| 词条 | 2018 Northern Syria border clashes |
| 释义 |
|conflict=2018 northern Syria border clashes |partof=the Rojava conflict, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (2015–present) |image=Combined Joint U.S., Turkey Patrols.jpg |image_size= |caption=Joint patrols by the United States Armed Forces and the Turkish Land Forces, conducted in November 2018 to prevent further clashes in northern Syria. |date=31 October – 6 November 2018 ({{Age in months, weeks and days|year1=2018|month1=10|day1=31|year2=2018|month2=11|day2=7}}) |place= Northern Syria
|status=Indecisive
|territory= |result= |combatant1={{flag|Turkey}} |combatant2={{flagdeco|Rojava}} Democratic Federation of Northern Syria
|commander1= {{flagdeco|Turkey}} Hulusi Akar (Minister of Defense) |commander2= Unknown |units1= |units2={{flagdeco|Rojava}} Rojava
|strength1= |strength2= |casualties1= 1 troop transport[3] |casualties2= 5 killed[4] |casualties3= 1 civilian killed[4] | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Syrian Civil War}}{{Campaignbox Rojava Revolution}} }} The 2018 Northern Syria Border Clashes began on 31 October 2018 when the Turkish Armed Forces began to shell People's Protection Units (YPG) positions near the cities of Kobani and Tell Abyad as well as surrounding villages. Turkey views YPG as an extension of the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which has been waging an insurgency in Turkey for over 40 years. BackgroundIt has been speculated the operation by Turkey may be done to relocate Hayat Tahrir al-Sham and al-Qaeda elements from Idlib in light of the demilitarization agreement between Russia and Turkey. Salih Muslim, the former co-chairman of the Democratic Union Party, has also claimed that Russia and Turkey were plotting to send Jihadists to fight against Kurdish forces in Syria through the agreement.[5] On 30 October 2018, Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar said to a public gathering prior to the operation, "The plan is to remove the YPG, collect their heavy weaponry and finally allow the real Manbij people to be in full control of their city."[6] ClashesThe Turkish military reported that four Kurdish militiamen were killed and another six were injured in the shelling of YPG positions.[7] The Syrian Democratic Forces claimed that the attack had temporarily halted operations against ISIL near the Iraqi border. The Syrian Democratic Forces also claimed that Turkish strikes were not limited to Kobani, but surrounding areas along the Syrian-Turkish border held by Rojava. On 30 October 2018, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan vowed to clear the Eastern Euphrates region of Kurdish militias, while on 29 October Turkish forces had bombarded YPG positions along the Euphrates river.[8] In response to the attack, the SDF redeployed multiple units from the Deir Ez Zor region to confront the Turkish forces.[9] In retaliation, the YPG claimed to have destroyed a Turkish vehicle and released a video of the attack;[10] however, the claim has not been acknowledged by the Turkish government.[11] A Turkish military vehicle fired at the border station in the town of Tell Abyad, leaving one dead from the SDF's Self-Defense Forces.[12] With the US holding positive relations with both Turkey and the Syrian Democratic Forces, an American military delegation reportedly arrived in Tell Abyad to attempt to mediate between the two parties to attempt to resolve the conflict.[13] On 1 November 2018, the Turkish military attacked Kobani with helicopters as well as howitzers in preparation for an offensive[14] and has coordinated plans for an offensive with allied opposition groups based in Afrin.[15] Clashes continued with sporadic shelling and on 6 November Turkey targeted the town of Ras al-Ayn, a major YPG supply point.[16] AftermathOn 21 November, United States Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis announced the U.S. will set up new observation posts along the Turkish border in northern Syria in order to reduce similar incidences between Turkish forces and Kurdish militants in the region. The endeavor is seen as a way of easing tensions between the two NATO allies and doesn't require additional U.S. troops to be deployed to Syria.[17] The move is slightly controversial due to U.S. lawmakers voicing concerns over mission creep in Syria in recent weeks and months.[18] A total of three observation posts were to be set up in Tal Abyad and two in Kobani. The first Tal Abyad post was completed on 27 November.[19] Three total observation posts were established by 12 December. "The positions were clearly marked and any force attacking them would definitely know they are attacking the United States", said a US official.[20] On 12 December 2018, the Turkish government announced it would begin operations against Rojava "in a few days" in an apparent rebuke of US efforts at ensuring Turkish border security in the area.[21] In response, the Pentagon said that any unilateral military action taken in northern Syria, where US forces are operating, would be "unacceptable."[22] However, several days later the US announced the withdrawal of their troops from Syria, after which Turkey postponed the planned attack.[23] On 25 December, the SDF handed over the town of Arima west of Manbij to troops of the Syrian government.[24] Through 27-28 December, the Manbij Military Council had invited Syrian troops to enter Manbij in order to ward off a future Turkish advance. Syrian forces gradually deployed to the surrounding countryside as American troops continued to patrol inside the city and along the contact lines with the Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army, whose units continued to deploy and mobilize along the Manbij frontier.[25] Following criticism of the planned withdrawal of their troops, on 6 January the US imposed the security of their Kurdish-led allies as a condition for the withdrawal.[26] References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/turkish-military-attacks-kurdish-forces-in-northern-raqqa-amid-reports-of-new-offensive-east-of-euphrates/|title=Turkish military attacks Kurdish forces in northern Raqqa amid reports of new offensive east of Euphrates|date=31 October 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Aboufadel}} {{Syrian Civil War}}2. ^https://en.muraselon.com/2018/11/eastern-euphrates-kurdish-militia-us/ 3. ^http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/311020182 4. ^1 http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=106218 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/turkeys-erdogan-has-grand-plans-for-al-qaedas-syrian-spin-off|title=Turkey’s Erdogan Has Grand Plans for al Qaeda’s Syrian Spin-Off|first=Ahmet|last=Yayla|date=8 October 2018|publisher=The Daily Beast}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/kurds-in-syria-we-have-right-to-respond-to-turkish-attacks-/4637931.html|title=Kurds in Syria: We Have Right to Respond to Turkish Attacks|first=Sirwan|last=Kajjo|publisher=Voice of America|date=31 October 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.beloitdailynews.com/article/20181031/AP/310319893|title=Turkish military again shells Kurdish positions in Syria|date=31 October 2018|publisher=Associated Press}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey/turkish-forces-shell-northern-syria-kurdish-led-force-responds-idUSKCN1N51KO|title=Turkish Forces Shell Northern Syria, Kurdish-Led Force Responds|date=31 October 2018|publisher=Reuters}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/eastern-euphrates-under-daesh-threat-again-as-sdf-troops-forced-to-confront-turkish-military-in-northern-syria/|title=Eastern Euphrates under Daesh threat again as SDF troops forced to confront Turkish military in northern Syria|date=31 October 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Aboufadel}} 10. ^https://twitter.com/defenseunits/status/1057598043598606336?s=21 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-us-backed-forces-claim-turkish-military-vehicle-destroyed-in-retaliatory-attack/|title=Breaking: US-backed forces claim Turkish military vehicle destroyed in retaliatory attack|date=31 October 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Aboufadel}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hawarnews.com/ar/haber/d8a7d984d8a7d8add8aad984d8a7d984-d8a7d984d8aad8b1d983d98a-d98ad8b3d8aad987d8afd981-d983d8b1d98a-d8b3d8a8d98a-d987d8b0d987-d8a7d984d985d8b1d8a9-d988d8a7d8b3d8aad8b4d987d8a7d8af-d985d982d8a7d8aad984-h9764.html|title=الاحتلال التركي يستهدف كري سبي هذه المرة واستشهاد مقاتل - ANHA - وكالة أنباء هاوار|publisher=Hawar News Agency}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://syriadirect.org/news/fighting-between-turkish-army-kurdish-led-forces-in-northeast-syria-continues-despite-american-efforts-to-de-escalate/|title=Fighting between Turkish army, Kurdish-led forces in northeast Syria continues despite American efforts to de-escalate|website=Syria Direct|date=31 October 2018|author1=Mohammad Abdulssattar Ibrahim|author2=Alice Al Maleh}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/turkish-military-ups-the-ante-in-northern-syria-with-new-attack-on-ypg-stronghold/|title=Turkish military ups the ante in northern Syria with new attack on YPG stronghold|date=1 November 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Aboufadel}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/turkish-intelligence-informs-rebels-to-get-ready-for-battle-east-of-euphrates-monitor/|title=Turkish intelligence informs rebels to get ready for battle east of Euphrates: monitor|date=2 November 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Aboufadel}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-turkish-army-attacks-ypg-forces-in-northwest-al-hasakah/|title=Turkish Army attacks YPG forces in northwest Al-Hasakah|date=6 November 2018|publisher=Al-Masdar News|author=Leith Aboufadel}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/211120182|title=US to establish observation posts on Syria-Turkey border: Mattis|work=Rudaw Media Network|date=21 November 2018}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/11/21/the-us-military-is-putting-brand-new-observation-posts-in-northern-syria/|title=The US military is putting brand new observation posts in northern Syria|date=21 November 2018}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/d1868d74-26e6-4609-917d-325b8f1d9a21|title=Kurdistan 24 captures completion of first US observation post on Syria-Turkey border|work=Kurdistan 24|date=27 November 2018}} 20. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey/turkey-to-launch-operation-against-u-s-backed-kurds-in-syria-in-a-few-days-idUSKBN1OB18J Turkey to launch operation against U.S.-backed Kurds in Syria 'in a few days'] 21. ^https://m.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Turkey-will-start-operation-east-of-Euphrates-in-Syria-in-a-few-days-574135 22. ^{{cite news|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-pentagon/unilateral-military-action-into-northeast-syria-unacceptable-pentagon-idUSKBN1OB2WC|date=12 December 2018|title=Unilateral military action into northeast Syria 'unacceptable': Pentagon}} 23. ^{{cite news|work=Hürriyet Daily News|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-to-delay-operation-east-of-euphrates-in-syria-erdogan-139924|date=21 December 2018|title=Turkey to clear Syria of both YPG, ISIL: Erdoğan}} 24. ^{{cite news|publisher=Al-Masdar News|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-kurdish-forces-handover-town-near-manbij-to-syrian-army/|title=Breaking: Kurdish forces handover town near Manbij to Syrian Army|date=25 December 2018}} 25. ^US-led coalition says no Syrian troops in Manbij 26. ^{{cite news|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/01/06/world/middleeast/ap-united-states-syria.html|title=Trump Adviser: US to Leave Syria Once IS Beaten, Kurds Safe|date=6 January 2019|accessdate=7 January 2019}} 7 : Conflicts in 2018|Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War in 2018|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the People's Protection Units|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving Turkey|Euphrates Region|Military operations of the Syrian Civil War involving the Syrian Democratic Forces |
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