five-star-movement-m5s-courts-democratic-party-pd-for-italian-coalition/a-43291746 |title= Five Star Movement (M5S) courts Democratic Party (PD) for Italian coalition {{!}} DW {{!}} 7 April 2018 |last= (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche Welle |website= DW.COM |accessdate= 8 April 2018}} 29. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.democratica.com/focus/martina-rosato-giachetti-pd-opposizione/ |title=La linea non cambia, il Pd si prepara all'opposizione |via= democratica.com |date=1 April 2018 }} 30. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ansa.it/english/news/politics/2018/04/18/casellati-set-forexploratory-mandate-2_4fbe2c28-1ae7-4274-8662-fdc47da8713b.html |title= Casellati set for 'exploratory' mandate |date= 18 April 2018 |website= ANSA}} 31. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.apnews.com/42a5ef4be4bb4371b6eafc8d71df5529 |title= Italy president taps Berlusconi ally to try to break impasse |website= Apnews.com |accessdate=3 June 2018}} 32. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/casellati-ci-sono-spunti-lultimo-tentativo-fallisce-1517815.html#/regionali/tempo-reale/1 |title= Casellati: "Ci sono spunti". Ma l'ultimo tentativo fallisce |website= Ilgiornale.it |accessdate=3 June 2018}} 33. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.ft.com/content/a478c4a2-4312-11e8-803a-295c97e6fd0b |publisher=The Financial Times |language=English |accessdate=18 April 2018 |date=18 April 2018 |title=Italian president makes fresh push to form government}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/04/23/news/roberto_fico_presidente_camera_m5s_quirinale_incarico_esplorativo_sergio_mattarella_nuovo_governo-194633653/?ref=RHPPLF-BL-I0-C8-P1-S1.8-T1|title=Mandato a Fico per governo Pd-M5s. Mattarella: "Ho atteso, ma novità Lega-5 Stelle non sono venute"|date=23 April 2018|website=Repubblicca.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/18_aprile_23/governo-mattarella-affida-fico-mandato-esplorativo-mirato-bc7248d6-4708-11e8-a25d-1013070b91d4_preview.shtml?reason=unauthenticated&cat=1&cid=wPr2OCgw&pids=FR&origin=http://www.corriere.it/politica/18_aprile_23/governo-mattarella-affida-fico-mandato-esplorativo-mirato-bc7248d6-4708-11e8-a25d-1013070b91d4.shtml|title=Mattarella affida a Fico un mandato esplorativo mirato|website=Corriere.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 36. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-23/center-right-ahead-in-molise-amid-italian-government-impasse|title=Italy Picks New Mediator in Search for Government Majority|last=|first=|date=|website=Bllomberg|archive-url=|archivedate=|dead-url=|accessdate=24 April 2018}} 37. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/04/24/news/dialogo_pd-m5s_il_dem_marcucci_non_sono_ottimista_ma_sorprese_possibili_-194675948/|title=Di Maio: "Ogni discorso con la Lega è chiuso". Martina apre: "Disponibili al dialogo"|date=24 April 2018}} 38. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2018/04/24/dario-franceschini-m5s/|title=Dario Franceschini dice che il governo PD-M5S è «l’ultima speranza»|date=24 April 2018}} 39. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2018/04/26/consultazione-pd-m5s/|title=A che punto siamo: PD e M5S si parlano|date=26 April 2018}} 40. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2018-04/italien-regierungsbildung-fuenf-sterne-bewegung-luigi-di-maio-sergio-mattarella-parlament-verhandlungen|title=Fünf-Sterne-Bewegung fordert Neuwahlen|last=|first=|website=Zeit|date=30 April 2018}} 41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/italien-fuenf-sterne-bewegung-ruft-zu-neuwahlen-auf-a-1205558.html|title=Fünf-Sterne-Bewegung verlangt Neuwahlen|last=|first=|website=Spiegel Online|date=30 April 2018}} 42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nachrichten.at/nachrichten/politik/aussenpolitik/Ratlosigkeit-in-Rom-Sind-Neuwahlen-noetig;art391,2885130|title=Ratlosigkeit in Rom: Sind Neuwahlen nötig?|last=|first=|website=OÖNachrichten|date=2 May 2018}} 43. ^Tecné s.r.l., Gli scenari all'indomani delle elezioni politiche. 5 April 2018. http://www.sondaggipoliticoelettorali.it/ 44. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/07/sergio-mattarella-italian-president-neutral-government |publisher= The Guardian |accessdate= 9 May 2018 |date=7 May 2018 |title= Italian president says 'neutral' government should lead until end of year}} 45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/ausland/2018-05/italien-staatspraesident-erklaert-regierungsbildung-fuer-gescheitert|title=Staatspräsident erklärt Regierungsbildung für gescheitert|last=|first=|website=DIE ZEIT|date=7 May 2018}} 46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/italien-regierungsbildung-ist-gescheitert-italien-steht-vor-neuwahlen/21253934.html|title=Regierungsbildung ist gescheitert – Italien steht vor Neuwahlen|last=|first=|website=Handelsblatt|date=7 May 2018}} 47. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/call-by-italian-president-for-neutral-government-hits-opposition-idUSKBN1I81GQ|title=Call by Italian president for 'neutral' government hits opposition|last=Giorgio|first=Massimiliano Di|agency=Reuters|accessdate=7 May 2018}} 48. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.ft.com/content/b253e5a4-53a0-11e8-b3ee-41e0209208ec |publisher=Financial Times |accessdate= 9 May 2018 |date=9 May 2018 |title= Italy’s populist parties given 24 hours to avert fresh elections}} 49. ^{{cite news |work= Repubblica.it |url= http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/09/news/governo_salvini_ci_provero_fino_all_ultimo_-195890439/ |publisher= La Repubblica |accessdate= 9 May 2018 |date=9 May 2018 |title= Governo M5S-Lega, Berlusconi: nessun veto all'intesa ma no alla fiducia |language= it}} 50. ^{{cite web|title=Summary of the contract for the government of change in Italy|url=https://www.ilblogdellestelle.it/2018/05/summary_of_the_contract_for_the_government_of_change_in_italy.html|website=Il blog delle stelle|accessdate=2018-05-07}} 51. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/italys-populist-5-star-league-parties-reach-deal-on-government-program-2018-05-13|publisher=MarketWatch|date=13 May 2018|title=Italy’s populist 5 Star, League parties reach deal on government program}} 52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/italy-politics/rpt-update-1-italian-parties-agree-basis-for-government-deal-say-no-threat-to-euro-idUSL5N1SO4PU|title=Italian parties agree government program, say no threat to euro|first=Giuseppe|last=Fonte|agency=Reuters|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20180518-italy-5-star-movement-league-publish-anti-austerity-government-programme|title=Italy's 5-Star Movement and League publish anti-austerity government programme - France 24|date=18 May 2018|website=France24.com|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 54. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20180519/italy-awaits-pm-nominee-after-populists-unveil-government-programme|title=Italy awaits PM nominee after populists unveil government programme|date=19 May 2018|website=Thelocal.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italys-5-star-members-back-coalition-program-with-league-in-online-vote-idUSKCN1IJ2KQ?il=0|title=Italy's 5-star members back coalition program with League in online...website=Reuters.com|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 56. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-18/league-gives-all-italians-a-chance-to-vote-on-coalition-program|title=Italy's Populist League Gives Public a Say on Coalition Program|date=18 May 2018|accessdate=3 June 2018|website=Bloomberg.com}} 57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics-ballot/italians-back-league-5-star-plan-as-groups-ready-government-team-idUSKCN1IL07X|title=Italians back League, 5-Star plan as groups ready government team|first=Giulia|last=Segreti|agency=Reuters|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 58. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-44197351|title=Italy populists name PM candidate|date=2018-05-21|publisher=BBC News|access-date=2018-05-22|language=en-GB}} 59. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italys-5-star-league-to-seek-presidents-backing-on-government-pm-idUSKCN1IM0R4|title=Italian president hesitates as novice put forward as premier|authors=Massimiliano Di Giorgio & Steve Scherer|agency=Reuters|access-date=2018-05-21|language=en-US}} 60. ^{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-populists-premier-presidential-mandate-55386036|title=The Latest: Premier-designate confirms Italy's place in EU|website=ABC News|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/23/news/governo_conte_torna_in_bilico_tempi_piu_lunghi_mattarella_vuole_riflettere-197118162/?ref=RHPPLF-BL-I0-C8-P1-S1.8-T1|title=Di Battista all'attacco di Mattarella: "Non si opponga agli italiani". La lunga giornata del Colle|date=23 May 2018|website=Repubblica.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 62. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/27/italy-president-under-pressure-to-accept-euroskeptic-minister.html |publisher=CNBC |accessdate=27 May 2018 |date=27 May 2018 |title=Italy president under pressure to accept euroskeptic minister}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/Continua.aspx?tipo=Discorso&key=833|title=Il sito ufficiale della Presidenza della Repubblica|first=Segretariato generale della Presidenza della Repubblica-Servizio sistemi informatici- reparto|last=web|website=Quirinale|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/27/news/governo_conte_mattarella_savona-197450521/|title=Governo, il giorno della rinuncia di Conte. Ecco come è fallita la trattativa su Savona|date=27 May 2018|website=Repubblica.it|accessdate=3 June 2018}} 65. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44275010 |publisher=BBC News|accessdate=27 May 2018 |date=27 May 2018 |title=Italy PM-designate Conte gives up bid for government}} 66. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/governo-carlo-cottarelli-convocato-al-colle-lunedi-mattina_3142574-201802a.shtml |publisher=TGCom |accessdate=27 May 2018 |date=27 May 2018 |title=Governo, Carlo Cottarelli convocato al Colle lunedì mattina |language=Italian}} 67. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/18_maggio_28/cottarelli-accetta-formare-governo-la-fiducia-voto-2019-senza-agosto-5a649d4e-6263-11e8-bb5f-63b58f0e7bef_preview.shtml?reason=unauthenticated&cat=1&cid=KOadB0SR&pids=FR&origin=http://www.corriere.it/politica/18_maggio_28/cottarelli-accetta-formare-governo-la-fiducia-voto-2019-senza-agosto-5a649d4e-6263-11e8-bb5f-63b58f0e7bef.shtml|title=Cottarelli accetta di formare il governo: con la fiducia al voto nel 2019, senza dopo agosto|last=Online|first=Redazione|work=Corriere della Sera|access-date=2018-05-29|language=it-IT}} 68. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/politica/2018/05/28/mattarella-contro-lintolleranza-fedelta-a-democrazia-_41bb3f5f-bf73-4c20-9c18-189e789d57f6.html|title=Governo, Mattarella dà l'incarico. Cottarelli: 'Senza fiducia elezioni dopo agosto' - Politica|date=2018-05-28|work=ANSA.it|access-date=2018-05-29|language=it}} 69. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/28/news/salvini_se_berlusconi_lo_vota_addio_alleanza_-197549039/?ref=RHPPTP-BH-I0-C12-P2-S1.12-T2|title=Berlusconi: "No alla fiducia e centrodestra unito al voto". Ma Salvini: "Alleanza con Fi? Ci penserò"|date=2018-05-28|work=Repubblica.it|access-date=2018-05-29|language=it}} 70. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/28/news/franceschini_pd_renzi_martina-197570543/?ref=RHPPTP-BH-I0-C12-P2-S1.12-T1|title=Pd, Martina: "Fiducia a Cottarelli". Renzi: "Salviamo il Paese". E i dem: manifestazione nazionale a Roma il 1° giugno|date=2018-05-28|work=Repubblica.it|access-date=2018-05-29|language=it}} 71. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/30/head-of-italys-m5s-rekindles-negotiations-to-form-a-government |title=Italian president gives populists more time to form government |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=31 May 2018 |date=30 May 2018}} 72. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/italy-election-latest-five-star-league-party-matteo-salvini-luigi-di-maio-giuseppe-conte-a8378106.html |publisher=Independent |accessdate=1 June 2018 |date=31 May 2018 |title=Italy election: Leaders of League and Five Star Movement say 'all conditions met' for government deal }} 73. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/31/italys-populist-leaders-strike-deal-resurrect-coalition |publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=1 June 2018 |date=31 May 2018 |title=Populist government to be sworn in as Italy's political deadlock ends }} 74. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.senato.it/japp/bgt/showdoc/0/hotresaula/0/0/index.html?part=doc_dc-ressten_rs|title=Resoconto stenografico della seduta n. 009 del 05/06/2018 (Definitivo)|date=5 June 2018|website=Senato della Repubblica Italiana|language=Italian|accessdate=6 June 2018}} 75. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.camera.it/leg18/410?idSeduta=0012&tipo=stenografico#sed0012.stenografico.tit00060.sub00030|title=Resoconto stenografico dell'Assemblea Seduta n. 12 di mercoledì 6 giugno 2018 (Definitivo)|date=6 June 2018|website=Camera dei Deputati|language=Italian|accessdate=6 June 2018}} 3 : April 2018 events in Italy|Cabinet formation|May 2018 events in Italy |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。