| 词条 | Baroness Mary Vetsera |
| 释义 |
|name = Baroness Mary Vetsera |birth_name = Baroness Marie Alexandrine von Vetsera |title = Baroness von Vetsera |partner = Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria |image = Baroness Mary Vetsera.jpg |birth_date = {{birth date|1871|03|19|df=y}} |birth_place = Vienna, Austria-Hungary |death_date = {{death date and age|1889|01|30|1871|03|19|df=y}} |death_place = Mayerling, Lower Austria, Austria-Hungary |parents = Baron Albin von Vetsera Hélène Baltazzi }} Baroness Marie Alexandrine von Vetsera (19 March 1871 – 30 January 1889) was a member of Austrian "second society" (new nobility) and one of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria's mistresses. Vetsera and Rudolf were found dead, an apparent murder suicide, at his hunting lodge, Mayerling (see Mayerling Incident). Early lifeKnown by the fashionable English form of her name, "Mary" (her maternal grandfather's second wife was English), she was the youngest child of Baron Albin von Vetsera, a diplomat in foreign service at the Austrian court,[1] and his much younger wife, Hélène (also known as Eleni) Baltazzi, member of a wealthy Greek family from Chios island, then part of the Ottoman Empire.[2][3] Albin, who was made a Baron in 1870 by the Emperor Franz Joseph, was twenty-two years older than his young and socially ambitious wife.[4][5] Mary had three siblings: Johanna (known as Hannah), Ladislaus, and Franz Albin. Both of Hélène's sisters had married counts, and Mary and her sister were expected to raise the family's social status by continuing the tradition of marrying into families of importance.[6] Instead of attending a school or the gymnasium, Mary Vetsera attended an "Institute for Daughters of the Nobility". These exclusive boarding schools, for girls of noble birth between the ages of 12 and 17, were geared to a moral education, not an academic one (which was thought to give a young woman "intellectual pretensions"). So, those institutes emphasized "social graces", French, music, drawing, dancing, and handicrafts, in order to prepare young women for their roles in society as aristocratic wives and mothers. "Viennese society had, since the days of Austria's eclipse at Sadowa, sought to conceal the injured patriotic emotions born of that disaster by affecting a hysterical sort of gaiety which was somewhat foreign to the real character of the people ... like all forced characteristics, the new-found frivolity of the Viennese degenerated quickly into a positive mania for wickedness, without, at the same time, taking on any of the picturesque artistry which conceals – and often condones – the refined viciousness of Parisians ... who, also, after 1870, went through for many years a phase of social madness similar to that which affected Austria. ... Viennese society was probably the most dissipated in Europe, and so became a happy mart for ladies of that type that serves the foibles of a prince."[7] "Smart Society", made up of parvenu elements, who were "poor in pedigree", but full in purse, now began to command more attention from the leaders in more aristocratic circles of the beau monde.[8] The Vetsera family occupied this niche, and Hélène held lavish parties in attempts to socialize with the upper echelons of the Austrian court, all in order to introduce her daughter to the most eligible men. Famous for "her elegance and taste in dress",[9] the attractive and vivacious young Baroness soon acquired the nickname "The Turf Angel" for her love of horserace meets at the Freudenau course.[9] It was very apparent to the Imperial family, that Vetsera was being blatantly groomed by her mother for an advantageous marriage; Empress Elisabeth noted in 1877: "Madame Vetsera wants to come to Court and gain recognition for her family."[1] Countess Marie Larisch, a niece of the Empress and one of Vetsera's closest friends, claimed she had confided: "Mamma has no love for me. ... Ever since I was a little girl she has treated me like something she means to dispose of to the best advantage."[10] Relationship with Crown Prince Rudolf of AustriaVetsera met the Crown Prince in November 1888 and began a three-month-long affair with him. Other accounts, however, describe their relationship as being one of three years' duration, which would have made Vetsera about fifteen when they met. [At Ambassador Reuss's reception in late January 1889] Rudolph noticed me and leaving Stéphanie came straight up to me. "She is there," he said without any preamble; "ah, if somebody would only deliver me from her!" Given her mother's ambitions for her and the fact that Rudolf was married to Princess Stephanie of Belgium, her family and friends found this liaison to be not only foolish, but potentially socially compromising for the family as well.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} When Hélène discovered that Vetsera had sent Rudolf a personally engraved cigarette case, she raged: "She is compromising herself when she is scarcely seventeen years old and so is ruining not only her life but also that of her brothers and sisters and mother ..."[12] Maureen Allen, an American friend of Vetsera, recalled that she did not take the affair – or any of her earlier ones – frivolously: "[she] was very serious ... people gave her credit for not taking love lightly, but rather quite seriously."[12] While Rudolf had not only a wife and child, but other lovers as well, Vetsera did not pursue any other eligible men, but instead focused all her attention on the Crown Prince. She appears to have thought she could be a credible threat to Princess Stephanie, perhaps even to usurping her position and title,[13] but seems to have been ignorant of the fact that Rudolf was simultaneously having a serious affair with the actress Mizzi Kaspar.[14] Rudolf is reported to have proposed a similar suicide pact to the twenty-four-year-old Kaspar a month prior to his death at Mayerling, which she rejected, presuming it to be a joke.[15] Vetsera may have been Rudolf's second choice in his search for a partner in death, but it appears she did not interpret his proposal as a notion of a desperate man not wanting to die alone. Her family and friends took pains to emphasize that the Emperor and the Vatican would never countenance the dissolution of Rudolf's marriage, and Vetsera no doubt realized that at some point she would have to fulfill her obligation to her family and marry someone who was Rudolf's inferior. “[I]f I could give him my life I should be glad to do it, for what does life mean for me?”[16] One of his secretaries is quite emphatic that while Vetsera, whom he saw as a "somewhat superficial and emotional maid"[17] who, while displaying "a vivacity and sparkle that would have done justice to a very bright Frenchwoman",[18] was "a woman without serious thought"[17] and was not the type of woman who usually appealed to the intellectually inclined Rudolf, although he acknowledged that Rudolf was interested in the political opinions of his other lovers to the extent that they were known to be reflections of what their male relatives thought.[19] Rudolf's close friend, Professor Udel, further explained his master's "strange choice": He said that Vetsera shared a certain "mystic temperament" with the Archduke, who could be "the most mystical of men" in that he displayed a "strong vein of superstition".[18] Death{{main|Mayerling Incident}}Vetsera and Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria were found dead, an apparent murder suicide, at his hunting lodge. A common statement ... has it that the Prince was shot through the heart and from behind, a view which would coincide with the first statement – namely, that the body had been found lying on the right side. The same tradition holds that Mademoiselle Vetsera was shot through the left temple – a view entirely coinciding with the assumption that the window to the left of the couch had been opened, and the sleepers murdered. The facts of the incident were disputed for many years: it has been suggested that she was killed by Crown Prince Rudolf, who then killed himself; that they both killed themselves; that they killed one another; and that the two of them were murdered. Some say she was pregnant at the time of her death while others dispute this claim.[21] AftermathWithout judicial inquiry, Vetsera's uncles were summoned to remove their niece's body from Mayerling as secretly as possible, and to bury it just as secretly. Her mother was forbidden to attend. One version is that this was accomplished that night, with the body of their niece sitting in the carriage between them, propped up by a broomstick down the back of her jacket. Vetsera's body was taken to a cemetery at the Cistercian monastery a few miles away at Heiligenkreuz, but because her death was thought at that time to be a suicide, her uncles had to persuade the Abbot to give his permission for Christian burial on the grounds, that she "had committed suicide because of a temporary loss of her senses". It was only later, that the official version of the story surfaced, in which Rudolf had shot Vetsera and then himself. On 16 May 1889, Baroness Vetsera had her daughter's grave opened and reburied her a few yards away in a more permanent site. The wooden coffin was replaced by a copper one and a simple monument was erected by the family. The official story of murder-suicide was unchallenged until just after the World War II. In 1946 occupying Soviet troops, perhaps hoping to loot it of jewels, dislodged the granite plate covering the grave and broke into Vetsera's coffin at the Heiligenkreuz Abbey. This was not discovered until 1955 when the Red Army withdrew from Austria. When the fathers of the monastery repaired the grave they saw a small skeleton inside the damaged copper coffin. They observed the skull and it seemed to have no bullet holes in it. In 1959, a young physician named Gerd Holler, who was stationed in the area, accompanied by a member of the Vetsera family and specialists in funereal preservation, inspected her remains. The bones were in total disarray, but Vetsera's shoes and a quantity of long black hair were found in the coffin. Dr. Holler carefully examined the skull and other bones for traces of a bullet hole, but stated that he found no such evidence. The skull cavity showed an area of trauma, which could have been inflicted by Red Army soldiers, but also could indicate Vetsera had died from a blow to her skull, which would support the version, that she had not been murdered by the Archduke. Intrigued, Holler claimed he petitioned the Holy See to inspect their 1889 archives of the affair, in which the Papal Nuncio's (Luigi Galimberti) investigation had found that only one bullet was fired. Lacking forensic evidence of a second bullet, Holler advanced the theory that Vetsera died accidentally, probably as the result of an abortion, and it was Rudolf who consequently shot himself.[22] Holler witnessed the body's re-interment in a new coffin in 1959. In 1991, Vetsera's remains were disturbed again, this time by Helmut Flatzelsteiner, a Linz furniture dealer, who was obsessed with the Mayerling affair. It was initially reported that her bones were strewn round the churchyard for the authorities to retrieve, but Flatzelsteiner actually removed them at night for a private forensic examination at his expense, which finally took place in February 1993.[23] Flatzelsteiner told the examiners that the remains were those of a relative killed some one hundred years earlier, who had possibly been shot in the head or stabbed. One expert thought this might be possible, but since the skull was in a state of disintegration it could not be confirmed. When Flatzelsteiner approached a journalist at the Kronen Zeitung to sell both the story and Vetsera's skeleton, the police became involved. Flatzelsteiner confessed and surrendered Vetsera's remains, which were sent to the Legal Medical Institute in Vienna for further examination. Forensic experts found the bones were indeed a hundred years old and those of a young woman around twenty, but since part of the skull was missing, it could not be determined if there had ever been a bullet hole present or not.[24] Vetsera's bones were re-interred on the morning of 28 October 1993, under the supervision of Abbot Gerhard Hradil.[24] After a court case Flatzelsteiner paid the abbey some 2000 Euros by way of incurred damages to the deceased's grave.[25] In his book Crime at Mayerling, The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera, Georg Markus claims that what happened at Mayerling was never seriously investigated, and the few investigations that were made were falsified – manipulated by the monarchy. However, on 31 July 2015 the Austrian National Library issued copies of Vetsera's letters of farewell to her mother and other family members. These letters, previously believed lost or destroyed, were found in a safe deposit box in an Austrian bank, where they had been deposited in 1926. The letters - written in Mayerling shortly before the deaths - state clearly and unambiguously that Vetsera was preparing to commit suicide alongside Rudolf, out of "love". They will be made available to scholars and were likely to be exhibited in public in 2016.[26] References1. ^1 Markus, George, Crime at Mayerling: The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera, Ariadne Press, 1995, p. 23. 2. ^Constantinople, Philip Mansel, Penguin Books Ltd, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0140262469}} 3. ^A woman of Vienna, Joachim von Kürenberg, Cassell, 1955, ASIN B001882BM8 4. ^The Androom Archives: Baltazzi, Alexander, Christopher Aidan Long 5. ^Baron Albin Vetsera 6. ^Tosoni, Peter, The Mayerling Tragedy: How and Why did Prince Rudolf and Mary Vetsera Die?, The Durham University Journal 84, no. 2, 1992, p. 204. 7. ^Grant, Hamil, ed., The Last Days of Archduke Rudolph, Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916, p. 113 8. ^Grant, Hamil, ed., The Last Days of Archduke Rudolph, Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916, p. 114 9. ^Morton, Frederick, A Nervous Splendor, Penguin Press, 1980 10. ^Larisch, Marie, My Past, p. 241. 11. ^Louise of Coburg, My Own Affairs, George H. Doran Co., 1921, p.120 12. ^1 Markus, George, Crime at Mayerling: The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera: With New Expert Opinions Following the Desecration of Her Grave, Ariadne Press, 1995, p. 30. 13. ^Larisch, Marie, My Past, p. 237: "[T]hat stupid Crown Princess knows I am her rival." 14. ^Serge Schmemann "Mayerling Journal; Lurid Truth and Lurid Legend: A Hapsburg Tale" in New York Times dated 10 March 1989 online at nytimes.com, Retrieved 10 April 2009: "According to Mrs Hamann's research, Prince Rudolf had in fact contemplated suicide for at least a half year before his death. He initially asked the first love of his life, one Mitzi Kaspar, to share his fate, but the 24-year-old woman declined. By contrast, 17-year-old Mary Vetsera, the dark and pudgy daughter of an Hungarian-Armenian baron (Vecsera), was madly in love and willing to do anything for Rudolf. So on Jan. 29, 1889, he took her to his favorite hunting lodge, and the next morning shot her and himself in their bedroom" 15. ^Morton, Frederick, A Nervous Splendour, Penguin Press, 1980, p. 219 16. ^Markus, Georg, Crime at Mayerling: The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera: With New Expert Opinions Following the Desecration of Her Grave, Ariadne Press, 1995, p. 28 17. ^1 Grant, Hamil, ed., The Last Days of Archduke Rudolph, Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916, p. 110 18. ^1 2 Grant, Hamil, ed., The Last Days of Archduke Rudolph, Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916, p. 111 19. ^Grant, Hamil, ed., The Last Days of Archduke Rudolph, Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916, p. 112 20. ^Grant, Hamil, ed., The Last Days of Archduke Rudolph, Dodd, Mead & Co, 1916, p. 280 21. ^{{cite news|last1=Calderwood|first1=Imogen|title='Please forgive me, I could not resist love': Heartbreaking letter hidden in Austrian bank vault for 90 years is discovered and reveals passion of one of history's greatest affairs|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3182262/Please-forgive-not-resist-love-Sensational-letter-hidden-bank-vault-90-years-reveals-passion-one-history-s-great-affairs.html|accessdate=30 January 2018|publisher=dailymail.com|date=1 August 2015}} 22. ^Holler, Gerd, Mayerling: Die Loesung des Ratsels [Mayerling: The Solution to the Riddle], Molden, 1983 23. ^Pannell, Robert, Murder at Mayerling?, in History Today, Volume 58, No. 11, November 2008, p. 67. 24. ^1 Markus, Georg, Crime at Mayerling: The Life and Death of Mary Vetsera: With New Expert Opinions Following the Desecration of Her Grave, Ariadne Press, 1995 25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ktnv1.orf.at/stories/323246|title=Leichnam von Mary Vetsera gestohlen - oesterreich.ORF.at|website=ktnv1.orf.at|language=en|access-date=2018-05-19}} 26. ^Press release {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731165412/http://www.onb.ac.at/services/presse_23385.htm |date=31 July 2015 }} from the Austrian National Library, 31 July 2015 (German) External links
10 : 1871 births|1889 deaths|Austrian baronesses|Mistresses of Austrian royalty|Burials at Heiligenkreuz Abbey|Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria|Joint suicides|People from Vienna|Austrian people of Greek descent|Female suicides |
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