| 词条 | Venera 11 |
| 释义 |
| name = Venera 11 | names_list = | image = Venus 12.jpg | image_caption = Seal of Venera 11 | image_alt = | image_size = 140px | mission_type = | operator = Soviet Academy of Sciences | Harvard_designation = | COSPAR_ID = 1978-084A 1978-084D | SATCAT = 11020 11027 | website = | mission_duration = Travel: 3 months and 16 days Lander: 95 minutes | distance_travelled = | orbits_completed = | suborbital_range = | suborbital_apogee = | spacecraft = 4V-1 | spacecraft_type = 4V-1 No. 360 | spacecraft_bus = 4MV | manufacturer = | launch_mass = {{convert|4,940|kg|abbr=on}} | BOL_mass = {{convert|4,715|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | landing_mass = {{convert|760|kg|lb|abbr=on}} | dry_mass = | payload_mass = | dimensions = {{convert|2.7|x|2.3|x|5.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} | power = | launch_date = {{start date|1978|09|09}}, 03:25:39 UTC | launch_rocket = Proton-K/D-1 8K82K | launch_site = Baikonur 81/23 | launch_contractor = | deployment_from = | deployment_date = | entered_service = | disposal_type = | deactivated = | destroyed = | last_contact = | recovery_by = | recovery_date = | decay_date = | landing_date = | landing_site =
| programme = Venera | previous_mission = Venera 10 | next_mission = Venera 12 | insignia = | insignia_caption = | insignia_alt = | insignia_size = }} The Venera 11 ({{lang-ru|Венера-11}} meaning Venus 11) was a Soviet unmanned space mission part of the Venera program to explore the planet Venus. Venera 11 was launched on 9 September 1978 at 03:25:39 UTC.[1] Separating from its flight platform on December 23, 1978 the lander entered the Venus atmosphere two days later on December 25 at 11.2 km/s. During the descent, it employed aerodynamic braking followed by parachute braking and ending with atmospheric braking. It made a soft landing on the surface at 06:24 Moscow time (03:24 UT) on 25 December after a descent time of approximately 1 hour. The touchdown speed was 7 to 8 m/s. Information was transmitted to the flight platform for retransmittal to earth until it moved out of range 95 minutes after touchdown.[2] Landing coordinates are {{Venus coords and quad cat|14|S|299|E}}.[2] Flight platformAfter ejection of the lander probe, the flight platform continued on past Venus in a heliocentric orbit. Near encounter with Venus occurred on December 25, 1978, at approximately 35,000 km altitude. The flight platform acted as a data relay for the descent craft for 95 minutes until it flew out of range and returned its own measurements on interplanetary space.[3] Venera 11 flight platform carried solar wind detectors, ionosphere electron instruments and two gamma ray burst detectors – the Soviet-built KONUS and the French-built SIGNE 2. The SIGNE 2 detectors were simultaneously flown on Venera 12 and Prognoz 7 to allow triangulation of gamma ray sources. Before and after Venus flyby, Venera 11 and Venera 12 yielded detailed time-profiles for 143 gamma-ray bursts, resulting in the first ever catalog of such events. The last gamma-ray burst reported by Venera 11 occurred on January 27, 1980 List of flight platform instruments and experiments:[4]
The mission ended in February, 1980. Venera 11 is currently in heliocentric orbit, with perihelion of 0.69 AU, aphelion of 1.01 AU, eccentricity of 0.19, inclination of 2.3 degrees and orbital period of 284 days. LanderThe lander carried instruments to study the temperature and atmospheric and soil chemical composition. A device called Groza detected lightning on Venus. Both Venera 11 and Venera 12 had landers with two cameras, each designed for color imaging, though Soviet literature does not mention them. Each failed to return images when the lens covers did not separate after landing due to a design flaw. The soil analyzer also failed. A gas chromatograph was on board to measure the composition of the Venus atmosphere, as well as instruments to study scattered solar radiation. Results reported included evidence of lightning and thunder, a high Ar36/Ar40 ratio, and the discovery of carbon monoxide at low altitudes.[5] List of lander experiments and instruments: {{Colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
See also{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_11 |title=Venera 11 |access-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121002131/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_11 |archive-date=2015-01-21 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_11&Display=ReadMore |title=Venera 11 – Detail |access-date=2012-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120235556/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Venera_11&Display=ReadMore |archive-date=2015-01-20 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-084A |title=Venera 11 (NASA NSS-DC) }} 4. ^{{cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Don P.|title=Drilling into the Surface of Venus|url=http://mentallandscape.com/V_Venera11.htm|accessdate=13 April 2013}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1978-084D |title=Venera 11 Descent Craft }} External links
5 : Venera program|1978 in spaceflight|1978 in the Soviet Union|Derelict landers (spacecraft)|Spacecraft launched in 1978 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。