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词条 Velar nasal
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Redirect|Agma}}{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ŋ
|ipa number=119
|decimal=331
|imagefile=Velar nasal (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
|x-sampa=N
|kirshenbaum=N
|braille=1246
}}

The velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ŋ}}}} is similar to {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɳ}}}}, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɲ}}}}, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in a large number of European or Middle Eastern or Caucasian languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages and is also common in many languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Polynesia. While almost all languages have {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}} is rarer.[1] Only half of the 469 languages surveyed in {{Harvcoltxt|Anderson|2008}} had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, a large proportion of them limits its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before velar consonants. An example of it used this way is the English word ingredient, which can be pronounced as either {{IPA|[ɪnˈɡriːdiənt]}} or {{IPA|[ɪŋˈɡriːdiənt]}}.

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which {{IPA|/n/}} is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar {{IPAblink|n̪}} even before velar consonants.[2]

Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.

Features

Features of the velar nasal:

{{nasal stop}}{{velar}}{{voiced}}{{nasal}}{{central-lateral}}{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanianale-Latn|ngaqë}}[ŋɡacə]}} 'because'
Aleut{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}}ale-Latn|chaang}}[tʃɑːŋ]}} 'five'
Arabic Some speakers ar|إنكار|rtl=yes}}[ʔɪŋˈkʰɑːr]}} 'denial' /n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}}; more commonly realized as {{IPAblink|n}}.
Armenian Dum-Tragut|2009|p=19}}hy|ընկեր}}[əŋˈkɛɾ]}} 'friend' /n/}} before velar consonants
Assamesebn|ৰং}}[rɔŋ]}} 'color'
Bambarabm|ŋonI|italic=yes}}[ŋoni]}} 'guitar'
Bashkir{{lang>gah-Cyrl|мең / meñ}}Ba-мең.ogg|[mɪ̞ŋ]}} 'nine'
Basqueeu|hanka|italic=yes}}[haŋka]}} 'leg'
Bengalibn|রঙ}}[rɔŋ]}} 'colour'
Bulgarian[5]bg|тънко}}[ˈtɤŋko]}} 'thin'
Catalan{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}}ca|sang|italic=yes}}{{clarify|reason=malformed wikimarkup|date=December 2017}}[ˈsaŋ(k)]}} 'blood' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Cantonese yue-Hani|昂}}[ŋɔːŋ˩]}} 'raise' See Cantonese phonology
Eastern Min 疑 [ŋi]}} 'suspect'
Gan 牙 [ŋa]}} 'tooth'
Hakka 我 [ŋai]}} 'I'
Mandarin cmn-Hani|北京}}[peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥]}} 'Beijing' Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology
Northern Min 外 [ŋui]}} 'outside'
Southern Min 黃 [ŋ̍]}} 'yellow' Only in colloquial speech.
Sichuanese 我 [ŋɔ]}} 'I'
Wu 五 [ŋ˩˧]}} 'five'
Xiang 熬 [ŋau]}} 'to boil'
Yuci dialect of Jin 我 [ŋie]}} 'I'
Chukchi ӈыроӄ [ŋəɹoq]}} 'three'
Czechcs|tank|italic=yes}}[taŋk]}} 'tank' See Czech phonology
Dinkadin|ŋa|italic=yes}}[ŋa]}} 'who'
Danishda|sang|italic=yes}}[sɑŋˀ]}} 'song' See Danish phonology
Dutch{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}nl|angst|italic=yes}}[ɑŋst]}} 'fear' See Dutch phonology
Englishen|sing|italic=yes}}sing-pronunciation-audio.ogg|[sɪŋ]|help=no}} 'sing' Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroesefo|ong|italic=yes}}[ɔŋk]}} 'meadow'
Fijianfj|gone}}[ˈŋone]}} 'child'
Filipinofil|ngayón|italic=yes}}[ŋaˈjon]}} 'now'
Finnishfi|kangas|italic=yes}}[ˈkɑŋːɑs]}} 'cloth' /k/}}. See Finnish phonology
French{{sfnp|Wells|1989|p=44}}fr|camping|italic=yes}}[kɑ̃piŋ]}} 'camping' Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Galiciangl|unha|italic=yes}}[ˈuŋa]}} 'one' (f.)
Germande|lang|italic=yes}}[laŋ]}} 'long' See Standard German phonology
Greekel|άγχος}}/{{transl|el|ISO|anchos}}['aŋxo̞s]}} 'Stress' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew Standard he|אנגלית|rtl=yes}}[aŋɡˈlit]}} 'English language' /n/}} before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardi עין [ŋaˈjin]}} 'Ayin' See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynonhil|buang|italic=yes}}[bu'äŋ]}} 'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustanihi|रंग}} / {{lang|ur|رنگ|rtl=yes}}[rəŋɡ]}} 'color' See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Hungarianhu|ing|italic=yes}}[iŋɡ]}} 'shirt' /n/}}. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandicis|göng|italic=yes}}[ˈkœy̯ŋk]}} 'tunnel' See Icelandic phonology
Indonesianid|bangun}}[bäŋʊn]}} 'wake up'
Inuktitut ᐴᙳᐆᖅ/puunnguuq [puːŋŋuːq]}} 'dog'
Inuvialuktun qamnguiyuaq [qamŋuijuaq]}} 'snores'
Irishga|a nglór|italic=yes}}[ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]}} 'their voice' Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=118}}it|anche|italic=yes}}[ˈaŋke]}} 'also' /n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See Italian phonology
Itelmenitl-Cyrl|қниң}}[qniŋ]}} 'one'
Japanese Standard ja-Hani|南極}}/{{lang|ja-Latn|nankyoku}}[naŋkʲokɯ]}} 'the South Pole' See Japanese phonology
Okada|1999|p=118}}ja-Hani|鍵}}/{{lang|ja-Latn|kagi}}[kaŋi]}} 'key'
Kagayanen{{sfnp|Olson|Mielke|Sanicas-Daguman|Pebley|2010|pp=206–207}}cgc|manang|italic=yes}}[manaŋ]}} 'older sister'
Kazakhkk|мың/myń}}[məŋ]}} 'thousand'
Kyrgyzky-Cyrl|миң}}[miŋ]}} 'thousand'
Ketket-Cyrl|аяң}}[ajaŋ]}} 'to damn'
Khasikha|ngap|italic=yes}}[ŋap]}} 'honey'
Koreanko|방}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|bang}}[pɐŋ]}} 'room' See Korean phonology
Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}}lb|keng|italic=yes}}[kʰæŋ]}} 'nobody' See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonianmk|aнглиски}}[ˈaŋɡliski]}} 'English' /n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See Macedonian phonology
Lugandamk|ŋaaŋa}}[ŋɑːŋɑ]}} 'hornbill'
Malayms|bangun}}[bäŋon]}} 'wake up'
Malayalam{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=165}} മാങ്ങ [maːŋŋɐ]}} 'mango'
Māori{{sfnp|Reed|2001}}mi-Latn|ngā}}[ŋaː]}} 'the'
Marathimr|रंग}}[rəŋə]}} 'colour' See Marathi phonology
Mari еҥ [jeŋ]}} 'human'
Nganasan ӈаӈ [ŋaŋ]}} 'mouth'
Nivkh ңамг [ŋamɡ]}} 'seven'
North Frisian Mooring frr|kåchelng|italic=yes}}[ˈkɔxəlŋ]}} 'stove'
Norwegianno|gang|italic=yes}}[ɡɑŋ]}} 'hallway' See Norwegian phonology
Punjabipa|ਵੰਙ|italic=yes}}[vəŋ]}} 'bangle'
Persianfa|رنگ|rtl=yes}}[ræːŋ]}} 'color' See Persian phonology
Pipilppl|nemanha|italic=yes}}[nemaŋa]}} 'later'
Polish{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=103}}pl|bank|italic=yes}}[bäŋk]}} 'bank' /n/}} before {{IPA|/k, ɡ, x/}}; post-palatal before {{IPA|/kʲ, ɡʲ/}}.{{sfnp|Gussmann|1974|pp=107, 111 and 114}}{{sfnp|Ostaszewska|Tambor|2000|pp=35, 41 and 86}} See Polish phonology
Portuguesept|manga|italic=yes}}[ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ]}} 'mango' /n/}} before {{IPA|/ɡ/}} and {{IPA|/k/}}, when the speaker does not delete the {{IPA|/n/}} by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
Occitan Provençal oc|vin|italic=yes}}[viŋ]}} 'wine'
Rapanuirap-Latn|hanga}}[haŋa]}} 'bay' g}} in Rapanui
RomanianȚara Moților Transylvanian{{sfnp>Pop|1938|p=31}}ro|câine}}[kɨŋi]}}{{fix|text=stress?}} 'dog' n}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[6]sh|stanka|italic=yes}}[stâːŋka]}} 'pause' /n/}} before {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}}.[6] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Serisei|comcáac}}[koŋˈkaak]}} 'Seri people'
Shonasn-Latn|nanga}}[ŋaŋɡa]}} 'witch doctor'
Slovenesl|tank}}[taŋk]}} 'tank'
Spanish{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} All dialects es|domingo|italic=yes}}[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]}} 'Sunday' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Spanish phonology
Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Latin American dialects alquitrán alkitˈɾaŋ}}]'tar' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Swahiling'ombe[ŋombɛ]'cow'
Swedishsv|ingenting|italic=yes}}[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]}} 'nothing' See Swedish phonology
Tamil இங்கே [iŋgeː]}}'here'
Thaith|งาน}}[ŋaːn]}} 'work'
Tuamotuanth|rangi/ragi|italic=yes}}[raŋi]}} 'sky'
Tundra Nenetsyrk|ӈэва}}[ŋæewa]}} 'head'
Turkishtr|Ankara|italic=yes}}[ˈaŋkaɾa]}} 'Ankara' /n/}} before {{IPA|/k/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}}. See Turkish phonology
Turkmentk|müň|italic=yes}}[myŋ]}} 'thousand'
Uzbekuz|ming|italic=yes}}[miŋ]}} 'thousand'
Venetianvec|man|italic=yes}}[maŋ]}} 'hand'
Vietnamese{{sfnp|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}vi|ngà|italic=yes}}[ŋaː˨˩]}} 'ivory'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshcy|rhwng|italic=yes}}[r̥ʊŋ]}} 'between'
West Frisianfy|kening|italic=yes}}[ˈkeːnɪŋ]}} 'king'
Yiii|ꉢ}}/{{lang|ii|nga|italic=yes}}[ŋa˧]}} 'I'
Yup'ikypk-Latn|ungungssiq}}[uŋuŋssiq]}} 'animal'
Zapotec Merrill|2008|p=109}} yan [jaŋ]}} 'neck' /n/}}

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles
  • Eng (letter)

Notes

1. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=164}}. The oral counterparts, {{IPA|/p t k/}} are found together in almost all languages
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Jones|Ward|1969|p=160}}
3. ^Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
4. ^Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
5. ^{{cite web|last=Sabev|first=Mitko|title=Bulgarian Sound System|url=http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~llsroach/phon2/b_phon/b_phon.htm|accessdate=31 July 2013}}
6. ^1 {{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=67}}

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4 : Velar consonants|Nasal consonants|Pulmonic consonants|Voiced consonants
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