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词条 Vehicle size class
释义

  1. North America

     United States  EPA  FHWA  Canada 

  2. Europe

  3. Asia

     China  India  Japan 

  4. See also

  5. References

{{ref improve|date=January 2015}}

Vehicle size classes are series of ratings assigned to different segments of automotive vehicles in order to calculate fuel economy. Various methods are used to classify vehicles; in the United States, passenger vehicles are classified by total interior capacity while trucks are classified by gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Vehicle segments in the European Union do not have formal characterization or regulations, however linear measurements are used to describe size. Asian vehicle classifications are a combination of dimensions and engine displacement.

North America

United States

{{See also|Corporate average fuel economy|Energy Policy and Conservation Act||l1=CAFE||l2=EPCA}}

Vehicle classifications of four government agencies are in use in the United States: the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA as part of their NCAP program)[1] and the U.S. Census Bureau. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety also has its own vehicle classification system that is used by most vehicle insurance companies in the U.S.[2]

EPA

EPA size classes are defined in Federal Regulation, Title 40—Protection of Environment, Section 600.315-08 "Classes of comparable automobiles".[3] Passenger car classes are defined based on interior volume index (the combined passenger and cargo volume) and are as follows.

Vehicle size classes by U.S. Fuel Economy Guide for sedans[4]
Class Interior combined passenger and cargo volume index
Minicompact 85|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Subcompact 85–99.9|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Compact 100–109.9|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Mid-Size 110–119.9|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Large 120|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Vehicle size classes by U.S. Fuel Economy Guide for station wagons[4]
Class Interior volume index
Small 130|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Midsize 130–159|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}
Large 160|cuft|l|round=5|order=flip}}

Trucks classes are defined by gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The Administrator will classify light trucks (nonpassenger automobiles) into the following classes: Small pickup trucks, standard pickup trucks, vans, minivans, and SUVs. Starting in the 2013 model year, SUVs will be divided between small sport utility vehicles and standard sport utility vehicles. Pickup trucks and SUVs are separated by car line on the basis of gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). For a product line with more than one GVWR, establish the characteristic GVWR value for the product line by calculating the arithmetic average of all distinct GVWR values less than or equal to 8,500 pounds available for that product line.

Vehicle size classes by U.S. Fuel Economy Guide for trucks[5]
ClassGVWR
Pickup trucks Small 6,000|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Standard 6,000-8,500|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Vans Passenger 10,000|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Cargo 85,00|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Minivans < {{cvt|8,500|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Sport utility vehicles Small 6,000|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Standard 6,000-10,000|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}
Special purpose vehicles < {{cvt|8,500|lb|kg|round=50|order=flip}}

Special purpose vehicles. All automobiles with GVWR less than or equal to 8,500 pounds and all medium-duty passenger vehicles which possess special features and which the Administrator determines are more appropriately classified separately from typical automobiles or which do not meet the requirements of paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section will be classified as special purpose vehicles.

Interior volume index is calculated differently for different vehicle classes:

  • For passenger automobiles, it is calculated for each car line which is not a two seater. For car lines with more than one body style, the interior volume index for the car line is the arithmetic average of the interior volume indexes of each body style in the car line.
  • For all body styles except station wagons and hatchbacks with more than one seat (e.g., with a second or third seat) equipped with seatbelts as required by DOT safety regulations, interior volume index is the sum, rounded to the nearest {{convert|0.1|cuft|L}}, of the front seat volume, the rear seat volume, if applicable, and the luggage capacity.
  • For all station wagons and hatchbacks with more than one seat (e.g. with a second or third seat) equipped with seat belts as required by DOT safety regulations, interior volume index is the sum, rounded to the nearest {{convert|0.1|cuft|L}}, of the front seat volume, the rear seat volume, and the cargo volume index.

All dimensions and volumes shall be determined from the base vehicles of each body style in each car line, and do not include optional equipment.

Front seat volume is calculated as product of:

  • Effective head room-front
  • Average of shoulder and hip room-front, if hip room is more than {{convert|5|in|mm}} less than shoulder room; Shoulder room-front, if hip room is not more than {{convert|5|in|mm}} less than shoulder room
  • Maximum effective leg room-accelerator

Rear seat volume is calculated for vehicles within a rear seat equipped with rear seat belts (as required by DOT), as product of:

  • Effective head room-second
  • Average of shoulder and hip room-second, if hip room is more than {{convert|5|in|mm}} less than shoulder room; Shoulder room-second, if hip room is not more than {{convert|5|in|mm}} less than shoulder room
  • Minimum effective leg room-second

For passenger automobiles with no rear seat or with a rear seat but no rear seat belts, the area to the rear of the front seat shall be included in the determination of usable luggage capacity.

Cargo volume index is calculated as follows:

  • For station wagon, it is the product of Shoulder room-second, Cargo height, Cargo length at belt-second.
  • For hatchback, it is the product of:
    • Average cargo length, the arithmetic average of the cargo compartment length at the second setback height and the cargo compartment length at the floor
    • Shoulder room-second (essentially, rear seat width at the shoulder level)
    • Second seatback to load floor height.

FHWA

Developed in the 1980s, the Federal Highway Administration 13-category classification rule set is currently used for most Federal reporting requirements and that serves as the basis for most State vehicle classification systems.[6]

FHWA vehicle classification definitions
Class GroupClass DefinitionClass IncludesNumber of Axles
1 Motorcycles Motorcycles 2
2 Passenger Cars All cars
Cars with one-axle trailers
Cars with two-axle trailers 		2, 3, or 4
3 Other Two-Axle Four-Tire Single-Unit Vehicles Pick-ups and vans
Pick-ups and vans with one- and two- axle trailers 		2, 3
4 Buses Two- and three-axle buses 2 or 3
5 Two-Axle, Six-Tire, Single-Unit Trucks Two-axle trucks 2
6 Three-Axle Single-Unit Trucks Three-axle trucks
Three-axle tractors without trailers 		3
7 Four or More Axle Single-Unit Trucks Four-, five-, six- and seven-axle single-unit trucks 4 or more
8 Four or Fewer Axle Single-Trailer Trucks Two-axle trucks pulling one- and two-axle trailers
Two-axle tractors pulling one- and two-axle trailers
Three-axle tractors pulling one-axle trailers 		3 or 4
9 Five-Axle Single-Trailer Trucks Two-axle tractors pulling three-axle trailers
Three-axle tractors pulling two-axle trailers
Three-axle trucks pulling two-axle trailers 		5
10 Six or More Axle Single-Trailer Trucks Multiple configurations 6 or more
11 Five or Fewer Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks Multiple configurations 4 or 5
12 Six-Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks Multiple configurations 6
13 Seven or More Axle Multi-Trailer Trucks Multiple configurations 7 or more
14 Unused ---- ----
15 Unclassified Vehicle Multiple configurations 2 or more
{{resize|80%|Source: Verification, Refinement, and Applicability of Long-Term Pavement Performance Vehicle Classification Rules, FHWA}}[6]

Canada

Cars are divided into six classes based on interior volume. An interior volume index is calculated from the combined passenger and trunk or cargo space. Pickup trucks, special purpose vehicles and vans are segmented in their own respective classes.

Class Interior size in litres (cubic feet)
Two-seater (Undefined)
Subcompact car Under 2830 (99.9)
Compact car 2830–3115 (99.9–110)
Mid-size car 3115–3400 (110–120)
Full-size car Over 3400 (120)

The above definitions of vehicle classes are not defined in Canadian regulations, but by Fuel Consumption Guide published by Natural Resources Canada.

Other vehicle classes are listed in On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations (SOR/2003-2),[7] officially published in Canada Gazette Part 2, Vol. 137 No. 1:

Class GVWR in kg (pounds) Curb weight in kg (pounds) Frontal area in m² (square feet)
Light light-duty truck 2722 (6000) or under 2722 (6000) or under Max 4.2 (45.2)
Light-duty truck 3856 (8500) or under 2722 (6000) or under Max 4.2 (45.2)
Heavy light-duty truck Over 2722–3856 (6000–8500) 2722 (6000) or under Max 4.2 (45.2)
Heavy-duty vehicle Over 3856 (8500) Over 2722 (6000) Over 4.2 (45.2)
Medium-duty passenger vehicle Same as heavy-duty vehicle Under 4536 (10000) Same as heavy-duty vehicle

In case of light-duty trucks, all three conditions must be met, otherwise it is classified as heavy-duty vehicle. In addition, light duty must also be:

  • Designed primarily for the transportation of property or that is a derivative of a vehicle that is designed for that purpose;
  • Designed primarily for the transportation of persons and has a designated seating capacity of more than 12 persons; or
  • Available with special features that enable it to be operated and used off-road, the special features being four-wheel drive and at least four of the following characteristics, that are calculated when the vehicle is at curb weight and on a level surface with the front wheels parallel to the vehicle's longitudinal centreline and the tires are inflated to the manufacturer's recommended pressure:
    • An approach angle of not less than 28 degrees
    • Break-over angle of not less than 14 degrees
    • A departure angle of not less than 20 degrees
    • Ground clearances of not less than 17.8 cm under the front and rear axles
    • A ground clearance of not less than 20.3 cm under any point other than the front or rear axle

Medium-duty passenger vehicle is classified as a heavy-duty vehicle that is designed primarily for the transportation of persons but does not include any vehicle that:

  • Is a truck that is incomplete because it does not have a primary load carrying device or container attached
  • Has a seating capacity of more than 12 persons
  • Is designed to seat more than nine persons behind the driver
  • Is equipped with an open cargo area (for example, a pick-up truck box or bed) of 183 cm in interior length or more or with a covered box not readily accessible from the passenger compartment

Motorcycle is classified as an on-road vehicle with a headlight, taillight and stoplight that has two or three wheels and a curb weight of 793 kg or less, but does not include a vehicle that has an engine displacement of less than 50 cc, or that, with an 80 kg (176 pound) driver:

  • Cannot start from a dead stop using only the engine
  • Cannot exceed a speed of 40 km/h on a level paved surface

Europe

Vehicle segments in Europe do not have formal characterization or regulations. Models segments tend to be based on comparison to well-known brand models. For example, a car such as the Volkswagen Golf might be described as being in the Ford Focus size class, or vice versa. The VW Polo is smaller, so it belongs one segment below the Golf, while the bigger Passat is one segment above.

This is a table listing several different methods of car classification.

{{Automobile classification}}

EuroNCAP applies a standard safety test to all new cars, the results are listed in separate categories to allow prospective vehicle purchasers to compare models of a similar size and shape:

  • Small family cars (also for stand-alone saloon superminis, like the Dacia Logan)
  • Large family cars (includes compact executive cars)
  • Executive cars (for expensive cars over 4.80 m long)
  • Roadsters
  • Small off-roaders (similar to the North American crossover SUV category)
  • Large off-roaders (similar to the North American SUV category)
  • Small MPVs (both mini MPVs and compact MPVs)
  • Large MPVs

Asia

China

Vehicle size categories for passenger vehicles for the China NCAP program as defined by the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) may appear similar to the European system, but are closer to the Japanese in application.

  • Category A (A-segment) vehicles are 2-box vehicles of between 4 and 4.5 meters in length, or three-box vehicles (i.e., sedans with a trunk) with engines of less than 1600 cc.
  • Category B (B-segment) vehicles are longer than 4.5 m in length with engines of over 1600 cc.
  • Multi-Purpose Vehicles, or MPVs: those with more than two rows of seats such as BYD Song Max.
  • Sport Utility vehicles or SUVs such as BYD Song.

India

The Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) divides Indian passenger vehicles into the segments A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, B1, B2 and SUV. The classification is done solely based on the length of the vehicle. The details of the segments are below:

Car Segment Length of the car Classification Car model belonging to the segment
A1 Up to 3400mm Ultracompact cars (A) Suzuki Alto, Tata Nano, Mahindra e2o
A2 3401 to 4000mm Sub-four metre (B) Hyundai Xcent, Honda Amaze, Maruti Suzuki Dzire
A3 4001 to 4500mm Entry-level mid-size sedans (C) Hyundai Verna, Honda City, Suzuki Ciaz
A4 4501 to 4700mm Small family cars (C) Toyota Corolla, Škoda Octavia, Chevrolet Cruze
A5 4701 to 5000mm Mid-size (D)
Executive cars (E) 		D-segment: Toyota Camry, Škoda Superb
E-segment: Mercedes-Benz E-Class, BMW 5 series
A6 More than 5000 mm Grand saloons (F) Mercedes-Benz S-Class, Audi A8, BMW 7 series, Jaguar XJ
B1 <4000 mm Small vans Maruti Omni, Tata Venture
B2 >4000 mm Mid-size MPVs/minivans Toyota Innova, Honda Odyssey (not sold in India)
SUV Any SUVs Honda CR-V, Hyundai Santa Fe

Japan

Sections of this article are translated from Japanese Wikipedia.

Vehicle size classes in Japan are rather simple compared to other regions. The classifications were established under the Japanese Government's Road Vehicle Act of 1951.[8][9] There are just three different classes defined by regulations. The dimension regulations are enforced to exact measurements. These standards of classification are enforced on all vehicles within the jurisdiction of Japan, and no special consideration is made for the vehicles' origination of manufacture. The Japanese law regulates all vehicles that do not travel on railroads, or are not powered by physically contacting overhead power lines. The law regulates vehicles that are powered by an autonomous power source. Smaller cars are more popular in Japan due to the confined driving conditions and speed limits.

  • Keijidosha (light cars): Buyers of Kei cars enjoy a number of tax, registration and other benefits to encourage the purchase of these tiny vehicles (among road vehicles requiring a license only). Regulations have been updated a number of times over the years to allow larger, more powerful cars to be developed and maintain demand as buyers become more affluent, and to improve collision protection performance. The current regulations state that a kei car is a vehicle less than {{convert|3.4|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|1.48|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} high, with a maximum engine displacement of {{convert|660|cc|abbr=on}} and maximum power of {{convert|64|PS|kW hp|0|abbr=on}}. Extra small microcars are available with an engine size no larger than {{convert|49|cc|abbr=on}}, identified with a light blue license plate and blue text.
  • Small size Passenger vehicles, commonly called "5 number" vehicles in reference to their license-plate prefix. This class is defined as limited to vehicles less than {{convert|4.7|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|1.7|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} high and with engine displacement at or under {{convert|2000|cc|abbr=on}}. Vans, trucks and station wagons (considered commercial vehicles in Japan) in the compact size class receive a "4 number" license prefix. Before 1989, the annual tax rate of normal-size class was more than doubled of this class so that most Japanese cars were built within small-size class requirement. Now the annual tax rate only varies with engine displacement however useful small-size class cars are still popular in Japanese market, and Japanese manufacturers make regular improvements to compact sized products to maximize interior accommodation while remaining within the exterior boundaries.
  • Normal size Passenger vehicles, commonly called "3 number" in reference to their license-plate prefix (trucks and buses over 2000 cc have license plates numbers beginning with 1 and 2 respectively), are those more than {{convert|4.7|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|1.7|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} wide, {{convert|2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} high or with engine displacement larger than {{convert|2000|cc|abbr=on}}. This regulation also mandates that all passenger vehicles can not exceed {{convert|6|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} length or {{convert|2|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} width. Based on market conditions, vehicles such as the first generation Honda Legend, and the Mitsubishi Starion were produced in both "compact size" (just under 4.7 m long and 1.7 m wide) for the Japanese market, and longer or wider "passenger size" versions, primarily for export.

Motorcycles also have classification definitions based on engine size:

Class I Moped
Engine size must be at or less than 50 cc, identified by blue text and white extra small license plate.
Class II Moped (B)
Engine size is between 50–90 cc, identified by blue text and yellow extra small license plate.
Class II Moped (MIG)
Engine size is between 90–125 cc, identified by blue text and pink extra small license plate (color of plate can vary according to regional requirements)
Motorcycle Light
Engine size is between 125–250 cc, identified by green text and white small license plate.
Motorcycle Medium
Engine size is between 250–400 cc, identified by green outline and green text with white small license plate.
Motorcycle Large
Engine size is over 400 cc, identified by green outline and green text with white small license plate.

All vehicles with an engine displacement over 250 cc are required to undergo an inspection (called "Shaken" in Japan). Vehicle weight tax and mandatory vehicle insurance are usually paid at this time. This is separate from the road tax paid yearly. The road tax varies from {{currency|3,000|JPY|linked=yes}} for kei cars up to {{currency|22,000|JPY|linked=no}} for normal size cars with 4.6L engines.

See also

  • Car body style
  • Car classification
  • Directive 2001/116/EC
  • Truck classification
  • Vehicle category

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/ratings |title=Ratings – How does NHTSA categorize vehicles? |publisher=National Highway Traffic Safety Administration |access-date=24 March 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.iihs.org/iihs/ratings/technical-information/technical-protocols |title=How IIHS Classifies Vehicles by Size, Weight, Type and Price |publisher=Insurance Institute for Highway Safety |location=US |access-date=24 March 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=40 CFR 600.315-82 - Classes of comparable automobiles. - Content Details - CFR-2011-title40-vol30-sec600-315-82 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/CFR-2011-title40-vol30/CFR-2011-title40-vol30-sec600-315-82 |website=www.govinfo.gov |accessdate=31 March 2019}}
4. ^1 {{cite web| url= http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/info.shtml#sizeclasses |title=Frequently Asked Questions |website=www.fueleconomy.gov |publisher= U.S. Department of Energy |accessdate= 7 June 2016 |postscript=. Click "How are vehicle size classes defined?"}}
5. ^{{cite book |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2015-title40-vol30/CFR-2015-title40-vol30-sec600-315-08 |title=Title 40 CFR § 600.315-08 - Classes of comparable automobiles |publisher=U.S. Government Publishing Office |date=1 July 2015 |access-date=16 April 2018}}
6. ^1 {{citeweb|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/13091/002.cfm|work=FHWA|title=Chapter 2. Introduction to Vehicle Classification - Verification, Refinement, and Applicability of Long-Term Pavement Performance Vehicle Classification Rules , November 2014 - FHWA-HRT-13-091}}
7. ^{{cite web |title=On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations (SOR/2003-2) |url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/regulations/detailReg.cfm?intReg=65 |website=www.ec.gc.ca |publisher=Environment Canada |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012061743/http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/regulations/detailReg.cfm?intReg=65 |archivedate=12 October 2004}}
8. ^Road Vehicle Act of 1951 (Japanese)
9. ^[https://archive.is/20130130055050/http://njkk.com/about/industry4.htm Japanese Postwar Reconstruction]

1 : Car classifications
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