| 词条 | Verbascum |
| 释义 |
| image = Verbascum sinuatum August 2007-1.jpg | image_caption = Wavyleaf mullein, Verbascum sinuatum | taxon = Verbascum | authority = L. | type_species = Verbascum thapsus [1] | type_species_authority = L. | synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = [2] }} Verbascum ({{IPAc-en|v|ɜr|ˈ|b|æ|s|k|əm}}[3]), common name mullein (sg. {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|l|ᵻ|n}}[4]) (also known as velvet plant), is a genus of about 360 species of flowering plants in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. They are native to Europe and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean[5][6]. Mullein or "mullein leaf" often refers to the leaves of Verbascum thapsus, the great or common mullein, which is frequently used in herbal medicine. DescriptionThey are biennial or perennial plants, rarely annuals or subshrubs, growing to {{convert|0.5|to|3|m|ft}} tall. The plants first form a dense rosette of leaves at ground level, subsequently sending up a tall flowering stem. Biennial plants form the rosette the first year and the stem the following season. The leaves are spirally arranged, often densely hairy, though glabrous (hairless) in some species. The flowers have five symmetrical petals; petal colours in different species include yellow (most common), orange, red-brown, purple, blue, or white. The fruit is a capsule containing numerous minute seeds. CultivationIn gardening and landscaping, the mulleins are valued for their tall narrow stature and for flowering over a long period of time, even in dry soils. Many cultivars are available, of which 'Gainsborough',[7]'Letitia',[8] 'Pink Domino'[9] and ‘Tropic Sun’[10] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[11] Since the year 2000, a number of new hybrid cultivars have come out that have increased flower size, shorter heights, and a tendency to be longer-lived plants. A number have new colors for this genus. Many mulleins are raised from seed, including both the short-lived perennial and biennial types. Other usesThe plant has a long history of use as a herbal remedy.[12] Although this plant is a recent arrival to North America, Native Americans used the ground seeds of this plant as a paralytic fish poison due to their high levels of rotenone.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Verbascum flowers have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea) or externally (as ointment, tea, baths or compresses) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, veins, gastrointestinal tract, and the locomotor system.[13] The plant's stem, when dried, can be used in the hand drill method of friction fire lighting.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}} "Early European settlers learned from the Native Americans how useful mullien leaves could be as toilet paper. Better than Charmin when used in the proper direction. The leaves were also good as bandages for wounds. The plant itself has strong tap roots that drill hard clay and make it more arable and suitable for growing crops. The long seed heads (cobs) provided flowers for earache medicine and the dried cobs made torches (when dipped in wax and or pine pitch) to keep insects and pests away, as well as, to light the way to the outhouse at night."[14] SpeciesThe following species are accepted by The Plant List:[15] {{div col|colwidth=21em}}
See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book |title=An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions from Newfoundland to the Parallel of the Southern Boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to the 102d Meridian |volume=3 |authors=Nathaniel Lord Britton & Addison Brown |edition=2nd |publisher=New York Botanical Garden |year=1947 |page=173}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?12679 |title=USDA GRIN Taxonomy |accessdate=February 11, 2014}} 3. ^Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607 4. ^{{OED|mullein}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Sotoodeh |first1=Arash |title=Focusing on three Verbascum L. taxa (Scrophulariaceae) of the Flora of Iran |journal=Adansonia |date=2018 |volume=40 |issue=13 |page=171 |doi=10.5252/adansonia2018v40a13}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Sotoodeh |first1=Arash |title=Histoire biogéographique et évolutive des genres Verbascum et Artemisia en Iran à l'aide de la phylogénie moléculaire |date=2015 |publisher=Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier |location=France |url=https://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30184}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Verbascum 'Gainsborough'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1987|accessdate=7 June 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Verbascum 'Letitia'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1990|accessdate=7 June 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=RHS Plant Selector - Verbascum 'Pink Domino'|url=http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1988|accessdate=7 June 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/239016/i-Verbascum-i-Tropic-Sun/Details | title = RHS Plantfinder - Verbascum ‘Tropic Sun’ | accessdate = 5 February 2019}} 11. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants - Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 106 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate = 5 February 2019}} 12. ^{{cite book |title= The Natural Remedy Bible |last= Tierra |first= Michael |author2= John Lust |edition= revised and updated |year= 2003 |publisher= Pocket Books |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-7434-6642-4 |pages= 164, 180 |lastauthoramp=yes}} 13. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 23770053| pmc = 3791396| year = 2013| author1 = Vogl| first1 = S| title = Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine—an unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs| journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 149| issue = 3| pages = 750–71| last2 = Picker| first2 = P.| last3 = Mihaly-Bison| first3 = J.| last4 = Fakhrudin| first4 = N.| last5 = Atanasov| first5 = A. G.| last6 = Heiss| first6 = E. H.| last7 = Wawrosch| first7 = C.| last8 = Reznicek| first8 = G.| last9 = Dirsch| first9 = V. M.| last10 = Saukel| first10 = J.| last11 = Kopp| first11 = B.| doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874113004108}} 14. ^url=https://www.farmersalmanac.com/what-did-people-use-before-toilet-paper-24419 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Scrophulariaceae/Verbascum/ |accessdate=7 March 2017 |title=Verbascum |publisher=The Plant List}} References
External links{{Commons category|Verbascum}}
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3 : Verbascum|Medicinal plants|Scrophulariaceae genera |
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