| 词条 | 31-line Indulgence |
| 释义 |
The 31-line Indulgence is a plenary indulgence granted by Pope Nicholas V and issued in Erfurt on 22 October 1454. It is the earliest known document with a fixed date printed by movable type,[1][2] which had recently been invented by Johannes Gutenberg. One of 46 surviving copies is preserved in the Scheide Library at Princeton.[3] BackgroundIndulgences were sold by the Roman Catholic Church as "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins". To assist the defiance of Cyprus against a Turkish invasion, Pope Nicholas V granted all income from the sale of the Indulgences to John II, King of Cyprus. The order was issued on 12 April 1451. On 6 January 1452, John II appointed as his commissary Paulinus Zappe or Chappe, a Cypriot nobleman and the Proctor-General of the king.[4] The indulgence was valid between 1 May 1452 and 30 April 1455.[5] HistoryThe Indulgence does not give any indication as to printer or place of printing but it is assumed Gutenberg printed the document given it was printed using the D-K type and the proximity of Erfurt to Mainz (D-K type was used by Gutenberg and Mainz, where he manufactured his printing press, is only 30 miles from Erfurt). The Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke reports the 31-line Indulgence was "Printer of the 36-line Bible",[6] assumed to be Gutenberg.[7][8] There were at least two rival printers also printing in Mainz at the time[9] and one of the discrepancies that may lend evidence that Gutenberg did not print the document is the distinct difference of the typeface on the Indulgence from that of the Gutenberg Bible, printed by Gutenberg.[3] The year 1454 is printed on the document using movable type, with a blank space on lines 18 through 21 where the month, day and name of the person who purchased the indulgence is filled in by hand.[6] The copy in the Scheide Library was issued in Pfullendorf on 29 April 1455 to Johannes Grosshans of Schaffhausen. It was preserved in the library of the Cistercians of Salem as pastedowns in a binding on four incunables. After the dissolution of the library, possession transferred to a convent. In the early 19th century was sold to Heidelberg University. The university removed and sold the indulgence as a duplicate around 1930 to Maggs Brothers, which sold it to John H. Scheide in November 1933. It was incorporated into the library that was founded in his name. References1. ^{{cite web|title=The Earliest Dated European Document Printed by Movable Type|url=http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=339|website=History of Information}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Karch|first1=Robert Randolph|title=Printing and the Allied Trades|date=1962|publisher=Pitman|pages=432}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|title=Indulgentia|url=http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/d217qp581|website=Princeton University Digital Library}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Pollard|first1=Alfred William|title=order of the Trustees; sold at the British Museum|date=1908|publisher=British Museum. Dept. of Printed Books|page=15}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Indulgences|url=http://www.bl.uk/treasures/gutenberg/indulgences.html|website=British Library Treasures in Full}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Janey|first1=Ing|title=The Mainz Indulgences Of 1454/5|url=http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1983articles/pdf/article2.pdf|website=The British Library}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Hessels|first1=J.H.|title=Gutenberg: Was he the Inventory of Printing|page=166}} 8. ^British Library, "Early Printed Bibles - In Latin 1454 onwards" 9. ^{{cite book|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 23|date=1894|publisher=Maxwell Sommerville|page=727}} Sources
5 : History of printing|Sacraments of the Catholic Church|Catholicism in the Middle Ages|1454 works|15th-century historical documents |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。