词条 | Veneration |
释义 |
Within Christianity, veneration is practiced by groups such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic, and Eastern Catholic Churches, all of which have varying types of canonization or glorification procedures. In the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, veneration is shown outwardly by respectfully bowing or making the sign of the cross before a saint's icon, relics, or statue, or by going on pilgrimage to sites associated with saints. In general, veneration is not practiced by Protestants. Hinduism has a long tradition of veneration of saints, expressed toward various gurus and teachers of sanctity, both living and dead. Branches of Buddhism include formal liturgical worship of saints, with Mahayana Buddhism classifying degrees of sainthood.[1][3] In Islam, veneration of saints is practiced by many of the adherents of traditional Sunni Islam (Sunni Sufis, for example) and Shia Islam, and in many parts of places like Turkey, Egypt, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.[5][6] Other sects, such as Wahhabists etc., abhor the practice.[7] In Judaism, there is no classical or formal recognition of saints, but there is a long history of reverence shown toward biblical heroes and martyrs. In some regions, for example within Judaism in Morocco, there is a long and widespread tradition of saint veneration.[1][2][3] BuddhismBoth main branches of Buddhism, Theravada and Mahayana, recognize those who have achieved a high degree of enlightenment as an Arhat. Mahayana Buddhism particularly gives emphasis to the power of saints to aid ordinary people on the path to enlightenment. Those who have reached enlightenment, and have delayed their own complete enlightenment in order to help others, are called Bodhisattvas. Mahayana Buddhism has formal liturgical practices for venerating saints, along with very specific levels of sainthood. Tibetan Buddhists venerate especially holy lamas, such as the Dalai Lama, as saints.[1][3] ChristianityVeneration towards those who were considered holy began in early Christianity, with the martyrs first being given special honor. Official church commemoration of saints in Rome beginning as early as the third century. Over time, the honor also began to be given to those Christians who lived lives of holiness and sanctity. Various denominations venerate and determine saints in different ways, with some having a formal canonization or glorification process. It is also the first step to becoming a saint. [1] {{Anchor|Hyperdulia}}Roman Catholic, OrthodoxIn Roman Catholic and Orthodox theology, veneration is a type of honor distinct from the adoration due to God alone. According to Mark Miravelle of Franciscan University of Steubenville, the English word "worship" has been associated with both veneration and adoration:
In the Syriac Orthodox Church liturgical service, the Hail Mary is pronounced as a prefatory prayer after the Our Father, and before the priest's entrance to the chancel[9]. The name of the Blessed Virgin Mary has also been probably used for the sanctification of altars, above the name of all other saints[10]. Church theologians have long adopted the terms latria for the type of worship due to God alone, and dulia and proskynesis for the veneration given to angels, saints, relics and icons.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Catholic and Orthodox theologies also include the term hyperdulia for the type of veneration specifically paid to Mary, mother of Jesus, in Catholic and Orthodox traditions.[11][15] This distinction is spelled out in the dogmatic conclusions of the Seventh Ecumenical Council (787), which also decreed that iconoclasm, i.e. forbidding icons and their veneration, a dogma central to the Iconoclastic controversy, is a heresy that amounts to a denial of the incarnation of Jesus. Now, the Roman Catholic tradition has a well established philosophy for the veneration of the Virgin Mary via the field of Mariology with Pontifical schools such as the Marianum specifically devoted to this task.[17][18][19]. For the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, the Mother of God was the subject of three other different dogmas:
The special graces accorded by God to Mary motivated her title of Mediatrix of all graces to the human kind, her intercessory power to Jesus Christ God about the believers'intentions of prayer, and lastly the special veneration that the Roman Catholic and Oriental Orthodox Churches -sharing the same dogmas- tribute to her, in comparison with all other saints. ProtestantIn Protestant churches, veneration is sometimes considered to amount to the heresy of idolatry, and the related practice of canonization amounts to the heresy of apotheosis. Protestant theology usually denies that any real distinction between veneration and worship can be made, and claims that the practice of veneration distracts the Christian soul from its true object, the worship of God. In his Institutes of the Christian Religion, John Calvin writes that "(t)he distinction of what is called dulia and latria was invented for the very purpose of permitting divine honours to be paid to angels and dead men with apparent impunity".[20] HinduismHinduism has a longstanding and living tradition of reverence toward saints, with the line often blurring between humanity and divinity with some Hindu deities. The bhakti movements helped to popularize the veneration of saints and gurus as models showing the way to liberation.[1][3][21] Islam{{Main article|Wali}}Islam has had a rich history of veneration of saints (often called wali, which literally means "Friend [of God]"),[22] which has declined in some parts of the Islamic world in the twentieth century due to the influence of the various streams of Salafism. In Sunni Islam, the veneration of saints became a very common form of religious celebration early on,[23] and saints came to be defined in the eighth-century as a group of "special people chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work miracles."[24] The classical Sunni scholars came to recognize and honor these individuals as venerable people who were both "loved by God and developed a close relationship of love to Him."[25] "Belief in the miracles of saints (karāmāt al-awliyāʾ) ... [became a] requirement in Sunni Islam [during the classical period],"[26] with even medieval critics of the ubiquitous practice of grave visitation like Ibn Taymiyyah emphatically declaring: "The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, and acknowledged by all Muslim scholars. The Quran has pointed to it in different places, and the sayings of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are innovators or following innovators."[27] The vast majority of saints venerated in the classical Sunni world were the Sufis, who were all Sunni mystics who belonged to one of the one of the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law.[28]Veneration of saints eventually became one of the most widespread Sunni practices for more than a millennium, before it was opposed in the twentieth century by the Salafi movement, whose various streams regard it as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium."[29] In a manner similar to the Protestant Reformation,[30] the specific traditional practices which Salafism has tried to curtail in both Sunni and Shia contexts include those of the veneration of saints, visiting their graves, seeking their intercession, and honoring their relics. As Christopher Taylor has remarked: "[Throughout Islamic history] a vital dimension of Islamic piety was the veneration of Muslim saints…. [due, however to] certain strains of thought within the Islamic tradition itself, particularly pronounced in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ... [some modern day] Muslims have either resisted acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or have viewed their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations."[31] JudaismWhile orthodox and organized Judaism do not countenance the veneration of saints per se, veneration and pilgrimage to burial sites of holy Jewish leaders is an ancient part of the tradition.[32] Today it is common for some Jews to visit the graves of many righteous Jewish leaders.[33] The tradition is particularly strong among Moroccan Jews, and Jews of Sephardi descent, although also by some Ashkenazi Jews as well. This is particularly true in Israel, where many holy Jewish leaders are buried. The Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, Rachel's Tomb in Bethlehem and that of Maimonides in Tiberius are examples of burial sites that attract large pilgrimages in Israel.[1][2] In America, the only such example is the grave site of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, at the Ohel, in the cemetery in Queens where he is buried alongside his father-in-law. During his lifetime, Schneerson himself would frequently visit the gravesite (Ohel) of his father-in-law, where he would read letters and written prayers, and then place them on the grave.[34] Today visitors to the grave of Schneerson include Jews of Orthodox, Reform and Conservative background, as well as non-Jews.[35][36] Visitors typically recite prayers of psalms and bring with them petitions of prayers written on pieces of paper which are then torn and left on the grave.[37][38][39] See also
Notes1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite book|title=Thomson Gale Encyclopedia of Religion|editor=Lindsay Jones|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|year=2005|edition=Second|volume=Sainthood|pages=8033|language=TG}} 2. ^1 2 "Veneration of saints is a universal phenomenon. All monotheistic and polytheistic creeds contain something of its religious dimension... " {{cite book|author=Issachar Ben-Ami|title=Saint Veneration Among the Jews in Morocco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk9wCuiT7bEC&pg=PA13|accessdate=7 September 2012|year=1998|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=978-0-8143-2198-0|page=13}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|author=Werner Stark|title=Sociology of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUgVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA367|accessdate=7 September 2012|year=1966|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=367|id=GGKEY:ZSKE259PDZ9}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Florian Pohl|title=Modern Muslim Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA294|accessdate=7 September 2012|date=1 September 2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7927-7|pages=294–295}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Sufi Islam |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-sufi.htm |quote=Although frequently characterized as the mystical component of Islam, there are also "Folklorist" Sufis, and the "Traditional" Sufis...Sufism is characterized by the veneration of local saints and by brotherhoods that practice their own rituals.}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.economist.com/node/12792544|title=Of saints and sinners: The Islam of the Taliban is far removed from the popular Sufism practised by most South Asian Muslims |date=December 18, 2008 |publisher=The Economist |quote=In its popular form, Sufism is expressed mainly through the veneration of saints...South Asia is littered with the tombs of those saints. They include great medieval monuments, like the 13th-century shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti, founder of South Asia’s pre-eminent Sufi order, in Ajmer. But for every famous grave, there are thousands of roadside shrines, jutting into Delhi’s streets, or sprinkled across the craggy deserts of southern Pakistan.}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/may/08/news/war-saudis8 |title=Saudi Shiites Take Hope From Changes Next Door |date=2003-05-08 |author=Kim Murphy |publisher=Los Angeles Times |quote=while most Sunnis view them as fellow, though possibly misguided, Muslims, Shiites are regarded as infidels by the Saudi religious establishment, which adheres to the ultraconservative and austere variation of Sunni faith known as Wahhabism. Saudi religious leaders see the Shiite veneration of saints and shrines, celebration of the prophet Muhammad's birthday and other rituals as sinful.}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=What Is Devotion to Mary?|first=Mark|last=Miravalle|authorlink= Mark Miravalle|publisher=Mother of all peoples|accessdate=November 2, 2013|date=November 24, 2006|url=http://www.motherofallpeoples.com/2006/11/what-is-devotion-to-mary/}} 9. ^{{cite book | author = Jaison Jacob | url = https://books.google.it/books?id=Z_0-CgAAQBAJ&pg=100#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Holy Qurbana Kramam: Malankara Orthodox Church | publisher = Diaz Xavier | page = 275 | archive-url = https://archive.is/jzqNT | archive-date = Jan 15, 2019 | deadurl = no}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.stbaselios.org/about-us-2/our-lady-mary-mother-of-god/index.html | title = Our Lady Mary, Mother of God, mediator for all grace and advocate for all the devotees before God. | language = en | access-date = Jan 15, 2019 | website = St. Baselios Indian Orthodox Church | location = Malankara | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190116120331/http://www.stbaselios.org/about-us-2/our-lady-mary-mother-of-god/index.html | archive-date = Jan 15, 2019 | deadurl = no}} 11. ^1 s.v. dulia, {{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Third Edition|editor1-first=F.L.|editor1-last=Cross|editor2-first= E.A.|editor2-last=Livingstone|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|page=513}} 12. ^s.v. proskynesis, {{cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture, Second Edition|editors=Tom Devonshire Jones, Linda Murray, Peter Murray|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=475|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Te2dAAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA475&pg=PA475#v=onepage&f=false}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=The Orthodox Christian World|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|editor1-first=Augustine|editor1-last= Casiday|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZITAQ4XbgC&lpg=PA450&pg=PA450#v=onepage&f=false|page=450}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Veneration of Images|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm|publisher=New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia}} 15. ^1 s.v. Communion of Saints, {{cite book|title=The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology|editors=Alan Richardson, John Bowden|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC&lpg=PA274&pg=PA114#v=onepage&f=false|year=1983|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|page=114}} 16. ^s.v. Images, Veneration of, {{cite book|title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology|editor-first=Walter A.|editor-last=Elwell|publisher=Baker Academic|year=2001|page=594|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu846j61u0wC&pg=PA594#v=onepage&f=false}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us |title=Mariological Society of America |publisher=Mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us |date= |accessdate=2012-01-26}} 18. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202032938/http://www.servidimaria.org/en/attualita/promotori2/promotori2.htm |date=December 2, 2007 }} 19. ^Publisher’s Notice in the Second Italian Edition (1986), reprinted in English Edition, Gabriel Roschini, O.S.M. (1989). The Virgin Mary in the Writings of Maria Valtorta (English Edition). Kolbe's Publication Inc. {{ISBN|2-920285-08-4}} 20. ^http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book1/bk1ch12.html 21. ^Cybelle Shattuck, Hinduism (London: Routledge, 1999), page 61, https://www.questia.com/read/103395975. 22. ^See John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009) 23. ^See John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009) 24. ^Radtke, B., “Saint”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. 25. ^Radtke, B., “Saint”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. 26. ^Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints," Journal of Sufi Studies 1 (2012), p. 123 27. ^Ibn Taymiyyah, Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya (al-Madani Publishing House, 1980), p. 603 28. ^John Renard, Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008) 29. ^Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600 30. ^See Jonathan A.C. Brown, Misquoting Muhammad (London: Oneworld Publications, 2015), p. 254 31. ^Christopher Taylor, In the Vicinity of the Righteous (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5-6 32. ^"....the veneration of, and pilgrimages to, saints were part of an ancient Jewish tradition." {{cite book|last=Sharot|first=Stephen|title=Judaism: A Sociology|publisher=Holmes & Meier Publishers|location=New York|year=1976|pages=42}} 33. ^"The life of these, mainly Sephardi and Oriental (Mizrahi) communities, is marked by an unself-conscious and unquestioning commitment to deeply rooted values, where legalism often yields to common sense, and mystical piety plays an integral part, visible in such practices as veneration of tombs of patriarchs and saints, often associated with pilgrimage." {{cite book|last=De Lange|first=Nicholas|title=An Introduction to Judaism|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|year=2000|pages=69}} 34. ^{{Cite book |author=David M. Gitlitz & Linda Kay Davidson |title=Pilgrimage and the Jews |publisher=Praeger |year=2005 | pages=118–120 |isbn=978-0275987633}} 35. ^The New York Observer, Editorial, 07/08/14. "Rebbe to the city and Rebbe to the world". 36. ^Shmuley Boteach, "Cory Booker the Spiritual Senator", 10/18/13 37. ^{{cite web |title=Lubavitchers Mark 10 Years Since Death of Revered Rabbi |first=Corey |last=Kilgannon |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/20/nyregion/lubavitchers-mark-10-years-since-death-of-revered-rabbi.html |work=The New York Times |date=20 June 2004 |accessdate=19 January 2010}} 38. ^{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6eQCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=ohel+chabad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=64ZBT8y-MIe98gPY9MyzCA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=ohel%20chabad&f=false |title=Beyond Belief |first=Craig |last=Horowitz |journal=New York Magazine |date=19 June 1995 |accessdate=20 February 2012 |page=42}} 39. ^{{cite book|title=Identifying Chabad : what they teach and how they influence the Torah world.|date=2007|publisher=Center for Torah Demographics|location=[Illinois?]|isbn=978-1411642416|pages=81,103,110,111|edition=Revised [ed.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_4eAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=yechi+prayer&source=bl&ots=FFuHj8CrwB&sig=3zXYYLkQ71E0o55ycAPXV1LmAFY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nD77U-7FM82Xao2qgdAN&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=yechi%20prayer&f=false}} External links
5 : Catholic spirituality|Christian terminology|Eastern Orthodox spirituality|Religious behaviour and experience|Sainthood |
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