“Vauxhall Astra”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Vauxhall Astra is a small family car that has been built by Vauxhall since 1979. For its first two generations, the nameplate was applied to right-hand drive versions of the Opel Kadett for use in the UK. Since 1991, Opel has used the Astra nameplate on its B/C-platform. General Motors' Saturn division in the United States of America also offered a Belgian-built^[2] version of the Astra as a captive import from late 2007 until Saturn was discontinued following GM's 2010 bankruptcy.

First generation (1979-1984)

The Astra name originated with the Vauxhall-badged version of the first front-wheel drive Opel Kadett, which had been launched in 1979 as the Opel Kadett D. This model, which went on sale in March 1980, replaced the Vauxhall Viva in the UK. The last rear-wheel drive Kadett had also formed the basis of the Vauxhall Chevette, which remained in production until 1984. The Astra was Vauxhall's first model to have front wheel drive. Not all trim levels were available with all body styles. Confusingly in the British market, both the Kadett D and the Astra were sold alongside each other until the consolidation of Opel and Vauxhall dealerships in the early 1980s, when the Opel badged versions were phased out.

Production began at Opel's West German plant at Bochum in August 1979, with British deliveries of the Opel Kadett commencing in November 1979, four months before the Vauxhall-badged versions were launched.

The overhead-camshaft engine (not 1200) was a huge leap forward from the earlier generation of small engines used in Vauxhall and Opel cars in terms of power, economy and refinement. It was initially available in 1300 and 1600 forms, and later an 1800 fuel-injected version was added, used in the Mk 1 Astra GTE model, introduced in 1983. This version of the Astra was an alternative to the Ford Escort XR3, Volkswagen Golf GTI and Fiat Strada 105TC.

The car featured a new unified engine for Vauxhall/Opel, featuring an all-aluminium head, overhead camshaft and hydraulic valve lifters, and it quickly became popular with buyers. A 1200 cc version which used the older Opel OHV engine was also available.

There were three body styles for the first generation Astra: hatchback, saloon, and estate, all available with two or four side doors. The saloons were styled exactly like the hatchbacks, except for a different rear window above a boot lid; from the side they looked almost indistinguishable from the hatchback, with no protruding notch at the rear. The saloon version was replaced by the Belmont saloon based on the Astra MK2 in early 1986.

The white 1800GTE was the first UK car to be 'colour-coded' with body trim that matched the base colour of the car, this included wheel arch extensions, front side and rear lower skirts, mirror covers, bumpers and even the alloy wheels were painted white. The black, silver and red versions of the GTE also had colour-coding but had the more conventional black bumpers and silver painted alloy wheels.

There was also a van version which was badged the Bedford Astravan—the Bedford brand at that time being used for GM's commercial vehicles in Britain. Unlike the previous Opel T-Car, no Coupé was offered.

Early versions of the Astra were imported from the Opel factories in Germany and Belgium, with production beginning at Vauxhall's Ellesmere Port plant on 16 November 1981.

Sales of this first Astra were strong, and gave Vauxhall a much-needed boost in the small family car sector after several years of declining sales with the Viva HC. It soon overtook the Austin Allegro as Britain's second most popular small family car, although it was still a long way behind the Ford Escort in terms of sales success.

The original Astra was awarded What Car?s: 'Car of the Year' for 1980. However, it was pipped to the European Car of the Year award by the Lancia Delta.^[3]

Second generation (1984–1991)

The Mark 2 Astra was launched on 17 October 1984.^[4] It used the same range of engines and running gear as the Mark 1, but with a completely restyled body with better aerodynamics. It was voted 1985 European Car of the Year.

Long-lived, the Mark 2 was available in estate, hatchback, saloon and cabriolet versions. The saloon was launched in January 1986 and sold as the Vauxhall Belmont; this trend to brand saloon models independently of hatchbacks was also used by other manufacturers of the period, with examples including the Ford Orion and the Volkswagen Jetta. However, this strategy was mostly unsuccessful, as this was Vauxhall's only attempt at badging its hatchback-based saloon as a separate model, and Ford rebadged its Orion range as Escorts in September 1993.

In 1987 a special one off "design exercise" based on a 1986 1.8 GTE was built by the Ellesmere Port factory to celebrate its 25th (Silver) Anniversary. The Astra GTE "Quicksilver" was first shown at the British International Motor show in 1987 and displayed in the Ellesmere Port showroom throughout the Plant's "Silver Anniversary" year.

The Mark 2 Astra sold well in the UK, and although it was never able to outsell the Ford Escort, it came closer than any other similar-sized car to achieving this.{{citation required|date=August 2018}}

In 2005, a survey found the two most stolen cars in Britain to be the Vauxhall Belmont and the Vauxhall Astra Mark 2, with more than 1 in 13 Belmonts stolen.^[8]

Was available in South Africa as the Opel Kadette (5-dr) and Opel Monza (4-dr) with 1.4, 1.6, 1.6i. 1.8. 1.8i and finally 2.0 and 2.0i motors. The Opel Monza 160Gsi was South Africas car of the year and top-selling vehicle in 1991.{{citation required|date=August 2018}}

Astra GTE

Soon after the Mark 2 Astra was launched, they introduced the GTE using a 1.8-litre 115 bhp lifted from the Mark 1 GTE, but this was quickly dropped in favour of a 124 bhp 2.0 litre unit due to poorer than expected performance.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} All GTE models featured an all electronic dash with digital speedometer.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} Analogue instruments were an optional extra, but were very rarely selected over the digital dash.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} In 1988 Vauxhall's twin-camshaft version of the engine, the C20XE known as the "red top" (due to the red spark plug cover), was fitted to the GTE and instantly created a stir with the motoring press because of its performance.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} When this engine was originally released in Europe and the UK it developed 156 bhp and 150 ft lbs of torque in standard form.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} A few years later the GTE 16v, now subject to stricter emissions regulations, was fitted with a catalytic converter and a new exhaust manifold, which robbed the engine of 6 bhp, and 5 ft lbs of torque, and added .5 of a second to the 0-60 mph time, raising it from 7.0 seconds to 7.5 seconds.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} In 1990 the "leather edition" limited-edition was launched, and an allocation of around 250 examples sold only through London dealerships.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} This special edition came with Bordeaux paint work, and crossed spoke alloy wheels.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} It was also known as the "London Edition" and featured in a single sheet brochure printed in April 1990.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} Between the brochure being printed, and the time they hit the road the "Leather Edition" acquired some extra dealer fit decals to help them stand out further from the standard 16 valve GTE.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} These decals comprise a small three colour flash on the tail gate next to the GTE badge, and the same colours under the bumper strips on the sides near the rear arch.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} A silver strip was also added adjacent to this.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} The colours used were that of the GM racing teams, and once fitted these cars also became known as the "Champion" Edition.{{citation required|date=August 2018}} They came with Recaro seats and door cards clad in Connolly Leather.{{citation required|date=August 2018}}

Third generation (1991–1998)

Released in 1991, the Mark 3 model was essentially an evolution of the Mark 2, rather than a redesign{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}.

While Vauxhall had retained the Astra name, this generation was the first to be called Astra by Opel (succeeding the Kadett E), and the first to also be sold by Holden. It was offered as a three or five-door hatchback, a saloon, and an estate. A cabriolet was also offered, designed and built by Bertone.

The Astra was sold as a Holden first in New Zealand in 1995, and then in Australia in 1996. The first models were imported from the UK, then later from Belgium. The Holden Astra nameplate was originally placed on a rebadged Nissan Pulsar, first sold in Australia in 1984.

The Astra F consisted of two main revisions and was revised in 1994, with the launch of Opel's new Ecotec engine. For a short period, a submodel which consisted of parts from both revisions was produced. The submodel used all the new Ecotec running gear, but many parts from the previous revision were used in order to use up leftover parts. Other main changes included mildly-altered exterior styling - featuring Vauxhall's new corporate 'V' front grille first seen on the 1994 Omega, a smoked grey trim panel available on all cars on the rear tailgate to smooth over the protruding rear lamp clusters, and availability of new specification models.

Aside from the South Africa-only 200TS, the lead model was the 3-door only GSi, powered by either the same 2.0 engine found in the Mk2, or a new 1.8 16v petrol injected model with {{convert|124|bhp|abbr=on}}. It also featured sports bodykit and interior. The GSi ceased production in 1994 but was reintroduced in 1997, with the engine being replaced with a lower-powered but more modern 'Ecotec' version (2.0 16v with 134 bhp) the bodykit was slightly altered on these models - a longer rear spoiler with integrated brake light, fluted side skirts, a bonnet without vents, and removal of the GSi16v badging from the bumper and tailgate (replaced by the later chrome effect Vauxhall Astra 2.0 16v badging). The second phase GSi's had air conditioning (and no sunroof) available as an option.

In common with other car manufacturers, the early 1990s saw Vauxhall featuring safety as a selling point, and beginning to incorporate many new safety features into cheaper family cars that were previously only found on expensive luxury saloons. The Mark 3 Astra was one of the first such cars, being introduced ahead of the Volkswagen Golf and Ford Mondeo, two other cars with a similar new-found focus on safety. So, the Mark 3 saw the introduction of twin side impact bars, a toughened safety cage, a safely-designed steering wheel (with collapsible columns) and 'body-lock' mechanical front seat-belt pre-tensioners. After the first face-lift full-size drivers air bags became optional or standard (depending on the model). Crash tests by consumers association (as featured by BBC's Watchdog show in 1992) and also by ADAC and Auto Express showed that the Mark 3 Astra protected better in crashes than most rivals of its time.

In the UK, Vauxhall offered the following trim levels (and in some cases, engine size):

In later Sport and GSi models (from 1995 onwards) Lotus Sprung Suspension was used to give better ride. The Sport models essentially replaced the GSi cars in 1994/1995 due a drop in sales due to sharply rising insurance prices.

The Pacific special edition was a model that featured a complete Irmscher body styling package with 15" Cesaro wheels from the Mark 3 Cavalier.

Fourth generation (1998–2006)

Released in 1998, the MK4 addressed many of the criticisms of the MK3 in the UK with greatly improved ride and handling. The growing emphasis on safety was also reflected in greater body rigidity, resulting in a Euro NCAP 4 star crash test rating, considered excellent for its time.

In the UK the MK4 Astra was available with a range of 16v Ecotec engines as well some 8v units. The 8v unit was refined during the model's life however, with the Z16SE offering good all round performance compared with its higher insurance 16v equivalent. In addition to the standard hatchback, the MK4 also had a popular choice of the coupé and convertible, both released in 2000. Although it was replaced in 2004 by the MK5, variants of the model continued for a while afterwards, 5-door hatchbacks were sold until mid-2005 with a reduced range, while the coupe, convertible and Astravan models continued into 2006. This was available in four petrol engine types:

Fifth generation (2004–2010)

The Astra Mark V or H was first launched in early 2004 as a five-door hatchback, which by the end of the year was joined by a five-door estate and a sporty three-door hatchback called the Sport Hatch in the UK. The Sport Hatch had the option of a "panoramic windscreen" (unique for a production car at the time of its launch) which extended the windscreen into the roof area.

The main variants were Life, Club, Design, SXi, SRi, Elite, and the flagship VXR (Sport Hatch only), which had 240 bhp. However, special edition models included Active, Energy, Breeze and VXR Nurburgring. The latter was only available in white with a distinctive black (and white) chequered stripe across the bonnet, roof & tailgate.

The Petrol Models included 1.4 90 bhp, 1.6 105 bhp or 115 bhp, 1.8 140 bhp, 1.6 Turbo and 2.0 litre Turbo (VXR).

The Diesel Models included 1.3 90 bhp, 1.7 with either 80 or 100 bhp and 1.9 with either 120 or 150 bhp.

All Diesel models feature the initials CDTI and the majority of engines have 16 valves.

From 2006 the TwinTop 2-door coupé convertible was available in the Vauxhall Astra range, having already been a variant on the Tigra.

The Astra Mark V was also the first Astra to feature a Euro NCAP 5 star crash test rating.

The five-door Astra was replaced in late 2009 (although various models were still available throughout 2010), while the three-door Sport Hatch wasn't replaced until late 2011.

This was the last Astra to include an Astravan variant, production ceased in 2013 and was effectively replaced by the Fiat Doblo-based Combo van.

Sixth generation (2009–2015)

The Vauxhall Astra Mark 6 was officially unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show and has been available to purchase since late 2009.^[9] The principal manufacturing plant for the latest Astra (though not for its Zafira sibling) is at Ellesmere Port enabling the manufacturer to benefit from sterling depreciation with this model. Design has been a major consideration in the development of new Vauxhall Astra and the car is heavily influenced by the Vauxhall Insignia.

Despite being more expensive than the Astra H, the Astra J has been a strong sales success in the UK, where it was the best- selling car in June 2010 with well over 10,000 sales - outselling its crucial rival the Ford Focus by nearly 50%. This, however, was at a time when production of the Mk2 Focus was being scaled back prior to the launch of a new MK3 model in early 2011.^[10]

The Estate version of the Astra, the 'Sports Tourer', debuted at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and went on sale shortly afterwards, with a starting price of £16,575 for the ES version, then Exclusiv, SRI and SE versions, with the SE costing from £20,345.

In BBC2's Top Gear, the Astra Mark 6 in the Tech Line trim, was used as their fourth "Reasonably Priced Car".

Seventh generation (2015–present)

The seventh generation Astra was launched at the Frankfurt Motor Show, in September 2015.

A total new development the car is 200 kg lighter than its predecessor. It features a new developed 1 litre 3 cylinder petrol engine.

A special feature is the "OnStar" system, which allows you to call for assistance with an in built dial.

Because it is a GM licensed development it will be discontinued in 2020 as Opel Vauxhall was sold to the Peugeot group in 2017.

Sales

The MK1 Astra was a strong seller in the United Kingdom, and quickly established itself as Britain's second most popular small family car, but was never able to match the runaway sales success of the Ford Escort.

The MK2 Astra was a bigger seller than its predecessor, though again it failed to match the Ford Escort in terms of sales success. It further widened the gap between Vauxhall and rival products from Austin Rover, although the combined sales of ARG's Rover 200 and Austin Maestro ranges were often at least a match for the Astra's total sales.

The MK3 Astra took Vauxhall from strength to strength in the small family car market, after almost seven years on sale, and further narrowed the gap with the Ford Escort.

The MK4 Astra was also a huge success, and by 2001 it was the second best selling car in Britain overall, behind the Ford Focus. Combined sales of Opel and Vauxhall Astra G made it the 26th most popular car in the world, with a total production of 3,799,015.^[11]

The MK5 was the most successful version of the Astra. It was Britain's second-best selling car in 2005, 2006 and 2007, further narrowing the gap between itself and the market–leading Ford Focus.

In March 2009, nearly 2,500,000 Astras had been sold over five generations since its launch 30 years earlier, making it the fourth most popular car ever sold in Britain,^[12] with 90,641 sold in 2009.^[13]

For 2010, it was Britain's second-best selling new car with 80,646 sold. It was only outsold by the smaller Ford Fiesta, and finally managed to outsell the Ford Focus, and end Ford's lead of the small family car market after 37 years.^[14] Sales were down to 62,575 in 2011, becoming the fifth most popular new car in Britain.^[15] On 30 June 2013, the Astra was revealed as the new reasonably priced car in the top–rated Top Gears "Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car".

Many British police forces use the Astra as a panda car. The MK6 was used by 54 constabularies.^[16]

Motorsport

The Astra has been used in auto racing around the globe, in particular in touring car racing. Its highest success were achieved in the British Touring Car Championship (see BTC-T Vauxhall Astra Coupe). The Astra Coupe replaced the Vectra in the BTCC after the regulations changed in 2001 and immediately became a successful car in British Touring Car Championship taking both 1st and 2nd in the drivers championship in 2001 with Jason Plato, 2002 with James Thompson, 2003 with Yvan Muller & 2004 with James Thompson. The Astra Coupe was able to also take the Teams and Manufacturers Championships at the same time between 2001 and 2004. During its 4 years in the hands of the works VXRacing team it was almost invincible taking 61 wins. After 2004, it was decided that Vauxhall would retire the Astra Coupe and move on to the Mark 5 Astra Sport Hatch for the next two years. Due to the reliability and speed of the Astra Coupe, they were used by many independent teams such as GA Motorsport, Collards Motorsport, Thurlby Motors and Arkas Racing for the next few years with one car entered this year by Martin Johnson. The newer cars struggled to match the coupe's pace and were beaten by the Hondas and SEATs on many occasions. Yvan Muller was runner-up and Colin Turkington sixth in 2005. In 2006 Yvan Muller moved to the World Touring Car Championship while Colin Turkington moved back to MG. They were replaced by Fabrizio Giovanardi who finished fifth overall and gave Vauxhall its 100th BTCC win, Gavin Smith seventh and Tom Chilton eighth. For 2007, VX Racing dropped the Astra in favour of the Vectra C and reduced to two cars. Fabrizio Giovanardi and Tom Chilton drove for the team in 2007.

The BTC-T Vauxhall Astra Coupe was a car that won 25 out of 26 races in the 2001 British Touring Car Championship season. The Astra 4S finished fourth in the final round of the 1986 British Rally Championship.^[17]

Awards

The Vauxhall Astra VXR won the Best Sporting Car from the Scottish Car of the Year 2012 held at Glasgow on 14 October 2012.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}}

References

1. ^{{cite news |title=Vauxhall's Ellesmere Port plant to build new Astra |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18098657 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=4 August 2012|date=2012-05-17 }}
2. ^http://ask.cars.com/2008/09/saturn-astra-ma.html
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mk1oc.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=7756&highlight=1979 |title=MK1 Astra Owners Club :: View topic - What month/year was the Astra Mk1 released please? |publisher=Mk1oc.com |accessdate=2011-08-04}}
4. ^[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-MJAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AaYMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5584,4594710&dq=vauxhall-astra&hl=en The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search]
5. ^{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Lewis |title=A-Z of Cars of the 1980s |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI |isbn=978-1-901432-10-7 |year=1998 |page=146}}
6. ^Lewis 1998, p. 146.
7. ^Lewis 1998, p.146.
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-and-publications/news/car-theft-2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129121138/http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/news-and-publications/news/car-theft-2006 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=29 January 2008 |title=Top ten stolen cars |date=December 2006 |author=Home Office |df=dmy-all }}
9. ^{{cite web |author=Phase taxonomy: |url=http://www.torqueastra.com/content/new-astra-launch-date-december-11th |title=New Astra Launch Date - December the 11th | |publisher=Torqueastra.com |accessdate=2010-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122113020/http://www.torqueastra.com/content/new-astra-launch-date-december-11th |archivedate=22 November 2009}}
10. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/3043609/British-car-sales-up-20-in-a-year.html |title=British car sales up 20% in a year |work=The Sun |date=2010-07-06 |accessdate=2010-08-05 |location=London}}
11. ^MSN Cars 23 December 2010
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/motors/advice/tm_headline=recession-proof-wise-buys-revealed&method=full&objectid=23171460&siteid=63127-name_page.html |title=icLiverpool - Recession-proof wise-buys revealed |publisher=Icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk |date=2009-03-17 |accessdate=2010-04-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427101129/http://icliverpool.icnetwork.co.uk/motors/advice/tm_headline%3Drecession-proof-wise-buys-revealed%26method%3Dfull%26objectid%3D23171460%26siteid%3D63127-name_page.html |archivedate=27 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}
13. ^{{Cite web |url=https://www.smmt.co.uk/download/?product_name=TW90b3IgSW5kdXN0cnkgRmFjdHMgMjAwOQ==&product_id=MTc= |title=SMMT Motor Industry Facts 2009 |access-date=29 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207004130/http://www.smmt.co.uk/download/?product_name=TW90b3IgSW5kdXN0cnkgRmFjdHMgMjAwOQ==&product_id=MTc= |archive-date=7 December 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.carmagazine.co.uk/News/Search-Results/Industry-News/UK-2010-car-sales-analysis-winners-and-losers/ |title=UK 2010 car sales analysis: winners and losers | Automotive & Motoring News | Car Magazine Online |work=Car Magazine |date=2011-01-07 |accessdate=2011-08-04}}
15. ^{{cite web |title=New car market betters forecast but was down 4.4% in 2011 to 1.94 million |url=http://www.smmt.co.uk/2012/01/new-car-market-betters-forecast-but-was-down-4-4-in-2011-to-1-94-million/ |work=SMMT |accessdate=20 February 2012 |date=6 January 2012}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motoring/vauxhall-reveals-astra-police-car |title=Vauxhall reveals Astra police car |work=Autocar |date=13 April 2010 |accessdate=15 May 2015}}
17. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/goodwood-festival-of-speed/8616444/Goodwood-Festival-of-Speed-2011-Vauxhall-Astra-4S-rally-car.html |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Paul |last=Hudson |title=Goodwood Festival of Speed 2011: Vauxhall Astra 4S rally car |date=2011-07-05}}