| 词条 | Vega 2 |
| 释义 |
| name = Vega 2 | names_list = Venera–Halley 2 | image = | image_caption = Vega solar system probe bus and landing apparatus (model) | image_alt = | image_size = | mission_type = Planetary Science including lander and atmospheric probe | operator = Soviet Academy of Sciences | Harvard_designation = | COSPAR_ID = 1984-128A 1984-128E 1984-128F | SATCAT = 15449 15856 15857 | website = | mission_duration = 56 minutes (lander) ~2 days (balloon) 2 years, 3 months, 3 days (launch to last contact) | distance_travelled = | orbits_completed = | suborbital_range = | suborbital_apogee = | spacecraft = 5VK No. 902 | spacecraft_type = 5VK | spacecraft_bus = | manufacturer = NPO Lavochkin | launch_mass = Spacecraft: {{convert|4920|kg|lb|abbr=on}} Balloon: {{convert|21.5|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | BOL_mass = | landing_mass = {{convert|1520|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | dry_mass = | payload_mass = | dimensions = {{convert|2.7|x|2.3|x|5.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} (lander) | power = | launch_date = {{start date|1984|12|21}}, 09:13:52 UTC | launch_rocket = Proton 8K82K | launch_site = Baikonur 200/40 | launch_contractor = | deployment_from = | deployment_date = | entered_service = | disposal_type = | deactivated = | destroyed = | last_contact = | recovery_by = | recovery_date = | decay_date = | landing_date = | landing_site =
| programme = Vega | previous_mission = Vega 1 | next_mission = None | insignia = 1986 venera galley nh.jpg | insignia_caption = Insignia of the mission | insignia_alt = | insignia_size = 70px }} Vega 2 (along with Vega 1) is a Soviet space probe part of the Vega program. The spacecraft was a development of the earlier Venera craft. The name VeGa (ВеГа) combines the first two letters Russian words for Venus (Венера: "Venera") and Halley (Галлея: "Galleya") They were designed by Babakin Space Centre and constructed as 5VK by Lavochkin at Khimki. The craft was powered by twin large solar panels and instruments included an antenna dish, cameras, spectrometer, infrared sounder, magnetometers (MISCHA), and plasma probes. The {{convert|10,850|lb|kg}} craft was launched by a Proton 8K82K rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Tyuratam, Kazakh SSR. Both Vega 1 and 2 were three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual bumper shield for dust protection from Halley's Comet. Venus missionThe descent module arrived at Venus on 15 June 1985, two days after being released from the Vega 2 flyby probe. The module, a {{convert|1500|kg|lb}}, 240 cm diameter sphere, contained a surface lander and a balloon explorer. The flyby probe performed a gravitational assist maneuver using Venus, and continued its mission to intercept the comet.[1] LanderThe surface lander was identical to that of Vega 1 as well as the previous six Venera missions. The objective of the probe was the study of the atmosphere and the exposed surface of the planet. The scientific payload included a UV spectrometer, temperature and pressure sensors, a water concentration meter, a gas-phase chromatograph, an X-ray spectrometer, a mass spectrometer, and a surface sampling device. Several of these scientific tools (the UV spectrometer, the mass spectrograph, and the devices to measure pressure and temperature) were developed in collaboration with French scientists.[1] Since the probe made a nighttime landing, no images were taken. The Vega 2 lander touched down at 03:00:50 UT on 15 June 1985 at around {{Venus coords and quad cat|7.14|S|177.67|E}}, in the northern region of Aphrodite Terra. The altitude of the touchdown site was 0.1 km above the planetary mean radius. The measured pressure at the landing site was 91 atm and the temperature was {{convert|736|K|°C}}. The surface sample was found to be an anorthosite–troctolite rock, rarely found on Earth, but present in the lunar highlands, leading to the conclusion that the area was probably the oldest explored by any Venera vehicle. It transmitted data from the surface for 56 minutes.[2] BalloonThe Vega 2 Lander/Balloon capsule entered the Venus atmosphere (125 km altitude) at 02:06:04 UT (Earth received time; Moscow time 05:06:04) on 15 June 1985 at roughly 11 km/s. At approximately 2:06:19 UT the parachute attached to the landing craft cap opened at an altitude of 64 km. The cap and parachute were released 15 seconds later at 63 km altitude. The balloon package was pulled out of its compartment by parachute 40 seconds later at 61 km altitude, at 7.45 degrees S, 179.8 degrees east. A second parachute opened at an altitude of 55 km, 200 seconds after entry, extracting the furled balloon. The balloon was inflated 100 seconds later at 54 km and the parachute and inflation system were jettisoned. The ballast was jettisoned when the balloon reached roughly 50 km and the balloon floated back to a stable height between 53 and 54 km some 15 to 25 minutes after entry. The mean stable height was 53.6 km, with a pressure of 535 mbar and a temperature of {{convert|308-316|K|°C}} in the middle, most active layer of the Venus three-tiered cloud system. The balloon drifted westward in the zonal wind flow with an average speed of about 66 m/s at nearly constant latitude. The probe crossed the terminator from night to day at 9:10 UT on 16 June after traversing 7400 km. The probe continued to operate in the daytime until the final transmission was received at 00:38 UT on 17 June from 7.5 S, 76.3 E after a total traverse distance of 11,100 km. It is not known how much further the balloon traveled after the final communication.[2] Halley missionAfter their encounters, the Vegas' motherships were redirected by Venus' gravity to intercept Halley's Comet. The spacecraft initiated its encounter on March 7, 1986 by taking 100 photos of the comet from a distance of {{convert|14,000,000|km|mi}}. Vega 2 made its closest approach at 07:20 UT on March 9, 1986 at {{convert|8,030|km|mi}}. The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of the coma, the gas composition close to the nucleus, the dust particles' composition and mass distribution as functions of distance to the nucleus and the cometary-solar wind interaction. During the encounter, Vega 2 took 700 images of the comet, with better resolution than those from the twin Vega 1, partly due to the presence of less dust outside the coma at the time. Yet Vega 2 recorded an 80% power loss during the encounter as compared to Vega 1's 40%. After further imaging sessions on 10 and 11 March 1986, Vega 2 finished its primary mission. Post HalleyA 6 million kilometer distant flyby of 2101 Adonis was considered but it turned out that Vega 2 didn't have enough fuel left to make the necessary orbital changes for the flyby.[5] Instead the Vega probes took the opportunity to measure the dust as they passed through the orbits of 72P/Denning–Fujikawa, Biela's Comet and 289P/Blanpain.[3] Contact with Vega 2 was lost on 24 March 1987.[3] Vega 1 had previously exhausted its attitude control propellant on 30 January 1987.[3] Vega 2 is currently in heliocentric orbit, with perihelion of 0.70 AU, aphelion of 0.98 AU, eccentricity of 0.17, inclination of 2.3 degrees and orbital period of 281 days. See also{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
References1. ^1 NASA—NSSDC—Spacecraft—Details 2. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Vega_02&Display=ReadMore |title=NASA Database—Solar System Exploration; Missions; By Target; Venus; Past; Vega 2 |access-date=2015-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414120546/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Vega_02&Display=ReadMore |archive-date=2014-04-14 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Ulivi |first=Paolo |last2=Harland |first2=David M |date=2009 |title=Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part 2 Hiatus and Renewal |publisher=Praxis Publishing |pages=90-92 |isbn=9780387789040 }} External links
10 : Missions to Halley's Comet|Vega program|Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit|1984 in spaceflight|1984 in the Soviet Union|Derelict space probes|France–Soviet Union relations|Extraterrestrial aircraft|Spacecraft launched in 1984|Extraterrestrial atmosphere entry |
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