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词条 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
释义

  1. Background

  2. Tsunami

  3. Casualties

  4. Impact

     Damage  Effect on local economy  Rising volcanic activity 

  5. Response

     Domestic  International 

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{short description|tsunami in coastal regions of Banten and Lampung, Indonesia}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Infobox event
| name = 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
| image = Sunda strait tsunami 2.jpg
| caption = Scene of destruction in Carita Beach, Banten after a tsunami struck
| location = Sunda Strait, Indonesia
| coordinates = {{coord|-6.103|105.423|region:ID_type:event|display=inline,title}}
| date = 22 December 2018
| time = around 21:38 WIB
(14:38 UTC)
| reported deaths = 426[1][2]
| reported injuries = 14,059[1]
| reported missing = 25[3]
| reported property damage = 2,752 houses and 510 ships[4]
}}

On 22 December 2018, a tsunami that followed an eruption and partial collapse of the Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait struck several coastal regions of Banten in Java and Lampung in Sumatra, Indonesia. At least 426 people were killed and 14,059 were injured.[1][2] The tsunami was caused by an undersea landslide that followed an eruption of Anak Krakatau, the "Child of Krakatoa".[5] On 23 December, it was found that much of the island of Anak Krakatau had collapsed into the sea.[6]

Background

Lying on the Ring of Fire, Indonesia experiences a high frequency of earthquakes and is home to 127 active volcanoes. One of these volcanoes is Anak Krakatau (literally "Child of Krakatau"), an active volcano in the Sunda Strait. Anak Krakatau emerged from the sea in 1927, some time after the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, one of the most violent eruptions in recorded history. Through tsunamis and ash fall, the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa killed more than 36,000 people, many of whom lived in the same regions where the 2018 tsunami struck.[7][11]

In the months leading up to the 2018 tsunami, Anak Krakatau had seen increased activity, with an eruption on 21 December lasting more than two minutes and producing an ash cloud {{convert|400|m|ft}} high.[7]

A catastrophic tsunami in 2004 happened around the same time of year, occurring on 26 December after an undersea megathrust earthquake near the north end of Sumatra. That tsunami caused more widespread damage throughout the rim of the Indian Ocean, with countries such as Thailand and Sri Lanka being severely affected.[8]

Tsunami

The Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (PVMBG) recorded a tremendous increase in activity of Anak Krakatau. On 22 December, from 12.00 to 18.00 local time, a total of 423 eruptions were recorded by the agency. The danger level of the volcano was increased to Level 2. Authorities warned people not to conduct any activities within {{convert|2|km|spell=in}} of the volcano.[9]

On 22 December 2018, at 21:03 local time (14:03 UTC), Anak Krakatau erupted and damaged local seismographic equipment, though a nearby seismographic station detected continuous tremors.[15] The eruption caused the collapse of the southwest portion of the volcano, which triggered a tsunami. Officials stated that approximately {{convert|64|ha}} of the volcano had collapsed into the ocean.[10] The collapse caused the height of the volcano to be reduced from {{convert|338|to|110|m}}.[11]

The Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) detected a tsunami around 21:27 local time (14:27 UTC) at the western coast of Banten, even though the agency had not detected any preceding tectonic events.[12] The Indonesian National Agency for Disaster Countermeasure (BNPB) spokesman Sutopo Purwo Nugroho said, "Dozens of buildings were destroyed by the wave, which hit beaches in Lampung and Banten about 21:30 local time (14:30 UTC) on Saturday."[11] According to The Jakarta Post, authorities said that the tsunami "may have been triggered by an abnormal tidal surge due to a full Moon and an underwater landslide following the eruption of Anak Krakatau."[13] The Agency initially refused to label the event as a tsunami, claiming that it was a "normal" high tide and that no tsunami had occurred on the coast of Banten.[14]

Previously, BMKG had issued a high wave warning for the waters of the strait.[15] Tide gauges measured the tsunami at around {{convert|90|cm}} in Serang and {{convert|30|cm}} in Lampung,[16] on top of the {{convert|2|m|adj=on|spell=in}} high tide.[17] While Indonesia possesses a tsunami warning system for tsunamis caused by earthquakes, there is none for volcanic tsunamis. Hence there were no early warnings.[18] On 23 December, satellite data and helicopter footage confirmed that the southwest sector of the volcano had collapsed, which triggered the tsunami, and that the main volcanic conduit was erupting from underwater, producing Surtseyan-style activity.[19]

The waves struck about {{convert|312.75|km}} of coastline with various heights.[4] In Carita, the waves reportedly struck with a height of at least {{convert|2|m|spell=in}}, while in Tanjung Lesung a height of more than {{convert|5|m|spell=in}} was reported.[20] Further surveys conducted on 31 December by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, with assistance from Tohoku University and Chuo University, revealed that the tsunami struck the coastline of Banten and Lampung at a height of {{convert|13|m}}.[21][22]

Øystein Lund Andersen, a Norwegian volcano photographer who photographed the eruption of Anak-Krakatau prior to the tsunami, described the eruption as `quite heavy`.[23] Andersen was alone at the shore when the tsunami waves arrived, but managed to escape “The wave came out of nowhere,” he said, “and within seconds I had to run.” he stated in an interview with Forbes.[24] Following the event he published an eyewitness account, with images accompanying his harrowing text giving us an unparalleled look at the tsunami and its effects.[25]

Casualties

The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) initially reported 20 deaths and 165 injuries.[13] By the following day, the figure had been revised to 43 deaths — 33 in Pandeglang, seven in South Lampung, and three in Serang Regencies, with 584 injured, and two missing; most of the injuries recorded (491) also occurred in Pandeglang.[26][27] The death toll was further updated to 62 with 20 missing persons later that day.[28] Missing persons were also reported from small islands that are part of Pandeglang Regency.[29] By 13:00 local time on 23 December, BNPB had confirmed 168 fatalities and 745 injuries with 30 having been reported as missing,[7] and the figure was further increased to 281 dead and 1,016 injured.[30] As of 31 December, the death toll was 437, with 14,059 reported injured and 24 missing.[1][31] Indonesian officials later revised the death toll to 426.[2]

The areas of Pandeglang Regency struck by the wave included beaches that are popular tourist destinations, such as Tanjung Lesung. The tsunami struck during peak season, where hundreds had arrived to celebrate the Christmas and New Year holiday.[32] In Pandeglang, the popular pop group Seventeen was performing a concert when the tsunami struck without warning. A pasar malam (funfair) was also being held in Sumur District, Pandeglang. Eyewitnesses from the funfair recalled the tsunami struck with a height nearly as high as the light pole, with dozens, including children, reportedly dragged by the rushing wave.[33]

Indonesian officials stated that most of those who died were found inside villas and hotels, especially those located at Carita Beach, Banten. At least 24 people were killed inside a single villa in Carita, with dozens more reportedly found inside other villas.[34] Indonesian Navy stated that dozens of bodies were also recovered from the sea.[35]

Among the victims were Aa Jimmy, an Indonesian actor and comedian,[36] and several members of the Indonesian band Seventeen — bassist Awal "Bani" Purbani, guitarist Herman Sikumbang, road manager Oki Wijaya, and crewmember Ujang was declared to be dead at the causing scene. After one day being announced missing, drummer Windu Andi Darmawan and Dylan Sahara, wife of Seventeen's vocalist Ifan, were reported to have been found dead.[37] A video circulated online showing the band's stage being struck by the tsunami in the middle of their show at Tanjung Lesung, causing it to collapse and the audience to flee. Officials confirmed that dozens of concert-goers had been killed by the tsunami.[38] Tour groups from state-owned company PLN and the Sports and Youth Ministry were also affected by the tsunami. It was confirmed that 260 people had attended the gathering event, where the Seventeen concert was being held. On 23 December, officials from the company stated that at least 14 people related to the PLN had been killed, 89 people from the company had been declared missing and more than 150 had been injured by the tsunami.[39][40] This number later rose to 23 in the afternoon.[41] On 25 December, it was announced that 43 people from PLN had been killed, while 156 others survived. Most of them were killed while watching the Seventeen concert.[42]

Impact

Damage

Widespread damages were reported throughout southern Lampung and the eastern coast of Banten, particularly in Pandeglang. More than 400 structures, including villas and resorts, were heavily damaged or destroyed by the tsunami. In Sumur District, Pandeglang Regency, a village was virtually wiped out by the tsunami. Sumur District was considered to be the most heavily affected, with more than 90% of structures destroyed. 7 other villages in Pandeglang were also regarded as the most heavily affected villages.[43] There were widespread reports of blackout in the affected areas in Banten. The Indonesian state owned electric company PLN reported that at least 248 of their power stations were affected and 41 power lines were toppled by the tsunami.[44] However, there were no electricity problems reported in Lampung.[45] The road connecting Serang and Pandeglang was cut off.[46] South Lampung Regency was the worst affected regency in Lampung, with 4 districts: Kalianda, Rajabasa, Sidomulyo, and Katibung, were listed as the most heavily affected districts.[47][26][48]

The tsunami however didn't damage much vital infrastructure.[49] Telecommunications in Banten and Lampung were not heavily affected. There were reports that several base transceiver station were temporarily inoperable.[50] 2 days after the tsunami, authorities stated that 99% of telecommunication network in the affected areas had been restored. Electricity in Sumur District, regarded as the most heavily affected area, was restored within 48 hour.[51] Communication was fully restored on 28 December, 5 days after the disaster.[52]

The Indonesian government stated that the tsunami caused an estimated total damage of 150 billion rupiah in Tanjung Lesung alone, which is a popular tourist hotspot located in Pandeglang Regency.[53] At least 30% of structures in Tanjung Lesung were damaged or destroyed.[54] Experts stated that Tanjung Lesung would need at least 6 months to fully recover from the tsunami.[55] The Government of South Lampung Regency reported a preliminary damage cost of 202 billion rupiah.[56]

Effect on local economy

As the tsunami struck the region popular with tourist and due to the fact that another tsunami had struck Indonesia in September, the presence of another tsunami in December caused substansial fears among Indonesians to travel to or near the beach. Fishermen in Pacitan, East Java decided not to fish due to fears of tsunami.[57] The Indonesian tourism industry was hit hard.[58] 90% of reservations in Anyer, Banten was cancelled due to the tsunami.[59] Travel industry throughout the country reported a drop in reservations and incomes.[60] Popular beaches in South Lampung had to be closed due to the tsunami.[61] In Ancol, Jakarta, there were reports of significant drop in tourist arrival.[62]

Rising volcanic activity

After the disaster on 22 December, the volcanic activity of Anak Krakatau skyrocketed. A massive eruption occurred on 26 December and the sound of the eruption was noticeably heard by residents in Cianjur, West Java and Ogan Komering Ulu, South Sumatra,[63][64] which was located more than 200 km from the volcano. Most people compared the sound of the eruption to a bomb blast or gas tank explosion.[65] The Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) stated that sensors would be installed around the volcano and that the volcano would be observed intensively due to its unstable condition. On 27 December, the status of the volcano was raised to Level 3, the second highest danger level. Residents were not allowed to conduct any activities within 5 km of the volcano.[66]

Response

Domestic

President of Indonesia Joko Widodo ordered immediate field response by BNPB, the Social Ministry, and the Indonesian National Armed Forces.[67] Vice President Jusuf Kalla held an emergency meeting with Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Basuki Hadimuljono, Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform Syafruddin and the Directorate General of Indonesia's Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing Danis Hidayat Sumadilaga in Jakarta to discuss the management of the disaster.[68] The Ministry of Tourism temporarily halted all promotion for tourism to Lampung and Banten.[69] An emergency response period was set up, spanning two weeks for Pandeglang and a week for South Lampung.[70] The emergency response period in South Lampung Regency was later extended to 19 January 2019.[71] The Ministry of Health sent a freezer container to Pandeglang.[72] Ministry of Internal Affairs stated that emergency funds would be provided to repair damaged government buildings in Banten and Lampung.[73] Minister of State-owned enterprises of Indonesia Rini Soemarmo donated 3 billion rupiah from her ministry to the survivors.[74] The Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Culture Puan Maharani stated that the government would provide a 15 million rupiah compensation to each of the victims.[75] Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management would provide 500 million rupiah to the affected areas.[76]

On 26 December, President Joko Widodo examined the damage in Pandeglang Regency. He would supervise the search and rescue efforts in the affected areas.[77] On his second visit on 2 January, he ordered every local officials in Lampung and Banten to relocate, reconstruct and to "redesign" the coastal residential and commercial zone that are located on the coast. This order was then forwarded to every head of the local governments in Indonesia, especially those who live in an earthquake and tsunami prone area.[78][79]

The Indonesian Central Government stated that aids worth of 1 million rupiah would be provided to the local governments in Banten and Lampung.[80] The Government of Serang Regency provided aid funds of 4 million rupiah for the rehabilitation process.[81] On 27 December, the Indonesian Government announced that additional aids worth of 1 million rupiah would be sent to the survivors. The Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs announced that 7 community kitchen were set up across Pandeglang, while 5 others were set up in Lampung.[82] Government of West Java sent volunteers, assessment team and emergency funds to Banten.[83] The Government of Central Java sent 49 volunteers and deployed 6 trucks carrying aids worth of Rp492 million.[84] Government of Banten announced that they would build 700 new permanent houses for the survivors of the tsunami.[85] In South Lampung Regency, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management announced that they would build temporary housing for the survivors.[86]

A landslide tsunami in Indonesia is regarded as a rare occurrence by the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management. Thus, it is not considered as an imminent threat and therefore authorities often don't pay enough attention to it. Due to this fact, the Indonesian Coordinating Ministry for Maritime held a joint discussion with the Indonesian Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, the Indonesian Agency for Assessment and Application of Technology, geological agencies and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences to investigate and to study the tsunami and Mount Anak Krakatau.[87]

Multiple political parties sent aids, volunteers, ambulances and logistics to the affected areas. The Great Indonesia Movement Party announced that a community dinner would be held for the survivors of the tsunami. One of the party's wing, the Kesehatan Rakyat Indonesia (Indonesian People's Healthcare), had sent logistics, volunteers and clothes to Pandeglang.[88] The East Java branch of the Nasdem Party sent trucks carrying logistics to Banten.[89] Head of the National Awakening Party Muhaimin Iskandar urged his party's MPs to "secure" the funds that had been relocated by the government for disaster mitigation and to collaborate for further coordination in the handling of the disaster.[90] The Prosperous Justice Party sent volunteers to the group of islands in Sunda Strait that were cut off by the tsunami to distribute aids.[91]Crescent Star Party set up a command center in Serang Regency, Banten for the management of the aids distribution.[92] The Speaker of the People's Representative Council Bambang Soesatyo issued a recommendation to the Indonesian Regional Board for Disaster Management and the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency to fix the "disaster early warning systems" in Indonesia.[93]

More than a dozen state-owned enterprises of Indonesia offered assistance to the survivors of the tsunami.[94] The Indonesian petrol company Pertamina sent 27,000 LPG tanks to Pandeglang and 200 liters of petroleum to Legundi Island, Lampung.[95][96] Heavy equipment such as excavator were sent to Banten and Lampung. The state-owned pharmaceutical company Bio Farma sent vaccines and medical team.[97] Free vaccination was also provided by the company.[98] Ignasius Jonan, Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, dispatched 17 Emergency Response Team from his ministry to the affected areas.[99] Telkomsel sent 400 units of sembako, dozens of instant food, blankets, and other essential supplies worth of 170 million rupiah.[100]

The Indonesian Red Cross created a website for the families whose relatives went missing in the tsunami.[101] 300 Indonesian Red Cross volunteers from Banten were sent to Serang and Pandeglang.[102] Banser, a Nahdlatul Ulama affiliated organisation, sent hundreds of volunteers to the affected areas.[103]

More than 5,000 people were displaced by the tsunami, with 3,050 people in Pandeglang Regency, Banten and more than 2,500 in Lampung.[104] Local mosques and fields were turned into evacuation centre. In Lampung, the regional government buildings were declared as a crisis center and as an evacuation center. On 2 January, officials announced that nearly 40,000 people had evacuated to the nearest evacuation centre, of whom more than 22,000 were from Pandeglang Regency and nearly 8,000 were from Lampung.[104] In Pandeglang, more than 12,000 people evacuated due to trauma from the tsunami, while the other 10,000 evacuated as their houses had been either damaged or destroyed. 41 schools were turned into evacuation centers.[104]

Following the tsunami, a malfunction caused the tsunami warning siren at a Pandeglang village to ring and prompted residents to evacuate.[105] Meanwhile, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management warned coastal residents that there was a possibility that another tsunami would strike the region again, citing the unstable condition of the slope due to the landslide. Officials announced that at least 2 new cracks, one of which was 1 km long,[106] had been formed on the volcano and that these cracks could widen if a magnitude 3.4 earthquake or stronger occur near the volcano, which could cause another landslide and could trigger another devastating tsunami.[107] Residents who lived within 1 km of the coastline were evacuated.[108]

In response to the tsunami, Facebook activated its safety check.[109] In social media, thousands of Indonesians offered their condolences and started online fundraising.[110] Charity lines were set up and charity concerts were also conducted throughout the country.[111][112][113] Prayer services for the victims were also held throughout the country.[114][115]

International

Hours after the event, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison offered aid for the affected areas.[116] Aids were also sent by Oxfam Australia.[117] Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi also offered condolences and help.[118][119] Queen Elizabeth, alongside with Prince Philip, also offered their condolences.[120] Chinese President Xi Jinping and South Korean President Moon Jae-in also offered their condolences and wished for quick recovery for the victims.[121] Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail also offered assistance.[122] Singaporean President Halimah Yacob and Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong also sent a letter of condolence to President Joko Widodo.[123] The Singapore Red Cross pledged S$50,000 in humanitarian aid and would send volunteers and medical team to Banten and Lampung.[124] A public fundraising conducted by the Singapore Red Cross managed to collect a total of S$80,000, which would be used for buying aids and supplies for the survivors.[125] U.S President Donald Trump sent condolences and prayers to the victims, stating that "America is with you".[126] Pope Francis sent condolences to Indonesia, asking people to pray for the victims.[127] Later on, the Pope sent his contribution to the relief efforts through the Vatican's Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development.[128] Russian President Vladimir Putin phoned President Joko Widodo and offered his condolences.[129] New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern extended her condolences and offered relief and recovery efforts to Indonesia following the tsunami.[130] New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters stated that the government would send $1.5 million to help the recovery efforts through the International Federation of the Red Cross.[131] Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe immediately phoned President Joko Widodo to offer his condolences and also stated that Japan would provide aid to Indonesia.[132] Israeli Foreign Ministry offered "profound sympathies" for the affected. Israel-based international humanitarian aid agency IsraAID sent emergency response team to Banten and Lampung[117][133] Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte ordered several national government agencies to prepare the financial assistance to Indonesia.[134] Taiwan Foreign Ministry announced that the Taiwanese Government would donate US$500,000 to support relief efforts in Indonesia.[135] The European Union extended their sympathies for the victims and announced that they would provide €80,000 for the relief efforts.[136] Jamaica Tourism Minister, Edmund Bartlett, offered assistance through the Global Tourism Resilience and Crisis Management Centre.[137] Japan Governor of Ehime Prefecture Tokihiro Nakamura met with Vice President Jusuf Kalla on 14 January to deliver donations collected from several local governments in Ehime.[138]

The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee provided health services, aids and supplies for the survivors.[133][117] The international humanitarian organisation Islamic Relief provided aids and essential supplies to the affected, stating that they were working together with local humanitarian organisation PKPU Human Initiative.[139] Baltimore-based Catholic Relief Services sent emergency team and provided temporary shelter for the survivors.[140] Christian Aid sent medical team to the affected areas.[141] The Malaysian Consultative Council for Islamic Organisations (MAPIM) sent volunteers and aids to the survivors. Humanitarian Care Malaysia (MyCARE) also sent basic aids to the survivors.[142] Médecins Sans Frontières sent medical team and provided mobile clinics and health services to the survivors.[143]

In the aftermath of the tsunami, at least 3 countries; Australia, Canada, and United Kingdom, issued travel advice for its citizens.[144]

See also

  • 2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami
  • 1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami

References

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2. ^1 2 {{citeweb|title=Indonesia Revisi Jumlah Korban Tsunami Anak Krakatau|url=https://www.matamatapolitik.com/news-indonesia-revisi-jumlah-korban-tsunami-anak-krakatau/|publisher=Mata Mata Politik|language=Indonesian|date=29 December 2018|accessdate=26 January 2019}}
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4. ^1 {{Cite web | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/regional/2018/12/31/number-of-injured-in-indonesia-tsunami-surges-to-over-14000/ | title=Number of injured in Indonesia tsunami surges to over 14,000 — Asean Plus | the Star Online}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/dec/22/multiple-fatalities-as-tsunami-hits-beaches-in-indonesia|title=Sunda Strait tsunami death toll likely to rise, say Indonesian officials|author1=Justin McCurry|author2= Frances Perraudin|author3= agencies|authorlink3=News agency |publisher=The Guardian|access-date=23 December 2018 |date=23 December 2018|quote=The tsunami is believed to have been caused by the collapse of Anak Krakatau that followed an eruption of the Anak Krakatau volcano. There were no significant seismic tremors to indicate a tsunami was coming.}}
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18. ^{{cite news |title=Indonesia Tak Punya Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami Gempa Vulkanik|url=https://viva.co.id/berita/nasional/1105942-indonesia-tak-punya-sistem-peringatan-dini-tsunami-gempa-vulkanik |access-date=23 December 2018 |work=VIVA |date=23 December 2018 |language=id}}
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94. ^{{citeweb|author=Adhi Chandra, Ardhan|title=Belasan BUMN Kirim Makanan hingga Alat Berat untuk Korban Tsunami|url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-4357332/belasan-bumn-kirim-makanan-hingga-alat-berat-untuk-korban-tsunami|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
95. ^{{citeweb|author=Ali Lingga, Murti|title=Pertamina Kirim 27.000 Elpiji ke Lokasi Terdampak Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/12/24/104600726/pertamina-kirim-27.000-elpiji-ke-lokasi-terdampak-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Kompas|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
96. ^{{citeweb|title=Bantu Korban Tsunami, Pertamina Kirim 200 Liter BBM ke Pulau Legundi Lampung|url=https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/12/25/172209826/bantu-korban-tsunami-pertamina-kirim-200-liter-bbm-ke-pulau-legundi-lampung|publisher=Kompas|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
97. ^{{citeweb|author=Dinillah, Mukhlis|title=Bantu Korban Tsunami, Bio Farma Kirim Relawan dan Vaksin|url=https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-barat/d-4357848/bantu-korban-tsunami-bio-farma-kirim-relawan-dan-vaksin|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
98. ^{{citeweb|author=Agustina, Astri|title=Bio Farma Beri Layanan Vaksinasi Influenza Bagi Korban Tsunami Banten|url=https://bandung.merdeka.com/halo-bandung/bio-farma-beri-layanan-vaksinasi-influenza-bagi-korban-tsunami-banten-1812257.html|publisher=Merdeka|language=Indonesian|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
99. ^{{citeweb|author=Syifa Nurfadilah, Putri|title=Jonan Instruksikan ESDM dan PLN Bantu Pemulihan Pasca-tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2018/12/24/162300626/jonan-instruksikan-esdm-dan-pln-bantu-pemulihan-pasca-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Kompas|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
100. ^{{citeweb|author=Tri Haryanto, Agus|title=Telkom Salurkan Bantuan di Lokasi Bencana Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://inet.detik.com/telecommunication/d-4358422/telkom-salurkan-bantuan-di-lokasi-bencana-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
101. ^{{citeweb|author=Dhwinuari Antony, Noval|title=PMI Luncurkan Situs Pencari Korban Hilang Pascatsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4356927/pmi-luncurkan-situs-pencari-korban-hilang-pascatsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
102. ^{{citeweb|author=Wulandari, Asri|title=PMI Pusatkan Bantuan di Pandeglang dan Serang|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20181224122759-20-356012/pmi-pusatkan-bantuan-di-pandeglang-dan-serang|publisher=CNN Indonesia|language=Indonesian|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=26 January 2019}}
103. ^{{citeweb|author=Putra Ratya, Meha|title=Banser Turunkan Ratusan Anggota Bantu Korban Tsunami Anyer & Lampung|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4356948/banser-turunkan-ratusan-anggota-bantu-korban-tsunami-anyer--lampung|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
104. ^1 2 {{citeweb|author=Dwi Novianto, Raka|title=BNPB: Jumlah Pengungsi Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda Meningkat|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/1367438/174/bnpb-jumlah-pengungsi-korban-tsunami-selat-sunda-meningkat-1546435766|publisher=Sindo News|language=Indonesian|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=19 January 2019}}
105. ^{{cite news |title=Beredar Kabar Tsunami Lanjutan di Banten, Ini Klarifikasi BNPB |url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2018/12/23/12533271/beredar-kabar-tsunami-lanjutan-di-banten-ini-klarifikasi-bnpb |access-date=23 December 2018 |work=KOMPAS |date=23 December 2018 |language=id}}
106. ^{{citeweb|title=Tsunami Susulan karena Kondisi Terkini Gunung Anak Krakatau Dikhawatirkan BMKG, Tsunami Banten?|url=http://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2019/01/02/tsunami-susulan-karena-kondisi-terkini-gunung-anak-krakatau-dikhawatirkan-bmkg-tsunami-banten|publisher=Tribun News|language=Indonesian|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=19 January 2019}}
107. ^{{citeweb|author=Guruh Nuary, R|title=Tebing Anak Krakatau Bisa Longsor Jika Getaran Capai Kekuatan M 3,4|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4358607/tebing-anak-krakatau-bisa-longsor-jika-getaran-capai-kekuatan-m-34|publisher=Detik|date=26 December 2018|accessdate=19 January 2019}}
108. ^{{citeweb|author=Hadi, Usman|title=BNPB: Ada Potensi Tsunami Susulan Selat Sunda, Jauhi Pantai|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4356158/bnpb-ada-potensi-tsunami-susulan-selat-sunda-jauhi-pantai|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=23 December 2018|accessdate=19 January 2019}}
109. ^{{citeweb|author=Fathoni W, Kris|title=Tsunami Selat Sunda, Cek Kondisi Teman dan Kerabat via Facebook|url=https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-4356009/tsunami-selat-sunda-cek-kondisi-teman-dan-kerabat-via-facebook|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=23 December 2018|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
110. ^{{citeweb|author=Rachmatunnisa|title=#PrayforAnyer, Duka Korban Tsunami di Penghujung Tahun|url=https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-4355822/prayforanyer-duka-korban-tsunami-di-penghujung-tahun|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=23 December 2018|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
111. ^{{citeweb|title=Musisi Bandung Gelar Konser Galang Dana Untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://m.merdeka.com/bandung/halo-bandung/musisi-bandung-gelar-konser-galang-dana-untuk-korban-tsunami-selat-sunda-1812305.html|publisher=Okezone|language=Indonesian|date=30 December 2018|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
112. ^{{citeweb|author=Syahreza, Erzal|title=Konser Amal Tsunami Selat Sunda, Dana Terkumpul Rp 433 Juta|url=https://lampungpro.com/post/17043/konser-amal-tsunami-selat-sunda-dana-terkumpul-rp443-juta|publisher=Lampungpro|language=Indonesian|date=11 January 2019|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
113. ^{{citeweb|author=Prawira Riandi, Ady|title=Lolos dari Tsunami Selat Sunda, Band Element Siap Gelar Konser Amal|url=https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2018/12/30/33/1997650/lolos-dari-tsunami-selat-sunda-band-element-siap-gelar-konser-amal|publisher=Okezone|language=Indonesian|date=30 December 2018|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
114. ^{{citeweb|author=Sari, Nursita|title=Malam Tahun Baru, DKI Gelar Doa Bersama untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2018/12/30/13244081/malam-tahun-baru-dki-gelar-doa-bersama-untuk-korban-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Kompas|language=Indonesian|date=30 December 2018|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
115. ^{{citeweb|author=Zhacky, Mochamad|title=KBRI dan WNI di Belanda Doa Bersama untuk Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/4361649/kbri-dan-wni-di-belanda-doa-bersama-untuk-korban-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=28 December 2018|accessdate=14 January 2019}}
116. ^{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah| title=Indonesia tsunami: 220 dead and 'many missing' after Anak Krakatoa erupts- latest updates |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2018/dec/23/indonesia-tsunami-dozens-dead-hundreds-injured-after-anak-krakatoa-erupts |access-date= 23 December 2018 |work=The Guardian |date= 23 December 2018}}
117. ^1 2 {{citeweb|title=Lembaga AS dan Israel Kirim Bantuan Buat Korban Tsunami|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20181228191808-106-357147/lembaga-as-dan-israel-kirim-bantuan-buat-korban-tsunami|publisher=CNN Indonesia|language=Indonesian|date=28 December 2018|accessdate=26 January 2019}}
118. ^{{cite web |last1=Modi |first1=Narendra |title=Saddened by the loss of lives and destruction in Indonesia caused by the Tsunami after the eruption of a volcano. Condolences to the bereaved families and wishing the injured an early recovery. India is ready to assist our maritime neighbour and friend in relief work. @jokowi |url=https://twitter.com/narendramodi/status/1076836070472515585 |website=@narendramodi |publisher=Twitter |language=en |date=23 December 2018}}
119. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pm-modi-condoles-loss-of-lives-in-indonesian-tsunami-118122300531_1.html|title=PM Modi condoles loss of lives in Indonesian tsunami|date=23 December 2018|work=Business Standard|access-date=23 December 2018}}
120. ^{{citeweb|author=Atriana, Rina|title=Ratu Elizabeth Kirim Pesan ke Jokowi, Berduka untuk Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4357767/ratu-elizabeth-kirim-pesan-ke-jokowi-berduka-untuk-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
121. ^{{citeweb|title=Presiden China Kirim Duka Cita Tsunami Selat Sunda ke Jokowi|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20181224193116-113-356109/presiden-china-kirim-duka-cita-tsunami-selat-sunda-ke-jokowi|publisher=CNN Indonesia|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
122. ^{{cite news |title=Malaysia ready to help Indonesia after tsunami strikes Sunda Strait |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/12/23/malaysia-ready-to-help-indonesia-after-tsunami-strikes-sunda-strait/ |access-date=23 December 2018 |work=Free Malaysia Today |date=23 December 2018}}
123. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-deeply-saddened-by-tsunami-in-indonesia-no-reports-of-singaporeans-affected |title=Singapore deeply saddened by tsunami in Indonesia, no reports of Singaporeans affected: MFA |work=The Straits Times |date=23 December 2018 |access-date=23 December 2018}}
124. ^{{citeweb|title=Singapore Red Cross pledges S$50,000 in aid for Indonesia tsunami victim|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/indonesia-tsunami-singapore-red-cross-pledges-s-50-000-in-aid-11059278|publisher=Channel News Asia|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
125. ^{{citeweb|author=Lim, Sean|title=Singapore Red Cross has received S$80,000 from public fundraising for Indonesian tsunami relief efforts – here’s how you can help|url=https://www.businessinsider.sg/singapore-red-cross-has-received-s80000-from-public-fundraising-for-indonesian-tsunami-relief-efforts-heres-how-you-can-help/|publisher=Business Insider|date=28 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
126. ^{{citeweb|author=Fadhil, Haris|title=Trump Hingga PM India Ucapkan Belasungkawa untuk Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4356952/trump-hingga-pm-india-ucapkan-belasungkawa-untuk-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=20 January 2019}}
127. ^{{citeweb|author=Amalia Putri, Zunita|title=Paus Fransiskus Doakan Korban Tsunami di Perairan Selat Sunda|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-4356651/paus-fransiskus-doakan-korban-tsunami-di-perairan-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=20 January 2019}}
128. ^{{citeweb|author=Gomes, Robin|title=Pope’s initial contribution to Indonesia’s tsunami relief operations|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2018-12/pope-s-initial-contribution-to-indonesia-s-tsunami-relief-operat.html|publisher=Vatican News|date=29 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
129. ^{{citeweb|author=Maulana, Victor|title=Hubungi Jokowi, Putin Sampaikan Belasungkawa atas Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://international.sindonews.com/read/1365424/41/hubungi-jokowi-putin-sampaikan-belasungkawa-atas-tsunami-selat-sunda-1545642106|publisher=Sindo News|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=20 January 2019}}
130. ^{{citeweb|author=Tyson, Jessica|title=PM offers assistance to Indonesia's tsunami recovery|url=https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/politics/pm-offers-assistance-indonesias-tsunami-recovery|publisher=Maori Television|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
131. ^{{citeweb|title=NZ contributing $1.5 million towards Sunda Strait tsunami recovery|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/nz-contributing-15-million-towards-sunda-strait-tsunami-recovery|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=31 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
132. ^{{citeweb|title=Abe: Japan to provide aid to Indonesia|url=https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20181225_24/|publisher=NHK|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
133. ^1 {{citeweb|author=Oster, Marcy|title=Jewish groups offer aid after hundreds killed in Indonesian tsunami|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/jewish-groups-offer-aid-after-hundreds-killed-in-indonesian-tsunami/|publisher=The Times of Israel|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
134. ^{{citeweb|author=Visaya Jr, Villamor|title=PH to send aid to tsunami-stricken Indonesia|url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057883|publisher=Philippine News Agency|date=3 January 2019|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
135. ^{{citeweb|title=Talk of the week: Taiwan announces US$500,000 for Indonesian tsunami relief fund|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/04/talk-week-taiwan-announces-us500000-indonesian-tsunami-relief-fund.html|publisher=The Jakarta Post|date=4 January 2019|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
136. ^{{citeweb|title=EU brings additional relief to the victims of recent natural disasters in Indonesia|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/eu-brings-additional-relief-victims-recent-natural-disasters-indonesia|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=29 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
137. ^{{citeweb|title=Global Resilience Centre offers assistance to tsunami-hit Indonesia Bartlett|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Global_Resilience_Centre_offers_assistance_to_tsunami-hit_Indonesia_Bartlett|publisher=Jamaica Observer|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
138. ^{{citeweb|author=Dhwinuari Antony, Noval|title=Bertemu JK, Pemda Ehime Jepang Beri Bantuan ke Korban Tsunami Selat Sunda|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4384166/bertemu-jk-pemda-ehime-jepang-beri-bantuan-ke-korban-tsunami-selat-sunda|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=14 January 2019|accessdate=23 January 2019}}
139. ^{{citeweb|title=IR continues to help people affected by tsunami|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/ir-continues-help-people-affected-tsunami|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
140. ^{{citeweb|title=CRS responds to latest Indonesian tsunami following back-to-back emergencies|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/crs-responds-latest-indonesian-tsunami-following-back-back-emergencies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
141. ^{{citeweb|title=Christian Aid partner sends crisis team in aftermath of Indonesia tsunami|url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/christian-aid-partner-sends-crisis-team-in-aftermath-of-indonesia-tsunami/131321.htm|publisher=Christian Today|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
142. ^{{citeweb|title=Sunda straits tsunami: NGOs begin sending aid|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/443928/sunda-straits-tsunami-ngos-begin-sending-aid|publisher=New Straits Times|date=25 December 2018|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
143. ^{{citeweb|title="Thank God, my family is safe!"|url=https://www.msf.org/thank-god-my-family-safe-indonesia|publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières|date=3 January 2019|accessdate=21 January 2019}}
144. ^{{citeweb|author=Agriyana, Shinta|title=Pasca Tsunami Selat Sunda, 3 Negara Keluarkan Travel Advice ke Indonesia|url=https://travel.detik.com/travel-news/d-4356801/pasca-tsunami-selat-sunda-3-negara-keluarkan-travel-advice-ke-indonesia|publisher=Detik|language=Indonesian|date=24 December 2018|accessdate=20 January 2019}}

External links

{{Wikinews|Indonesia tsunami hits Sunda Strait after Krakatoa eruption}}{{commons category|2018 Sunda Strait tsunami}}
  • {{ReliefWeb-link|ts-2018-000423-idn}}

9 : 2018 disasters in Indonesia|2018 tsunamis|Banten|December 2018 events in Indonesia|Lampung|Tsunamis in Indonesia|Krakatoa|21st-century volcanic events|Sunda Strait
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